Shaanxi opera is a plate variant, which can be divided into two kinds: joyful sound and bitter sound. The former is good at expressing cheerful and joyful emotions. The latter is good at expressing grief and sadness. Choose to use it according to the plot and the needs of the characters in the play. There are flexible boards, 26, substitute boards, lifting boards, sharp boards, rolling boards, flower cavities and dragging cavities, which are particularly distinctive. The main musical instrument is banhu, with sharp and crisp pronunciation.
The performance of Shaanxi Opera is simple, rough, delicate and profound, touching and full of exaggeration. There is a 13 school in the football lottery, which is divided into four students, six Dan, two clean and one ugly, also called "Thirteen Nets". It plays well and sings well. After the Revolution of 1911, Yi Sushe was founded in Xi 'an, specializing in Shaanxi Opera, determined to reform, and absorbed the nutrition of Peking Opera and other operas. His singing changed from high-pitched and passionate to soft and beautiful, which not only retained the original style, but also incorporated new styles.
Because of its different popular areas, Shaanxi Opera has evolved into different schools: Donglu Shaanxi Opera (also known as Tongzhou Tiezi, also known as Old Shaanxi Opera and Donglu Bangzi) is popular in Dali and Pucheng in Weinan area in the east of Guanzhong; Popular in Fengxiang, Qishan, Longxian and Tianshui areas in the west of Guanzhong, it is called West Road Qinqiang (also known as Xifu Qinqiang and West Road Bangzi); Popular in Yangxian, Chenggu, Hanzhong and Mianxian in Hanzhong area (actually Lu Nan Shaanxi Opera, also known as Diao Han Shaanxi Opera and Xunxi); Popular in Xi 'an, it's called Zhonglu Qinqiang (that is, Xi 'an's random play). Among them, the west road became a bangzi after entering Sichuan; East Road is Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera and Hebei Opera. Therefore, Shaanxi Opera can be regarded as the originator of Beijing Opera, Henan Opera, Shanxi Opera and Hebei Opera. Influenced by local dialects and folk music, each Shaanxi opera is slightly different in pronunciation, aria and music. In the past 50 years, the development of the eastern, western and southern Shaanxi operas tends to stagnate and tends to be replaced by the central Shaanxi opera.
According to the current statistics, there are about 3,000 repertoires performed by Shaanxi Opera, most of which are based on the legend of heroes's or tragic stories, as well as myths, folk stories and various case-solving dramas from Three Kingdoms, Yang Jiajiang and Shuoyue. Its traditional repertoire is rich, with 2748 copies.
In addition to Wei Changsheng, a famous northern and southern scholar in Qing Dynasty, there are Wang Xiangyun, Chen Jibi and Shen Xianglin from Weinan School, Luan Xiaohui from Tongzhou School, Tao Suoer from Zhouzhi School and Yue Sezi from Chang 'an School. In the middle and late Guangxu period, there were Runrunzi, Yu Xier, Chen, Zhao Jiemin, Li (Hong) and Liu (Carpenter Hong). Since the Revolution of 1911, there have been the famous ugly Ma Pingmin, the famous young student Su Zhemin He, the famous Su Zhen (neck and neck), Wang Tianmin (known as "Mei Lanfang in the northwest"), Li Zhengmin (known as "authentic Shaanxi opera"), He Zhong Zhen and Song Shanghua. Tian Denian, a famous online school, and famous students He, Geng Shanmin, Zhong, etc. In particular, Chen,,,,, and the original "Sanyi Society" directors Li Yisheng and Su Zhemin are devoted to singing, performing and making up.
The voice is of high quality and full of passion, which requires singing with real voice, so it maintains the characteristics of original flavor and boldness. Roles can be divided into: Lao Dan, Zheng Dan, Xiao Dan, Hua Dan, Wu Dan, Media Dan, Lao Sheng, Xu Sheng, Xiao Sheng, Dajing, Mao Jing, Clown, etc. This is one of the oldest operas in China. It matured in Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, prevailed in the north and south in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and had a great influence on many operas. Its characteristics are: impassioned, loud voice, popular in the northwest, deeply loved by the masses, its singing style, simple way, broad-minded appearance and figure. There are more than 700 repertoires preserved in Shaanxi Opera, which is the first of all kinds of operas.
Shaanxi Opera is the oldest existing opera in China, which is gradually developed on the basis of folk songs and dances in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. Because it originated from the people, it can vividly reflect people's wishes, love and hate, pain and joy, and reflect their lives and struggles, so it has a deep foundation.
Shaanxi Opera has a long history. According to legend, Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, opened a pear garden to train children to sing both court music and folk songs. Li Guinian, a musician in Liyuan, was originally a folk artist in Shaanxi. His "The Music of the King of Qin Breaking the Array" is called "Qiang Qin" for short. This may be the earliest Qin opera music. Later, influenced by the Song Ci, the Qin Opera became more and more perfect from content to form. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the Shaanxi opera in Gansu and Shaanxi gradually evolved into Bangzi opera. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the famous Shaanxi opera singer entered Beijing from Shu, and made a sensation in Beijing with his moving timbre, popular words and superb acting skills. Now Xipi Xingyun's singing in Beijing Opera comes from Qin Opera.
Shaanxi opera can be divided into two ways: east and west, and the west is exposed into Sichuan to become a bangzi; East Road is Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera and Hebei Opera. Therefore, Shaanxi Opera can be regarded as the originator of Beijing Opera, Henan Opera, Shanxi Opera and Hebei Opera. Shaanxi local operas. It is named after Shaanxi, which is called Qin for short. Also known as "Qin Sheng", "Luanxi" and "Bangzi Opera". Folk commonly known as "drama", after the mid-Qing Dynasty, Beijing and other places were also called "Western Shaanxi Opera" and "Shaanxi Bangzi". In Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Opera has evolved into four types due to the differences in dialects and phonetics: Tongzhou Bangzi (East Road Shaanxi Opera), which is popular in Tongzhou (now Dali), the Middle East House in Guanzhong; Popular in the area of Xi 'an in Zhongfu, it is called "Xi 'an random bomb" (that is, the middle road Shaanxi opera); Popular in Fengxiang area of Xifu, it is called "Xifu Qinqiang" (that is, West Road Qinqiang); Popular in Hanzhong area, it is called "Diao Han Da" (that is, South Road Shaanxi Opera). Shaanxi opera is widely spread, prevailing in Guanzhong, Shangluo, Hanzhong and other places in Shaanxi. The epidemic area reaches Longzhou in the west, Tongguan in the east, Yulin in the north and Ningqiang in the south. It once spread to Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Tibet. 1949 years later, it also spread to Taiwan Province province. As far away as Kyrgyzstan and the Republic.
The development of history
Shaanxi Opera is one of the oldest operas in China. There are different opinions about its origin, which can be roughly divided into three types: it was formed in Qin (or pre-Qin), formed in Tang and formed in Ming. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573- 1620), the fourteenth legend of the manuscript Lotus in the Pot kept the singing voice of "Two Offenders in the West Qin Opera", which was the earliest record of the case. The play is the work of an anonymous person in Jiangnan, which proves that it has spread to Jiangnan. Jiangnan is far from Shaanxi, and it takes time to spread. According to this, Qin opera should have been formed in the middle of Ming Dynasty. According to another survey, the earliest Shaanxi Opera Class Society in Ming Dynasty was Huaqing Class founded by Zhou Zhiren, which was once famous in Gansu and Shaanxi. Later, in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Opera developed into four roads: East, West, Middle and South. East Road is Tongzhou Bangzi, West Road is Xifu Qinqiang, South Road has evolved into Han tune, and Middle Road is Xi 'an, commonly known as Qinqiang.
The Qing Dynasty was the heyday of Shaanxi Opera. Zhang's Theory of Shaanxi Opera, Yan Changming's Poems, Wu Changyuan's Poems, and Zhou's Theory of Shadow Play in the Qianlong Period (1736- 1795), which appeared around the forty-fourth year of Kangxi, are quite influential. "Biography of Qin Yun's Adoption of English" contains: "There are 36 famous musicians in Xi Anle Department. "These societies are all Shaanxi Opera societies, and each society has a group of influential artists. During the reign of Qianlong and Jiaqing (1736- 1820), Wei Changsheng, an actor of Shaanxi Opera, went to Beijing for three performances, which made Class Six Peking Opera almost neglected, and many Kunqu Opera and Peking Opera artists switched to Shaanxi Opera. For more than half a century, Shaanxi Opera has almost always been an important drama on the stage in Beijing, and it is also very popular in many parts of the country. According to the statistics of relevant historical materials in Qing Dynasty, except Shanhaiguan, there was no footprint of Shaanxi Opera in the three northeastern provinces at that time, but it was very popular in other provinces. In the process of popularity, with the combination of other forms of opera and folk art, a variety of Bangzi operas have gradually evolved, and the popularity of Shaanxi opera has been replaced, and Zhejiang has shrunk. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, it had become a popular local opera in the northwest.
19 12, Yi Sushe, Shaanxi province made some innovations in Thai drama, music singing, performing arts, directing and stage design, and edited a large number of new dramas reflecting the bourgeois democratic revolution. Under this influence, Shandong, Hebei, Tianjin, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi and other places have set up opera groups following the organizational system of Yi Sushe, Shaanxi. For example, Yi Sushe in Lujijin, Vulgarized Society and Pingle Society in Gansu, and Juemin Society in Ningxia. During the period of 1924, Lu Xun watched Yi Sushe's performance five times in Xi 'an, and received favorable comments. He personally inscribed the plaque of "Ancient Tune Solo" and donated lecture fees to support the reform of Yi Sushe's Shaanxi Opera. Yi Sushe has performed in Beiping, Wuhan and Gansu twice. Xi has successively established the Sanyi Society and other Shaanxi Opera Class Societies.
During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, artists in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region made bold explorations, showed the real life of the revolution and shaped the heroic image of workers, peasants and soldiers. Founded in July of 1938, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border People's Troupe closely cooperated with the revolutionary struggle of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Liberation War, and created and rehearsed a large number of new Shaanxi opera plays such as Revenge with Blood and Tears. In a letter to Ma Jianling, the author of Revenge of Blood and Tears, Peng said: "Warmly welcome the poor working people and revolutionary fighters, and organize powerful weapons to mobilize the masses." 1944, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Cultural and Educational Conference also awarded Ma Jianling the title of "People's Artist", and the People's Troupe won the "Special Model" award flag.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang established professional Shaanxi Opera Troupes at or above the county level. By the early 1980s, there were more than 300 Shaanxi Opera Troupes, including Gansu Shaanxi Opera Troupe, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Shaanxi Opera Troupe, Qinghai Shaanxi Opera Troupe (later renamed Xining Suoqiang Troupe) and Jin Meng Opera Troupe in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In addition, drama schools have been established in various places; Trained a group of actors.
Artistic feature
The aria of Shaanxi Opera consists of "Lu Ban" and "Cai Qiang", and each part is divided into joyful sound and bitter sound. Bitter tune can best represent the characteristics of Shaanxi opera, which is deep, sad and generous, and is suitable for expressing grief, nostalgia and sadness. Yin Huan is cheerful, lively, full of energy and strength, and is good at expressing joy, cheerfulness and heartfelt feelings. There are six basic types of plank road: board 26, flexible board, arrow board, inverted board, belt board and rolling board. Color cavity, commonly known as two tones of an octave, is often used in places where the characters' feelings are agitated and the plot development is ups and downs. It can be divided into four categories: slow board cavity, double-inverted board cavity, substitute board cavity and back board cavity. All plate vocals are voiced by real people; They all use falsetto. Xu Sheng, Tsing Yi, Lao Sheng, Lao Dan and Hualien all sang in Shaanxi Opera, which is called "disorderly singing". There is a folk saying that "Dong 'an Anxi Adagio, xi 'an sings well at will". Before the end of the Qing Dynasty, Qin Opera, also known as Xi Luantan, was named after its two people. Some big boards have horns, which are dozens of sentences long. For example, in "The West Wing", Xian Di's crying sounds are all sweeping the strings, and he has to sing more than 50 sentences, paying attention to the natural and beautiful singing, which is called "crisp board sweeping the strings" by the people. Forty-eight tones in Lower Hedong should be sung in rows; Seventy-two lines of "Chop Li Guang" can no longer be sung. Hualian pays attention to "Jiang Yin" and "Ao Yin" in singing. If it is difficult to sing when raising, those who can become famous. Qinqiang Qupai can be divided into six categories: strings, suona, Haidi, Guan Sheng, Kunqu opera and divertimento, mainly strings and suona Qupai. The musical accompaniment of Qin Opera is called the "bravery" of Qin Opera. The pianist plays an important role in the Shaanxi Opera Troupe and often sits in the middle of the stage. Accompaniment music is good at playing the old tune, and the pitch is "three-eye tone", which was changed to the tone change (that is, pull down) after the 1930s.
The performance of Shaanxi Opera is unique, and the role system has four lines: life, Dan, purity and ugliness, and each line is divided into many kinds, which are collectively called "Thirteen Nets". Generally speaking, a three-way role system with "four beams and four pillars" as the backbone should be established according to the business. The main characters include Xu Sheng, Hua Lian, and the secondary roles include, Uncle Sheng, Lian, and the clown. The other roles Lao Dan and Laosheng are all three roles. The best of all roles can be top grade, and the others are supporting roles. Troupe with superior conditions often pay big money to invite famous actors. All walks of life can, Wen; Martial arts, Kunming and Chaos are all generalists, who are good at handling, that is, the so-called "playing the burden" or "eating a full stomach". The performance skills of Shaanxi Opera are very rich, with all kinds of characters and stunts, such as riding a horse, pulling a shelf, spitting fire, jumping down, sweeping snuff, playing with fire sticks, carrying a gun, holding a dome light, grinding teeth and turning a chair. The performance skills of fairy drama are more peculiar and colorful. For example, The Yellow River Array uses five magic props. Measure the sky ruler, turn over the sky, can cast a long string of fireworks, and gold scissors can fly out of butterflies. In addition, Hualien pays attention to scaffolder to show its heroic spirit and is called "shelf" by the masses.
business school
There are thirteen categories and twenty-eight categories of Shaanxi opera roles. Old classmates can be divided into three categories: hardworking, declining and relying on old classmates. They must be divided into three categories: those who wear the king's hat, those who wear gauze hats, those who wear Taoist robes and red clothes, those who wear pheasants, those who wear gauze hats, the poor, those who wear martial arts and the young. Lao Dan, Zheng Dan's sleeve python, Xiao Dan's boudoir Dan, Beijing Opera Blues, Hua Dan's banter Dan, provocative Dan, dancing Dan, media Dan, big net, hairy net, ugly ugly, clown, and Wu Chou. Each character has its own unique style and specialty. Facebook pays attention to solemnity, generosity, cleanliness, vividness and beauty. The color is mainly composed of three primary colors, supplemented by intermediate colors; Flat coating is the main, and the contrast is the vice. Therefore, transition colors are rarely used. In the display of characters, it shows the characteristics of red loyalty, black loyalty and straight powder. Style is mainly characterized by rough lines, bold style, bright colors and strong contrast; Thick eyebrows and big eyes. Grand design, clear meaning and outstanding personality. The style is "hot", which is consistent with the music and performance style. In addition to clean horns, some raw horns also wear masks.