China's folk paper-cut art originated early and spread widely, and now it is quite popular with national leaders, so it is unnecessary to call it national art..
Folk paper-cut art is very common in China, and not every place can be included in the national intangible cultural heritage list if it is reported to the State Council. The reason why Xiaogan paper-cutting was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage expansion projects in 2008 is that Xiaogan paper-cutting has its own unique characteristics and its own unique skills.
The uniqueness of Xiaogan paper-cutting
Xiaogan carved paper-cut conveys traditional ideas and ancient culture with its rich image language, which has unique aesthetic value and artistic value.
The connection with the legend of filial piety
In the first month, the straw is green. Seventh sister, please look at the lanterns.
Every year I receive seven fairies who teach me how to cut flowers and use needles.
The legend of the seven fairies and the eldest son Yong Dong in Xiaogan is also an intangible cultural heritage listed in the national protection list, and all kinds of folk art activities in Xiaogan will be influenced by this beautiful legend. Xiaogan's folk paper-cutting activities are closely related to this legend. Yong Dong's filial piety touched the world, and the story of the seven fairies marrying Huaiyin 1954 went to Beijing to participate in the "China People's Folk Art Exhibition" organized by the Ministry of Culture, and was selected to participate in the exhibition of Eastern European countries. This classic work, which shows filial piety and customs, is deeply loved by people at home and abroad. It was widely praised for its exchanges in Europe, Asia and America, and was later collected by the Ohio government. 1988 produced the theme art film "Beauty of a Cut" with Xiaogan paper-cut as the theme, and went to Brazil to participate in the international film and television exhibition, and won the special prize of the 5th Rio de Janeiro International Film and Television Festival, among which "Huaiyin Ji" was selected as the poster illustration of the festival.
Contact with filial piety custom
There is a folk proverb in Xiaogan: If you can arrange flowers, you will not worry about finding your husband's family when you grow up! Filial piety people call this folk custom of praying for skillful craftsmanship "praying for skillful craftsmanship", and filial piety people call a woman who can skillfully cut paper and embroider as "filial daughter and clever aunt".
Since ancient times, Xiaogan's "spiritual girl" has just learned paper-cutting and embroidery, and she can cut out beautiful patterns at will in her teens. The Qin and Han lacquerware unearthed in Yunmeng Sleeping Tiger Land has patterns carved with silver and platinum. Filial piety has art and advocates filial piety. Girls have to learn paper-cutting and embroidery since childhood, which is a traditional custom of filial piety since ancient times. "Draw a picture of human filial piety across the board and carve a picture of folk customs with one knife" is a poetic description of this custom.
The use of Xiaogan paper-cutting is also related to filial piety: filial sons and grandchildren will cut out double happiness and paste window flowers for their parents in the form of paper-cutting; Xiangu's filial daughter-in-law will embroider shoes, pick paper flowers, sew ear caps and insert aprons for her mother-in-law.
In 2008, Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Research Institute released the first carved paper-cut album of filial piety culture. With 65,438+02 exquisite patterns, the album shows the touching stories of three dutiful sons, Yong Dong, Huang Xiang and Meng Zong.
Xiaogan paper-cutting skills are unique.
Different from paper-cutting in other places, Xiaogan paper-cutting pays attention to "knife skill" and takes a knife like a pen. This kind of filial piety artist who holds the knife straight, uses the knife smoothly, moves the knife evenly and cuts it strictly is called "broken knife".
Clever use of "knife-breaking skills" can enhance the concave-convex feeling of paper-cut pictures and make them achieve more vivid visual effects.
According to Mr. Deputy Secretary-General of Xiaogan Carving and Paper-cutting Association, the executive director of Xiaogan Carving and Paper-cutting Association and the celebrity manager of arts and crafts in Hubei Province are the first master of "breaking the knife" at present.
Unique carving and paper-cutting tools must be supported by unique skills.
Wax board is a unique tool. First, make a circular plate with a diameter of about 15 cm with a 2 cm thick wooden board, dig a groove with a diameter of about 1.5 cm in the middle, and leave an edge with a width of about 1.5 cm around, thus making the shape of a wax plate. The groove is filled with homemade wax, which is made of the following chemical raw materials: white wax, beeswax, tea oil, plant ash, etc. After heating and boiling in proportion, put it into the groove of wax plate and cool it. The main function of wax plate is to protect the tip from damage during carving.
Cutter is the main unique tool, which can be made of surgical blades, hacksaw blades, tarpaulin umbrellas and other materials. The tip of the blade is about 0.5 mm, and after the blade is processed and shaped, the blade is clamped with a thin bamboo tube or a brush rod, and both ends are fixed with a thin iron wire or a small iron pipe.
The millstone is the foundation of a unique tool. You can choose a coarse oilstone and a fine oilstone. First, polish the blade with coarse stone, then polish the blade with fine oilstone, and polish both sides of the blade and the blade on the shaving stone, so that the burr will not be felt by hand.
Xiaogan carved paper-cutting includes "cutting" and "carving" two technological methods, which are made of ordinary scissors and paper, and only a few pieces can be cut at a time. Carved flowers, also known as carved flowers and cut flowers, are carved with a knife on a wax plate, and dozens of pieces can be carved at a time.
Paper-cut works of art must be "affordable". Xiaogan paper-cut artists have achieved the skills of "winning the pen with a knife", "continuous" and "intermittent", which makes Xiaogan carved paper-cut works more practical than others.
Unique Xiaogan paper-cutting art, showing filial piety, bathing popularity, broken arrow. From the special perspective of understanding the cultural connotation of filial piety, it casts the folk custom of filial piety and shows the picture of filial piety. It is this unique "filial piety" and "broken knife" that makes Xiaogan paper-cut a very beautiful brand in the treasure house of Chinese paper-cut art!
Xiaogan paper-cut elite
Hu, male, born in 1928, is the third generation descendant of Hu's paper-cutting family. His grandfather and father loved folk art all their lives, especially devoted their lives to the art of paper-cutting. Hu loved art since childhood and often studied paper-cutting with his father. Every holiday, he goes out with his father to tie lights and colors. /kloc-started to carve and cut paper at the age of 0/6. He has been an artist for more than 50 years and has made outstanding contributions to inheritance and innovation. His works are gentle, charming and unique in style. He has participated in the first China Arts Festival, the National Export Crafts Exhibition and the Canton Fair, and won awards and medals from the service department of China Artists Association. On Xiaogan Paper-cutting, written by him on 1988, has been published in Hubei Arts and Crafts magazine and news media in various provinces and cities for many times, and its achievements have been included in Cihai, Local Records and Who's Who. In 1980s, Hu was rated as a national senior arts and crafts artist, accepted as a member of Hubei Branch of China Artists Association and Hubei Branch of China Arts and Crafts Association, director of Xiaogan Painting and Calligraphy Society, chairman of Xiaogan Folk Art Association, and member of Xiaogan Sculpture and Paper-cutting Research Association, and was selected as one of the top ten modern artists in Hubei Province.
The third generation is with his younger brother Hu. In order to continue to inherit the art of paper-cutting, Hu not only inherited his son Hu Yunfu, but also accepted Yang Chuntang, Guan, Mai Rongqin and Dai Zhonghua as close disciples. Hu Yunfu also passed on the art of paper-cutting to his son Hu Chao. Dai Zhonghua taught the art of paper-cutting to his students Li Hongwei, Xiong Yan, Cai Min, Wang Fang, Zhu Huiling and Xu Xiaoyi.
Guan Jinguo, male, born in 1928, is a professional funeral paper-cutting artist, commonly known as "Bai". Before liberation, his family was a Taoist for generations, so he was famous for cutting small banners since childhood. After liberation, Guan Shen participated in Xiaogan County Carving and Paper-cutting Research Class, devoted himself to creation and made remarkable achievements. With profound traditional kung fu and sleek knife skills, his works are exported to 9 countries including Japan and Western Europe. In 1950s, professors and experts from Central Academy of Fine Arts and Hubei Art Institute interviewed him and collected his works. Guan Jingao's family belongs to a paper-cut family and is the third generation of the housekeeper. His grandfather and father are both old paper-cutting artists. The third generation is Guan Jingao's five brothers, namely Guan Jinyou, Guan Boyan, Guan Jinming and Guan Yukun. The fourth generation has his nephew Guan Sanping.
Chi Fuxin, male, born in 1955, with a college degree, has been engaged in cultural work since he joined the work. Due to the need of work, I often create some title patterns. Under the influence of my mother and my second brother, I devoted myself to carving all kinds of paper-cut works. In recent years, his works have won many awards. In April of 20001year, Hubei public library system welcomed the first prize of paper-cutting in the new century painting and calligraphy competition; In 65438+February of the same year, the paper-cut works won the bronze prize in the middle-aged group in the first China Painting and Calligraphy Star Boutique Exhibition; In September 2002, he won the silver prize in the first stunt grand prix in Hubei Province. In June, 2003, 5438+065438+ 10, the paper-cut work "Peach Blossoms in Full Bloom, bloom in Spring" created by Luo Xue won the bronze prize in Hubei Folk Art Town Exhibition. June 5438+October 2004 10, the paper-cut works of Jiangnan water town won the gold medal in Hubei folk art town achievement exhibition, and the zodiac and golden monkey won the silver prize. In September, 2005, The Four Gentlemen won the silver medal in the national paper-cutting competition in Wuhan, China. In September, 2006, she won the silver medal in the paper-cutting competition of Shenyang World Horticultural Exposition in China. From June 5, 2006 to 10, she won the Excellence Award in the first Hangzhou International Paper-cut Art Competition.
Development of Xiaogan Paper-cutting
Xiaogan carved paper-cut is a treasure of ancient Jingchu folk art. In the Western Jin Dynasty, people designated the seventh day of the first month as "People's Day", and the Chronicle of Jingchu Age said: "People cut paper or carved gold foil for the people". This shows the custom of paper-cutting at that time. In the Ming Dynasty, the art of paper-cutting gradually matured and developed. In the Qing Dynasty, the art of paper-cutting developed from scissors to carving with a knife. In the new China period, 1952 established Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Artists Association and Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Research Institute. Since then, more than 2000 kinds of paper-cut works with different styles have been preserved and created, and they have been selected and sent to Europe and Asia 10 countries and regions for exhibition, winning many awards. Xiaogan carved paper-cutting has a long history. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the present, the history of development can be divided into six periods: gestation, germination, maturity, development, recovery and promotion.
Incubation period: From the lacquerware unearthed from Qin Tomb in Shuihudi (Yunmeng territory) 20 kilometers away from Xiaogan Chengguan, and the lacquered coffin unearthed from Leigudun in Suizhou during the Warring States Period, the early embryonic form of Xiaogan paper-cutting art can be vaguely seen.
Germination period: During the Western Jin Dynasty, the ancients designated the seventh day of the first month as "People's Day", that is, People's Day. Huang Er in the Art Garden says: "People are attached to the seven-day account of the ancients, and people are the foundation", and Chronicle of Jingchu Age says: "People cut paper, or carve gold foil, put on a screen and put on a hat, and people enter the New Year, which is described as a new beginning."
Maturity: In the Ming Dynasty, Xiaogan paper-cutting was mature. Before the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were no carvings, only paper-cuts, and the producers were mostly peasant women. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there appeared a sculptor in Xiaogan who took selling patterns as his profession. They developed from cutting flowers with scissors to carving flowers with knives, and from cutting flowers for self-entertainment to commodity production.
Development period: With the establishment of New China, Xiaogan carved flowers and cut paper, like a magnificent cluster of mountain flowers, with a hundred flowers blooming. 1952, Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Artists Association and Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Research Association were established. Paper-cut craft shop and carving craft factory were established, and the discussion on how to inherit and carry forward Xiaogan paper-cut was carried out. Through hard work, a number of high-quality works have been created, selected and sent to more than ten countries in Europe and Asia for exhibition, and they have ascended the elegant hall from the folk world and moved from Xiaogan to the world.
Recovery period: During the Cultural Revolution, Xiaogan paper-cutting was neglected for some time. In the early 1980s, with the attention of the Party and the government, the folk protection project of collecting, sorting, excavating and rescuing folk art was carried out, and Xiaogan carved paper-cut was revived and made new progress. From 65438 to 0986, nearly 2000 paper-cut works were collected and arranged, and a huge paper-cut "Hundred Phoenix Map" was created, which was exhibited in Beijing and abroad.
Promotion period: 1988 Xiaogan paper-cut art TV movie "The Beauty of a Cut" won the Brazil International Special Award, 1999 published Xiaogan paper-cut picture album (two volumes), created paper-cut wall hanging, and created a picture of honest officials and public servants. 1994 Xiaogan was named "the hometown of folk art" by Hubei province. From 2003 to 2004, the paper-cut work "Jiangnan Water Town" won the gold, silver and bronze prizes in the farmers' art exhibition in Hubei Province, and the folk custom projects were effectively protected and well developed.
Xiaogan carved paper-cut is a treasure of Jingchu folk art, which conveys traditional ideas and ancient culture with rich image language. It is of special academic and practical value to explore, rescue and protect it.
Folk art is the mother of art and occupies a very important position in the whole art. Excavating, rescuing and protecting Xiaogan carved paper-cut plays an important role in inheriting and developing national culture and has unique academic value.
Exploring, rescuing and protecting the art of paper-cutting is of practical value for building socialist spiritual civilization and building a harmonious society: with the changes of the times and the enrichment of new lifestyles, the social functions of Xiaogan paper-cutting have changed, which not only beautify the environment, but also calm the mind and improve physical and mental health; As an art form, paper-cutting goes to the society, which opens up a new situation for the development of traditional paper-cutting. Not only used in film and television animation, advertising design, stage art and other fields, but also developed into tourist souvenirs, gifts and so on.
Although Xiaogan carved paper-cutting has made good progress in the "civil protection" project, there are still three major problems at present.
With the development of the times and the renewal of ideas, some people's ideas about folk culture have faded, so the demand for paper-cut works of art is decreasing day by day;
Old artists, who are old, have died one after another, and there are few successors;
In the era of market economy, manual paper-cutting can't keep up with the pace and its economic value is low. People who don't want to learn are on the verge of extinction and need help urgently.
In April 2002, Xiaogan Xiaonan District Carved Paper-cut Association was restored, and Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Research Institute was established, with a simple Xiaogan paper-cut showroom.
In the same year, nearly ten paper-cutting bases were established. Xiaonan District Government of Xiaogan invested 300,000 yuan in 2002.
The main points of the protection plan are as follows:
Electrostatic protection
Further do a comprehensive, in-depth and meticulous census, find out the origin, development history, evolution, social influence, status and artistic value of Xiaogan carved paper-cutting, classify, sort out and archive the data obtained from the census, and establish a paper-cutting talent archive.
Give full play to the leading role of the paper-cut association, organize theoretical workers to carry out basic theoretical research based on the paper-cut research institute, collect paper-cut works of different styles and schools, and compile them into books for publication.
Dynamic protection
Taking Xiaogan City as the paper-cutting center, paper-cutting artists in the surrounding areas of the network will establish a number of paper-cutting bases, focusing on the protection of filing talents and paper-cutting bases.
Hold regular paper-cutting training classes, pass on the paper-cutting skills to future generations, and constantly cultivate and discover new paper-cutting people.
Xiaonan District Government decided to include Xiaogan carving and paper-cutting skills in the curriculum of primary and secondary school students, so as to cultivate students' interest and hobby in paper-cutting from an early age, thus solving the problem of lack of successors in Xiaogan carving and paper-cutting.
Every three years, a paper-cutting seminar will be held to exchange the new achievements of various schools of paper-cutting, focusing on excavating works that reflect the real life of the broad masses of people in folk customs.
Strive to make Xiaogan carved paper-cut serve the political economy, and let paper-cut works enter public places such as communities, institutions, schools, factories and mines. Set up a paper-cut culture development company to open up the market.
Prepare for the triennial Xiaogan Carving and Paper-cutting Art Festival to promote the inheritance and development of paper-cutting art.
In 2008, we further collected, sorted out and excavated folk paper-cut works to rescue and protect the inheritance of old folk artists' manual stunts. Hold regular training courses.
Edit and publish "Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Boutique Integration", and establish Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Museum and archives of artistic talents. 60% students are proficient in carving skills and can create works. In 2009, the vocational college set up the specialty of "Xiaogan Carving and Paper-cutting", which made the art of Xiaogan Carving and Paper-cutting be passed down forever.
On 20 10, a large-scale Xiaogan carved paper-cut art festival and exhibition contest will be held to expand social influence, inherit and carry forward national traditional culture and form a strong social synergy.
In 20 1 1 20 12, the carved paper-cut works were developed and utilized, which expanded the application scope of carved paper-cut and was used to beautify the decoration of the room, the gift of the giver, the collection of collectors and the souvenirs of tourists. Develop Xiaogan carved paper-cut artworks into cultural products, enter the market and realize economic value.
safeguard measure
In order to effectively protect and inherit Xiaogan carved paper-cutting, the safeguard measures are as follows:
Under the unified leadership of the Bureau of Culture and Sports, Xiaogan Paper Carving Protection Group was established.
A special work class was set up, and the division of labor was implemented to everyone, and a responsibility letter for work objectives was signed.
In conjunction with the education department, relevant scholars and experts were invited to compile the textbook "Paper-cutting Skills for Primary and Secondary School Students".
In order to protect paper-cutting, the competent bureau has also taken concrete measures, calling for: giving full play to the overall situation consciousness, gathering talents from all walks of life, overcoming difficulties and obstacles, and inheriting paper-cutting.
To protect and inherit carved paper-cutting, we must take the road of marketization, set up companies, raise funds from various sources and ensure the necessary funds.
Take the paper-cutting association and the paper-cutting research institute as the carriers to carry out paper-cutting activities, handle daily affairs and establish various rules and regulations.
On the basis of paper-cutting skills entering schools and classrooms, paper-cutting art training classes are held regularly, at least once a year.
Those who have made outstanding contributions to paper-cutting, or whose paper-cutting works have won awards at home and abroad, should not only give material and spiritual rewards, but also strive for "government subsidies" for government special talents.
Do a good job in the construction of three "foundations", that is, the construction of "basic positions, basic teams and basic activities".
Paper-cutting competitions and exhibitions are held once a year to stimulate talents and produce works.
Collect and sort out all kinds of works, and establish works collection files.
Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Association is the leading organization and commercial operation organization of Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Industry at present. Yu, honorary president, is the president, and Sun Zhonghui and Yu Pinghua are the vice presidents. All the above are leaders. The executive directors are Hu, Luo Xue, Hu Yunfu, Guan, Lv Weiping, Zhang Shuguang, Queliu, Ji Xinmin, Xia Shaoxiong, Xiao, Xiao Sanxue and Chi Fuxin, most of whom are experts in carving and paper cutting. Among them, Hu, Hu Yunfu and Chi Fuxin are masters of arts and crafts in Hubei Province, and they are celebrities of arts and crafts in Hubei Province. Chi Fuxin is the Secretary-General of the Association and Mr. Xu Huibin is the Deputy Secretary-General. The final success of Xiaogan carved paper-cutting in "applying for World Heritage" depends on the organization and leadership of honorary president, president and vice president of the Association and the efforts of many experts. Among them, Vice President Sun Zhonghui is the first person in charge of the "World Heritage Application" preparatory group, and Xu is the deputy secretary-general of the association. The specific staff are Luo Xue and Hu Wan 'an.
As the secretary-general of the association is a master expert, mainly engaged in creative work, so the daily work of the association generally falls on the deputy. After many interviews, the author thinks that Xu Huibin is the busiest person of the association.
Although Xu Huibin, Deputy Secretary-General, is busy with trivial matters all day, he can be regarded as an expert professionally.
Xu Huibin, 1968 was born in Xiaogan, 1988 graduated from Xiaogan Normal School, and worked in Xiaonan Cultural Center, engaged in the protection of folk art and folk culture. He is currently the deputy director of Xiaonan District Cultural Center, the deputy director of Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Research Institute, the deputy secretary-general of Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Association, and the deputy director of Xiaonan District National Folk Culture Protection Center.
1999, he first set foot in Xiaogan carved paper-cutting and was attracted by its artistic charm. Later, he studied under the paper-cutting master Guan, and he is a direct descendant of China arts and crafts paper-cutting master Hu.
In 2000, he participated in editing the first album of Xiaogan Paper-cut, a large-scale solid paper-cut album.
In 2003, Meng Zong's paper-cut work "Crying Bamboo Shoots" won the gold medal in the exhibition of Hubei Folk Art Town.
In 2004, he participated in editing the second album of paper-cut album Xiaogan Paper-cut.
In 2005, a four-part paper-cut wall hanging product "Huaiyin Ji" was developed, which brought good economic benefits. In August of the same year, "Introduction to Xiaogan Paper-cutting Lectures" was compiled as the first paper-cutting training textbook for art teachers in primary and secondary schools in Xiaonan District. In September of the same year, participants organized relevant personnel to declare the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage in Xiaogan by carving and paper-cutting.
In 2006, he planned, designed and edited the third hardcover edition of Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Album.
In March, 2007, he once again participated in organizing relevant experts to declare Xiaogan's national intangible cultural heritage by carving and paper-cutting, and finally succeeded.
In June165438+1October of the same year, he participated in the large-scale paper-cut art exhibition "The Return of the National Wind" of the 8th China Art Festival, and the paper-cut work "Lu Yu" was permanently collected by Jingmen Archives of Hubei Province.
65438+ In February of the same year, the paper-cut work "Hometown of the Son of Han Xiao" and other works entered the exhibition "Art Exhibition of the International Symposium of China Filial Piety Culture City".
June 5438+October 2008 10, the paper-cut work "State of Filial Piety" entered the Wenzhou National Paper-cut Art Competition in China and was selected as the book "Selected Works of Paper-cut Competition".
In May of the same year, the paper-cut work "Kirin Send the Son" entered the "Ode to the East Wind" Chinese paper-cut art exhibition.
In June of the same year, he planned, designed and edited the fourth series of the paper-cut album "Xiaogan Carved Paper-cut Filial Piety Culture Album".
In September, 2008, the paper-cut work "Hai Rui" won the Excellence Award in China Xiangshan Integrity Paper-cut Competition, and was included in the collection of winning works.