During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Yellow River burst in Guantao County, divided into Tunshi River, and flowed northeast into Bohai Sea through Zhou Bei and Jizhou. In the fourth year of Yang Di, this river was named Yongji Canal. In the seventh year of the Tang Dynasty, Yongji County was established in Linqing County, which belonged to Zhou Bei and was named after Yongji Canal in the west. Yongji county is also the original Guantao county. In the early Song Dynasty, Yongji County entered Linqing County.
Five records of Shandong in Yu Fang Minutes: yongji city is in the southwest of the state. In the year of Qi Tang, Tianqi Linqing County was named Yongji County, belonging to the genus Yongji Canal in the west. At the beginning of Xingyuan, Zhu Taomou crossed the river and invaded the border, entering Wei territory and reaching Yongji. When Tian Yue didn't accompany him, he was angry. He took Ping En and Yongji slightly, and defended it with soldiers. After working for five years, he joined Jin, entered Tunyongji from Linqing, and then entered Weizhou. In the early Song Dynasty, it was still incorporated into Linqing County. Ping En, I met Quzhou County in Zhili today.
Weihe River is in the west of the city. It flows through Guantao County from Daming Mansion in Zhili. It flows eastward to this point and joins the Wenhe River, also known as Qinghe River. Ying Shao said: Qinghe is in the northwest of Qingyuan County. Yeah, yeah. Since the Sui Dynasty, it has been called Yongji Canal. In the 12th year of his great cause, he sent Yang Yichen to win over a group of thieves, Zhang Jin, and named him Yu Pingen. He led the western expedition to Linqing, took Yongji Canal as the camp, turned to Guantao for help, attacked Jin and broke it. In the second year of Tang Guanghua, Liu Rengong of Youzhou attacked Weizhou, and he was really defeated. Wei Bing chased Linqing, crowded people into Yongji Canal, and killed and drowned countless people. In the early Song Dynasty, Hehe Yongji Canal was full of Ningjun troops. At the beginning of Chongning, Bazikou in Linqing County opened the river and built the Royal Hexi Dike.
"Tongdian", there is Tunshi River in your hometown. In your hometown, the post-Wei Dynasty was divided into restaurants and Taoists. Yuan He Zhi Xiatun Stone River in Guantao County, commonly known as Tunhe River, is located in the west of the county seat. Different from this "note", Gai County has moved. Yongji County, Xiguo Canal in Yongji County. In Han Dynasty, Guantao River was divided into Tunshi River, which flowed into Bohai Sea through Zhoubei and Jizhou in the northeast. This canal was built in Tungu and Sui, hence the name Yongji. Press: Yongji County in the Tang Dynasty was in the southwest of Linqing House, and Yongji Canal is now Weihe River. However, Ji Fu's Yuan Hezhi said that Yongji Canal reached ten miles in Guantao County in the west, and Yongji Canal above Yongji County was not the road to Tunshi River in the west of Guantao. The Kaotun River enters Xiajin County from the northeast of Linqing Prefecture, and the Weihe River enters Wucheng County from the north of Linqing Prefecture, so the Yongji Canal below Yongji County is different from Tunshi River.
(Hao)
Another name for Yongji Canal
(This Yongji Canal has nothing to do with Yongji today. The name of Yongji Canal in Zhou Pu may be borrowed from it-Hao Yangning)
History: In the first month of spring in the fourth year of Daye (AD 608), Emperor Yang Di "announced that more than one million men and women in all counties of Hebei Province opened the Yongji Canal, leading to Qinshui, Linjiang in the south and Zhuo Jun in the north." (Sui Shu, Volume III, History of Emperor Yang Di) According to Yuanhe County Records, Volume XVI, Xiangzhou, Yi Dao, Hebei Province: "Neihuang County ... Yongji Canal, whose real name is Baiqu, is led by Yuhe Yangdi, 200 steps north to the county seat." "Yuanhe County Records" (Volume 16) Hebei Road: "Yongji County, which is located in the north of Han Dynasty and south of Linqing County, is named after the field was played in Zhang Qiao and Yongji Canal was located in Xijing. Yongji Canal is in Xiguo County. It is 170 feet wide and 20 feet deep. In the south, it takes water from Ji Jun County, and the second water of Qier River flows into Baigou in the northeast, passing through this county and entering Linqing. According to the Hanwu period, rivers are divided into Tunshi River, which flows into Bohai Sea through Zhou Bei and Jizhou in the northeast. This canal was built by Tunshi Gudu and repaired by Sui, hence the name Yongji. " "Yu Gong Cone Finger" Volume XIII: "Yongji Canal is the ancient Qinghe River, the national water of Han Zhi and the clear water of the water mirror. Cao Gong prevented his water from becoming a white ditch and a white canal. Yang Di was designated as Yongji Canal, a royal river, which is now called Weihe River. " In the article Traffic Map of Tang Dynasty: Yongji Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties, after careful textual research, Mr. Yan Gengwang thinks that the flow of Yongji Canal is about 500 kilometers (straight line) from the east of Wei County to Duliukou, which is actually slightly consistent with the flow of Qishui and Qinghe (the famous Qinghe downstream of Qishui) ... Obviously, the project of Yongji Canal is along the old river course of Han, Wei and Northern Dynasties.
As can be seen from the above, the excavation of Yongji Canal also used the original rivers such as Baiqu, Qinshui, Qingshui and Qishui. Therefore, in Tang poetry, every waterway such as Baiqu, Baishui, Qinghe, Qingchuan and Qishui is actually Yongji Canal.
As for Yongji Canal, also called "Royal River", it is also a general term. For example, Volume 24 of Sui Shu's Records of Food Goods says: "In the eighth year of emperor's reign, the canal was opened, and the valley was drawn from the garden and the water was injected from the west. From Banzhu River to Huaihai, it is called Yuhe River. Build a royal road by the river, and the tree is a willow. " Yuanhe County Chronicle (Volume 5) Wuhe South Road 1: "The side canal ... has been blocked since the Northern Expedition of Song and Wu Dynasties. In the first year of Yang Di the Great, he was enlightened and named Tongji Canal, which led the valley from Luoyang Xiyuan and Luoshui to the river, the river from Bambusa to the side mouth, and the side water from the east of the girder to Si, Huai and Jiangdu Palace to the sea. Also known as the royal river, the royal road is built along the river, and the tree squats. Emperor Yang went on patrol and entered the sea from Jiangdu Palace. " "Taiping Universe" Volume 15: "Ten versicolor:' Since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Pengcheng has been an important place, and the Sui Dynasty came to cut the royal river, and the bridge was controlled in the south, making it heavier. See the ancient town. ""wait. In Tang poetry, the moat around Beijing is also called "Yuhe". For example, Wang Zhihuan's poem "Farewell" said: "Willow is an easterly tree, and green trees sandwich the royal river. I have been climbing hard recently, and it should be separated. " (Complete Tang Poetry, Volume 253).
Through the above investigation, we can see that the Sui and Tang Grand Canal, which has been flowing for thousands of years, is an unusually rich river with cultural minerals. Natural changes can change its river course, water color and flow direction, but its existing form has been preserved in our ancient documents because of its maintenance and utilization by officials and the attention and praise of literati in previous dynasties. As a river that can declare the world cultural heritage, we must start the archaeological project of the canal culture in time, so that people can have new understanding and discoveries about it, thus providing more detailed historical materials and references for our application and protection. Only in this way can we really activate the cultural life of this big river and fully show the cultural elegance of this big river to the world.
(Author: Huaiyin Teachers College, Jiangsu Province)
Tracing the origin of the name "Grand Canal"
The Grand Canal was originally the abbreviation or general name of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (or the North-South Grand Canal and the Sui-Tang Grand Canal). Transporter, the way of water transport is also. The older ones have grown up. The word "Beijing-Hangzhou" is the symbol and reference of people who come from south to north and approach the canal. As we all know, the north-south connection of the Grand Canal was in the Sui Dynasty, and the shipping industry of the Canal was pushed to its peak in the Tang Dynasty. So later generations called it "North-South Grand Canal" and "Sui and Tang Grand Canal", but the concept of "Grand Canal" did not appear in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The title of "Grand Canal" first began in the Song Dynasty. Wu, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, described the origin of Hang Cheng's internal and external rivers, saying: "Before the northland levied taxes, the two rivers in the city merged from Yanmen in clear lake to Desheng Bridge, and merged with Shahe, Caishi River and Pan-Ocean Lake outside the city, and were divided into two factions: one from Shangtang in the northeast, crossing Dongcang New Bridge, entering Beijing and Hangzhou, reaching Chang 'anmen, and entering Jiaxing Road Canal; First, cross Desheng Bridge from the northwest to Beiyan, cross Zhangjiang Bridge, Yu Jia Bridge and North Xinqiao, and enter Xiatang River in Anji County. " ("Meng Lianglu" Volume 12 "Rivers inside and outside the city") Although the so-called "Grand Canal" here is actually just the Jiangnan section of the Sui and Tang Dynasties Canal-Jiangnan River. But because it runs through the north and south, it is a timeless river in people's minds. Therefore, the Song people used the "Grand Canal" as a general name and a good name.
As for the need for specific accusations, Song people mainly used administrative divisions or a certain place as the standard for dividing canal sections. For example, when Ouyang Xiu of the Northern Song Dynasty wrote the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, he crowned a section of the canal with administrative divisions: "It opened in the summer of two years and the Yangzhou Canal was exhausted." (Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 36, Records of Five Elements) Since then, this statement has become more and more common.
(Northern Song Dynasty) Cun Wang and others wrote "Yuanfeng Jiu Yu Lu" Volume 5: "Lianshui Prefecture, six miles east and north, four townships. Jincheng and Taiping Town have Lianshui Canal ... Changzhou, Nineteen Town, Phoenix Mountain, Songjiang Canal ... Four townships in the south of Wujiang Prefecture. There is the Wujiang Canal. "
(Southern Song Dynasty) Wang Yinglin's Yuhai (Volume 22) and Xianping Canal Map: "In May of the second year of Ming Dow, Xin Si, Wang Sui, political councillors Deng Shougong and Jiang Congying published Huainan Canal Map ... On March 16, 2007, Yuanfeng opened the Guishan Canal." Wang Yinglin's Interpretation of Tongjian Geography Volume XIII: "Chuzhou is the throat of the north and south, and the Huaihe River is more than 2,000 miles long. The five rivers lead to the north: Huaihe River, Bianhe River, Wohe River, Yinghe River and Caihe River. There is only one Chuzhou Canal for those who enter the river in the south. " Wait a minute.
After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, people referred to the Grand Canal by its geographical relative position.
The term "Li Qu" first appeared in the Song Dynasty. "History of Song Dynasty" Volume 97 "Seven Rivers": "There are two sluices in Tongjiang, Xixing Town, Xiaoshan County, which are blocked by river sand and the boat is impassable. After three years on the main road, the minister said,' Raise the people to flourish in the west to the great river, dredge the Shahe River for 20 miles, and dredge the Zhali Canal for 13 miles, so as to benefit the people and travel at the same time.' "The' Li Canal' here refers to the internal and external canals leading to Qiantang River excavated in Xixing Town, Xiaoshan County. Later, the concept of "Li Canal" changed again. For example, (Qing) Fu Zehong's "Golden Mirror of Running Water" Volume 137: "Zhang Yushu and others said that the water of the Li Canal and the lake all flowed into the middle reaches, and the river was too narrow to hold. Three dams will be built in the north dike, and three dams will be reduced. " The "Li Canal" referred to by Zhang Yushu, the minister of the Qing Dynasty, is actually the section of the canal from Yangzhou to Huai 'an, north of the Yangtze River. This canal is called the "Li Canal" for two reasons. One is the new Han ditch dredged and straightened by Emperor Yang Di with 100,000 Huainan migrant workers, which is located in Guhan ditch (from Yang Shan (now Chuzhou, Jiangsu) to Jiangdu (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) and then reaches today. Such as (Song) Cheng Dachang's "On Hou": "The river is connected with the Huaihe River, and the valley is connected with the Hanshui River. Ditch, Wu Chuang also. Wu will cut Qi, build Seoul from the southeast of Guangling City, and dig ditches in the city. The ditch is far away, starting from the river in the south and reaching the Huaihe River in the north, so it is Wu. In the seventh year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, the mountain was opened for water transportation. Yang Shan, now Chuzhou, is west of Sheyang. " (Qing) Hu Weiwei's "Gong Yu's Cone Finger" Volume 6: "The water of Huaihu Lake flowed into the river in the south, which actually started from the great cause of Yang Di the Great. The ditch is forty steps wide, but it turns straight. " It is said that the Li Canal was named after the "Li River", for example, Volume 85 of the History of the Ming Dynasty: "In the early Ming Dynasty, the Caoyun River, from Guayi to Huai 'an, was called the Li River, and from Hu Ba to the Yellow River was called the Waifei River." The so-called "He Lixia area" refers to the east coast area where this section of the canal (Jianghuai Canal and Huaiyang Canal) flows. "Lixia River" is not a river, but a general name for a large river network depression composed of many river networks in the lower reaches of the Li Canal. Li Canal in the west, Chuanchang River in the east, the main irrigation canal in northern Jiangsu in the north and Xintongyang Canal in the south, mainly including Yancheng, Taizhou, Yangzhou and Nantong in Jiangsu. Of course, "inner canal" also refers to the situation of a certain section of inner and outer canals. For example, a section of the canal from Tongzhou to Beijing is also called the "Li Canal".
Terms such as North-South Canal, South Canal, North Canal and Middle Canal were first used in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The word "North Canal" was first used in the Yuan Dynasty. (Yuan) Su Tianjue wrote A Brief Introduction to Celebrities in Yuan Dynasty, Volume 9, A Journey to Guo Shoujing: "At the beginning of Tongzhou to Dadu, official grain was transported, and tens of thousands of stone years old. It rained in the forest, mules and livestock were hard to see, and even the whole army was wiped out. It was autumn at that time, and the driver was still on his way to Shangdu. When he saw that it was full of water, Tian Yan gave it to him and gave him 12,500 public funds. He still uses his old job to adjust the water transport of Tonghui River. Gong also wants to clarify that the sluice is slightly east, and the water diversion is connected to the North Canal, and the sluice is set to the west of the main entrance, so that the ship can go around the city, but it is not enough. " The "North Canal" mentioned here is a section of canal from Tianjin to Tongzhou that people refer to today. The Ming people once called the canal from Shandong to Tianjin the "North River". (Ming History (Volume 85) "On the Canal")
The term "North-South Canal" was first used in the Ming Dynasty. (Ming) Xu Siyuan's "Wujiang Water Conservancy Achievement Monument": "Dredge the nine bridges such as Sanjiang, build stone ponds, open hundreds of streams, dredge the North-South Canal, and facilitate sailing." (Written by Zhang Neiyun and Zhou Dashao, Volume 16) (Ming) "Mr. Zheng inspects the tombstone inscription according to Guangxi": Zheng Guan, the official history of Jiangxi Road, inspected the ship tax stamps carried by Guanjin in "Orthodox Gengshen, North-South Canal, so that all were given in the first year, and salt merchants called them equal." (Xu Yi continued to record famous officials in the Ming Dynasty) (Ming Dynasty) Liu Wei's "Monument to the Completion of Huanglinggang River Project": "In the second year of Hongzhi, the river moved to the northeast, and Qinshui flooded into two parts: one part was lucky at home, passing through and leading to Xu and Pi to Huai. One runs from Jinglongkou, Huanglinggang, Dongjing Caopu to Zhangqiu Canal. The land where the emperor cares about the people damages the North-South Canal Road. " (Thanks to "North River Ji" Volume 3) and so on.
"South Canal" refers to different areas around the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Ming Dynasty, a section of canal from Guazhou and Yizheng to Huai 'an was called "South River". (History of the Ming Dynasty, Volume 85) On the Canal) The Qing people called the Weihe River the South Canal. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, Chen Yi wrote a volume of Li Zhihe Qu Zhi: "Weihe River, the South Canal, also known as Yongji Canal, also known as Yu He River, originated in Weihui House, Henan Province. It flows from Wucheng County of Shandong Province to the county boundary of Zhili Ancient City, eastward to the state boundary of Shandong Province, and westward to Jingzhou, wuqiao county, Dongguang County, Jiaohe County, Qilikou, Botou Town, Nanpi County, Cangzhou City, Qingxian County, Jinghai County, Tianjin Fucheng, Sanchakou and Baihehui.
The "Central Canal" refers to the same area in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Ming people called Feng and Pei, the canal from the north of the Yellow River to Xuzhou, the "Middle Canal". (History of the Ming Dynasty, Volume 85, Records of Rivers and canals, Part III, Volume 13, Water Transport also said: "In order to avoid the danger of the Yellow River, the state carved peaches in the south and opened canals. So, the grain ship crossed the river from Huaipu to Shandong. " Tao is Taoyuan County (now Siyang County, Jiangsu Province). Su, Suqian County. Neighbors also call a section of the canal from Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province to Xuzhou and Taierzhuang, Shandong Province "the Middle Canal".
Another name for "Grand Canal"
The North-South Grand Canal opened in Sui Dynasty was originally composed of Tongji Canal, Hangou (Jianghuai Canal), Yongji Canal and Jiangnan River. The reason why these four canals can be dug in just a few years is mainly to make full use of the original ancient rivers and then dredge, widen or straighten them. In addition, the Sui and Tang Canal was originally opened by the government, and its main function was water transportation. Therefore, in Tang poetry, people's appellation of the canal is almost different.
Another name of Tongji canal
History: In March of the first year of Sui Daye (AD 605), Emperor Yang Di "sent more than one million men and women to various counties in Henan, and opened an economic canal, connecting Luoshui from Xiyuan Valley and Huaihe River from Banzhu River." (Sui Shu, Volume III, History of Emperor Yangdi) Volume V, Map of Yuanhe County, written by Li Jifu in the middle Tang Dynasty: "Yin He County, the land of Xingyang County in the Han Dynasty, was the mouth of the Bianhe River in the twenty-second year of Kaiyuan, and was divided into three counties: Sishui County, Yingze County and Wuzhi County, which are located in the east of the traffic field for transportation ... "Press: Bianshui was called Xiacentipede Canal in Qin Dynasty and Jun Yi Qu in Han Dynasty. Later, because it was Zhai Zhishui, "Zhai is also pronounced as a word, that is, the ancients avoided the inverted word and changed it into a word." (History of the Song Dynasty, Volume 93, River Records and Bianhe) Most writers like quaint writing. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, people often called Tongji Canal by ancient names such as Luoshui, Bianqu, Bianhe, Bianshui, Liu Bian or Bianshui. At that time, there were two routes from Luoyang, the eastern capital, to the south, namely, land passing through Nanyang, Xiangzhou, Jingzhou and Xiangzhong, and crossing the ridge to Guangzhou; Waterway is the North-South Canal opened along the Sui Dynasty, that is, from Luoyang to the east, down the Bianhe River, into Huaishui, across Hangou, to the Yangtze River, and then along Xiangshui or catch water to the south. The waterways that people pass from south to north are mostly the southern roads that directly enter the Huaihe River through Bianshui, also known as Caohe and Caodao-the waterways of the Tang Dynasty. For example, Cen Can's poem "Yan Shidong and Han Zuntong thought that Jing Yun would be the master's business" said: "Yin Shan's old monk untied Lunga, and Angelababy returned home. The smoke is deep and the grass is wet It rained last night, and the autumn wind crossed the Caohe River after the rain. "("All Tang Poems "Volume 199) Bai Juyi's poem" Long Rain Idle, Chanting for Wine "also said:" The bitter rain is dark bronze camel, and the cool wind starts from Caohe River. "Because this route is far more convenient and smooth than the northeast, it passes through Xuzhou and then goes to Huaishang North Road, so the poems left along the way are also the most.
Among them, the side canal, the side river, the side water, the Liu Bian or the side road are the most common Tongji canals, and this kind of canal bank is also called the side land or Sui Dynasty. From a large number of ancient and modern literature retrieval, it can be known that later generations have the richest chanting and comments on this canal and the richest accumulated history and culture. To some extent, "Bian River" and "Sui Land" have become the cultural symbols that best represent the characteristics of the Sui Dynasty, and also become a focus of comments on Yang Di's merits and demerits.
Xu Tang, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, wrote at the beginning of Twelve Rhymes of Bian River: "In the past, Bian River opened, Yuan should have a different reason. Or at the same time, it is better to be a person in Yangzhou. " "Opening Bianshui" means that Emperor Yang Di spared no effort to dig Tongji Canal. Song Wenzhi, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty, wrote in his poem "The First Residence of Huaikou": "If you swim alone in the river, you will have no rural residence. In the evening, I anchored in Chu Township, and the moon in Li Huai was very clear. Bianhe is poor, and Luoyang is gradually sad. When I heard that the songs of Chu were broken at night, the situation was when Huainan fell. " The "Huaikou" where the poet stayed (Volume 5 1) is actually the place where the Tongji Canal between Sizhou City and Xuyi City (now Xuyi County, Jiangsu Province) flows into the Huaihe River. Like Luo, a native of the early Tang Dynasty, there is a poem "Looking at Xuyi at the Beginning of Huaikou" (the seventy-ninth volume of all Tang poems). For another example, Li Ao, a native of the Middle Tang Dynasty, and Yuanhe entered Lingnan from Luo Zhong in four years. At that time, according to his own personal experience, he wrote the article "Record to the South". It said: "When you leave the Charlotte River, you stop at the mouth of the Bianliang River, and then the river goes to the Huaihe River ... Gengshen, and then you go down the tributary to the Huaihe River, sail and make a start." (The Complete Works of Tang Wen (Volume 638)) Pi Rixiu, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, also said in the Preface to Taihu Lake: "Xian Tong has been in JD.COM for nine years, returned to live in a quiet and peaceful place, enjoyed several women, entered the palace, went to Beijing and drifted to Yangzhou." ("All Tang Poems" Volume 6 10) There is a sentence in his "Two Poems on the Bian River" that reads: "Wanlong Qingsi Boat will not return to Yangzhou. It should be that Tianjiao has boiled water, and there are no mountains for more than a thousand miles. " (Complete Tang Poetry Volume 6 15) Many other Tang literati, such as Li Qiao, Bai Juyi, Quan Deyu, Ma Dai, Luo Yin, Wu Rong, Chi Jing, etc., also traveled here and left poems. From many poems, we can find that the intersection of Bianhe River and Huaihe River is no different from the intersection of Shuijing River and Weishui River. Because Tongji Canal is connected to the Yellow River in the north, it is turbid all the year round and mixed with the Yellow River. Once entering the Huaihe River, the scenery suddenly changed: the gentle water flow and the clear water color formed a beautiful and unusual scenery, and the two waters formed a sharp contrast. For example, "Bianshui flows eastward with a tiger's eye and a clear duck's head." Look at the sand scouring place at the ferry, but how many people have crossed the world. "(Liu Yuxi's" Langtaosha "and" Full Tang Poetry "Volume 28)" Huai water is not dirty, muddy yellow. " (Meng Jiao's "Qihuai Shangguan Public Law Museum" and "All Tang Poems" Volume 380) "Qinghuai shines far away, and the Yellow River has nothing to do with turbid waves." (Xu Yin's "Drunk Title: Cutting the Wall of Nantang House" and "Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty" Volume 709) Cen Can's poem said: "The Qing Huai River is bottomless, and the green water is deep, staying in Jinting Fenglin." (Cui Cang Cao sent the judge to Huainan) Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty (Volume 20 1) Han Yu's Clear Huaihe River without Waves as Flat as a Seat (Send the monk to Cheng Guan, Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty (Volume 342)) Liu Yuxi's Clear Huaihe River in Spring (Five Poems in Huaiyin) Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty.
Those who refer to "Biandi" and "Sui Di" as Tongji Canal or Ruins of Sui Dynasty, such as Wu Rong, a poet in Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Sui Di": "Scratching my head to see the setting sun on Sui Di, there is no willow to hide the crow. On the shore, the dragon boat was led over, and now the cart is coming from the bottom of the river. I once laughed at Chen Jiage's well-proportioned tree, and then I watched Qionghua. It's a sunny day. Who believes that Liyang has an ancient house? " (Volume 687 of Complete Tang Poetry) According to historical records, after dredging of Tongji Canal and Hangou, it was ordered that "imperial roads should be built along the river and trees should be fenced." (Yuanhe County Records, Volume V, Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Volume 180) With the demise of a generation of tyrants, "Sui Emperor VI" has become a symbol of national subjugation. Bai Juyi, a great poet, wrote the most representative poem "Sui Emperor VI-the subjugation of Benjamin": "Sui Emperor VI has a long history and is decaying. The wind is floating, the rain is whispering, and there are three plants and two plants in the estuary. The sorrow and evil of the old branches and leaves was once a great cause in the middle of the year. Halfway through the great cause, Yang planted Liu Chengxing with running water. From the Yellow River in the west to the Huaihe River in the east, the shade is 1,300 miles. At the end of the great cause, the willow color is like smoke and snow Wandering around Jiangdu in Nanxing, this willow should be a dragon boat ... For 200 years, the sand and grass are in the twilight on Bianhe Road. " ("Complete Tang Poetry" Volume 427)
Among the literati in the Tang Dynasty, only Luo Yin, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, used the proper name of "Tongji Canal" in his poem "Song on the Seat and Water Tune": "Yu Sheng, Wan Wan You, Tongji Canal to and from. If you save Emperor Yang's life, you should vote. " Other poets generally use pronouns.
Different names of Hangou (Jianghuai Canal, Huaiyang Canal and Chu Yang Canal)
History: In order to attack Chen Nan, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty opened a mountain in Yangzhou in April of the seventh year of Emperor Kai (AD 587) to transport water. (Sui Shu, Volume I, Gao Zuji). After the opening of Tongji Canal in the first year of Yang Di's great cause (AD 605), "more than 100,000 people from Huainan entered the Yangtze River from Yang Shan. The canal is forty paces wide, and there are royal willows beside it. " (History as a Mirror (Volume 180) During the Tang and Song Dynasties, people also called this section of the canal "Guanhe". For example, Wei Zhuang, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in Crossing Yangzhou: "At that time, people didn't know about fighting, and songs were everywhere. It is always spring in the flower hair cave, and there is wind in the bright moon clothes. After Chu Huaiwang left, there were no chickens and dogs, and Emperor Yang came back for burial. The twenty-four bridges are empty, and Qingyang destroys the Guanhe River. " ("All Tang Poems" Volume 697) Because Yangzhou is a place where the official (Yang Di in those days) contacts all the year round, there is a Han ditch, and it is also the place where official ships pass most frequently. Book of Old Tang Dynasty, Volume 17 (1): "The old Caohe River in Yangzhou City is shallow, the boats are not smooth and the traffic is backward. Today, from the ancient Qili Port outside Nagato, it opens the river to the east, bends to the east of the Zen Temple Bridge, and crosses the Jiuguan River, with a total length of 19 miles. " "Tang Yao Hui" Volume 29: "On September 2, 1966, I made Du Tuan in Huainan play:' People in Hailing and Gaoyou counties sprinkled different rice on the Guanhe River to cook food, which is called rice health. "Bai Wei Juyi also called the Jiangnan River Guanhe:" From Qiantang to Yanguan Street, Guanhe and Tianhu should be irrigated, and the lake should be put into the river and then put into the fields from the river. Huai salt and iron make the old method, you must first measure the depth of the river. After irrigation, the water is repaid, and it is often very dry, but the lake is not filled. This year, the lake embankment will be built, the height will be raised by several feet, and the water will be increased, which is enough. If it is not enough, it will definitely be near Pinghu, plus Guanhe, which is more than enough. (Note: If the river is dry and shallow, but the lake is full, the boat can sail immediately, although it is not used to water the land. ) ("Bai Changqing Ji" Volume 68 "Qiantang Lake Stone Record")
Some scholars say that Han Gou in the Tang Dynasty was also called Cao Qu. However, according to the author's research, the word "Caoqu" is not limited to Hangou, and almost every section of the North-South Grand Canal can be called "Caoqu" because the main function of the Grand Canal is water transportation. For example, Yuan Gui, a bookstore, announced in 497 that "Tongguan was sent to the east and Weishui was brought to the west, because the canal opened manpower." The first volume of Sui Shu written by Kevin·Z in the Tang Dynasty also records that in September of the fourth year of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, at noon in June of the eighteenth year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, "Luoshui rose in the east, damaging Tianjin, Yongji Second Bridge and Caoqu Doumen." (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Volume 37, Five Elements) In September 2002, Yongtai, Tang Daizong, "Jing refused to contribute. The canal, which is eight feet wide and ten feet deep, enters Beijing from Nanshan Gukou, reaches Jianfu Temple East Street, and reaches Jingfeng and Yanximen in the north. The completion of the canal is a good day to see Anfumen. " (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Volume 11, Biography of Dai Zong) "From Sanggan River to Lvsitai, to Youzhou, 800 miles, Yan also said:' Since then, the grass has stopped. ""("Old Tang Book" Volume 77 "Wei Tingchuan")
Another name of Jiangnan
History: In December of the sixth year of Daye (AD 6 10), Emperor Yang Di "crossed the Jiangnan River, from Jingkou to Yuhang, with a width of more than 800 miles, which made the dragon boat accessible, set up a palace grasshopper and looked east to collect it." (Dictionary (Volume 18 1) Mr. Shi Nianhai said in the article "Water Traffic between the Canal and the Yangtze River and Its Coastal Metropolis in Sui and Tang Dynasties": In the Tang Dynasty, "Jiangnan River and Yongji Canal still had names, but no new names were found." (Shi Nianhai's Historical Geography of the Tang Dynasty, China Social Sciences Press, 1998, 1 edition, February, 3 14) Actually, this is not the case. According to the author's research, it is rare for Tang people to call it "Jiangnan". Because of the excavation of the "Jiangnan River", many lakes and rivers in the south of the Yangtze River have also been utilized. Therefore, ancient names such as Songjiang, Loujiang, Li Ze and Wujiang are often used in Tang poetry. According to the Ming Dynasty's Record of Gusu, there are ten clouds: "Today, the Three Rivers, once out of Taihu Lake, enter the canal from Muyukou, Wuxian County to the north, and cross the gate of the county seat, which is Loujiang. One is from Taihu Lake, northeast of Wujiang County Bridge, Pangshan Lake and Songjiang. One branch crosses Dianshan Lake from Dayao to Jiading County in the east, joins Huangpu in Shanghai County, and flows from Huangpu to Jiading, Jiangwan and Qingpu in the northeast, also known as Wu Songjiang, or Dongjiang. " Volume 25 of Yuanhe County Records, No.1 Shannan Road, and Suzhou Wuxian Records contain: "Songjiang, five miles south of the county, enters the sea through Kunshan." "Zuo Zhuan" said: "The more you cut Wu, the more soldiers will be in Daze", which is the river. At the beginning, Song Wenzhi, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in the poem "Crossing Songjiang at Night": "Su Fan Zhen Zekou, crossing Songjiang at a small distance. Fish and dragons are angry, and the boat rushes to the geese. The cold wave suddenly feels full, and the dark pool will be slightly divided. On his birthday at sea, clouds rose in the clear lake. The water town is as beautiful as the sky, sighing for Wu Jun, and the counselor died by the sword. I am still saddened to hear it. " Wu Rong, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, wrote in Thirty-two Rhymes of Zhu Feng: "My land is two hectares, and Changzhou is a hundred miles east. Draw the ring as an area, and the accumulation of dysprosium is interrelated. Songjiang flows by, and spring and summer are bitter. From time to time, if the dam is flooded, it will be gone ... so it is hidden in Shanxi and now it is in Lize. " ("All Tang Poems" Volume 685) Mou Rong's poem "Send a Fan to Make a King" says: "Autumn is over, and Loujiang Road is only a stone's throw away." ("Complete Tang Poetry" Volume 467) Feng Xue's "Send Liu Langzhong to Hangmu": "A state controls Zhejiang Bay horizontally, with pavilions and terraces staggered. Downstairs, the tide returns to the sea, and the pillow is Tunxi Mountain in Yun Qi. The water color of Wujiang River is wider than the levee, and the more vulgar it is, the more it will return across the levee. The sundae shepherd has no distance, so he will be able to help with leisure. " ("All Tang Poems" Volume 548)
Another name for Yongji Canal
History: In the first month of spring in the fourth year of Daye (AD 608), Emperor Yang Di "announced that more than one million men and women in all counties of Hebei Province opened the Yongji Canal, leading to Qinshui, Linjiang in the south and Zhuo Jun in the north." (Sui Shu, Volume III, History of Emperor Yang Di) According to Yuanhe County Records, Volume XVI, Xiangzhou, Yi Dao, Hebei Province: "Neihuang County ... Yongji Canal, whose real name is Baiqu, is led by Yuhe Yangdi, 200 steps north to the county seat." "Yuanhe County Records" (Volume 16) Hebei Road: "Yongji County, which is located in the north of Han Dynasty and south of Linqing County, is named after the field was played in Zhang Qiao and Yongji Canal was located in Xijing. Yongji Canal is in Xiguo County. It is 170 feet wide and 20 feet deep. In the south, it takes water from Ji Jun County, and the second water of Qier River flows into Baigou in the northeast, passing through this county and entering Linqing. According to the Hanwu period, rivers are divided into Tunshi River, which flows into Bohai Sea through Zhou Bei and Jizhou in the northeast. This canal was built by Tunshi Gudu and repaired by Sui, hence the name Yongji. " "Yu Gong Cone Finger" Volume XIII: "Yongji Canal is the ancient Qinghe River, the national water of Han Zhi and the clear water of the water mirror. Cao Gong prevented his water from becoming a white ditch and a white canal. Yang Di was designated as Yongji Canal, a royal river, which is now called Weihe River. " In the article Traffic Map of Tang Dynasty: Yongji Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties, after careful textual research, Mr. Yan Gengwang thinks that the flow of Yongji Canal is about 500 kilometers (straight line) from the east of Wei County to Duliukou, which is actually slightly consistent with the flow of Qishui and Qinghe (the famous Qinghe downstream of Qishui) ... Obviously, the project of Yongji Canal is along the old river course of Han, Wei and Northern Dynasties.
As can be seen from the above, the excavation of Yongji Canal also used the original rivers such as Baiqu, Qinshui, Qingshui and Qishui. Therefore, in Tang poetry, every waterway such as Baiqu, Baishui, Qinghe, Qingchuan and Qishui is actually Yongji Canal.
As for Yongji Canal, also called "Royal River", it is also a general term. For example, Volume 24 of Sui Shu's Records of Food Goods says: "In the eighth year of emperor's reign, the canal was opened, and the valley was drawn from the garden and the water was injected from the west. From Banzhu River to Huaihai, it is called Yuhe River. Build a royal road by the river, and the tree is a willow. " "Yuanhe County Records" Volume 5 "Henan Road 1": "Bianqu ... has been blocked since the Northern Expedition of Song and Wu Dynasties. In the first year of Yang Di the Great, he was enlightened and named Tongji Canal, which led the valley from Luoyang Xiyuan and Luoshui to the river, the river from Bambusa to the side mouth, and the side water from the east of the girder to Si, Huai and Jiangdu Palace to the sea. Also known as the royal river, the royal road is built along the river, and the tree squats. Emperor Yang went on patrol and entered the sea from Jiangdu Palace. " "Taiping Universe" Volume 15: "Ten versicolor:' Since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Pengcheng has been an important place, and the Sui Dynasty came to cut the royal river, and the bridge was controlled in the south, making it heavier. See the ancient town. ""wait. In Tang poetry, the moat around Beijing is also called "Yuhe". For example, Wang Zhihuan's poem "Farewell" said: "Willow is an easterly tree, and green trees sandwich the royal river. I have been climbing hard recently, and it should be separated. " (Complete Tang Poetry, Volume 253).
Through the above investigation, we can see that the Sui and Tang Grand Canal, which has been flowing for thousands of years, is an unusually rich river with cultural minerals. Natural changes can change its river course, water color and flow direction, but its existing form has been preserved in our ancient documents because of its maintenance and utilization by officials and the attention and praise of literati in previous dynasties. As a river that can declare the world cultural heritage, we must start the archaeological project of the canal culture in time, so that people can have new understanding and discoveries about it, thus providing more detailed historical materials and references for our application and protection. Only in this way can we really activate the cultural life of this big river and fully show the cultural elegance of this big river to the world.