Kiln firing celadon has a long history. During the Five Dynasties, the Qian family monopolized the burning of "secret color porcelain", which was not used by officials and people. According to documents, since Qian entered the DPRK and accepted Tu as a vassal, Yuezhou kiln affairs have been accepted by the Song court, and officials have been set up to supervise the burning, but it seems that the time for setting up an official supervision is not long. At that time, there was a box cover with the words "the mouth was made in December of the first year of the end arch" in the physical objects produced by the kiln-crossing device collected in the Forbidden City. There is no pattern on the surface of the box, only lettering, which is quite different from the exquisite carved box in Yue Kiln from the Five Dynasties to the early Song Dynasty. Obviously, this artifact was not donated to the court during the period of the official governor, and the official governor stopped between the seventh year of Taiping Xingguo and the end of the year.
As for the reason why Yue Kiln officials stopped waste, according to the known materials, at this time, the process of firing porcelain in Ding Kiln and Yaozhou Kiln in northern China has made great progress. The white porcelain carvers in Ding Kiln are elegant and pure, and the celadon carvers in Yaozhou Kiln are more attractive than those in Yue Kiln, so court porcelain does not need to cross kilns. However, due to the official supervision of Yue Kiln stopped, many skilled craftsmen were separated, the product quality dropped sharply, and its reputation was gradually replaced by other celadon kilns.
Yue kiln system is represented by Yue kiln around Shanglin Lake in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province. At present, 23 kiln sites have been found, which were set up by the court in the early Song Dynasty to supervise the burning. The craft is fine, the shape is regular, the glaze is green and the flowers are beautifully decorated. The products are mainly supplied to the imperial palace, reaching 6.5438+0.4 million pieces at a time, and the number is considerable. After the abolition of the official governor (from the seventh year of Taiping Xingguo to the end of AD), Yue kiln turned to civilian porcelain, and the quality of its products decreased obviously. There are Shangyu Kiln and Yinxian Kiln for firing Yue Kiln celadon.
Longquan kiln and Longquan kiln system
Longquan kiln is located in Longquan county, Zhejiang province, mainly in Dayao and Jincun area. It is a porcelain kiln developed after Yue Kiln. It was fired in the early northern song dynasty and developed before the southern song dynasty, and then formed a unique style, which made the variety of green glaze reach a high level. It is also the largest porcelain kiln in the south of China, and hundreds of folk kiln sites in Longquan kiln have been discovered. By the late Southern Song Dynasty, except Longquan, Longquan celadon was fired in Qingyuan, Yunhe and other counties in Zhejiang, Ji 'an in Jiangxi and Quanzhou in Fujian, forming the Longquan kiln system.
Black-tire thick glazed celadon and white-tire thick glazed celadon fired in Longquan folk kiln are often co-fired with the kiln. Influenced by the official kiln, the craft level is relatively high, the glaze color is thin and thick, and the glaze layer is like jade. Glazes are pink green, plum green, bean green, yellow green glaze, gray green glaze and vegetable green glaze. The thick glazed porcelain with black tire is similar to the official kiln, with thin tire, fine quality, hard quality and gray-black as iron. A few fetuses are yellow or brick red, and the fetal quality is loose. The glaze layer is thick, transparent and shiny, with thin slices, commonly known as "purple iron feet". The tires of the official kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty were not as shiny and moist as jade, but they were also "purple mouths and iron feet". White-tire thick-glazed celadon was also influenced by the official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty. The tire is slightly thick, gray in white, round and full, and the exposed tire at the bottom is vermilion or light purple. Most blue glaze layers are bright and clean, with glaze toner and plum red.
Longquan kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty created a thick calcium-alkali glaze, which replaced the thin and shallow heavy calcium glaze used in the past, which not only made celadon green and pure in color, but also "bright and moist as a pile of fat". By applying glaze for many times, green powder glaze and plum glaze were successfully fired, which made Longquan celadon craft reach a historical peak, and made celadon art use the refraction and scattering caused by tiny bubbles in glaze to form a dignified and profound texture, which made people feel extremely rich.
/kloc-In the late 20th century, that is, from the mid-Southern Song Dynasty, it was fired into a famous powder glaze. Later, in the early Yuan Dynasty, the thin plum green glaze was successfully fired, which made Longquan kiln reach its peak, and Longquan celadon won by glaze color in the Song Dynasty. Longquan celadon handed down from ancient times was mostly produced in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the glaze color was mostly pink celadon, and a few were decorated with printed Pisces patterns. Its top-grade glaze color is even, like jade.
The decorative art features of Longquan kiln celadon in the Northern Song Dynasty are basically characterized by the use of carving techniques. The fetal bones are mostly gray, and the glaze color is mostly wormwood or slightly yellow, with good transparency and brightness, and the carved patterns are clear and bright. This performance method is to make full use of the thickness of glaze layer to present different shades of cyan effect. The place where the blank is engraved with decorative patterns is deeper than the surface of the blank. After glazing, the color of the concave part is thicker and deeper, and the carving pattern is clear. In addition, the changes of the knife method used in carving are wide and narrow, deep and shallow, and the order of knife transport reflects the rhythm and rhythm of the carved lines, thus giving the carved lines a smooth artistic charm. Common decorative patterns include lotus petals and lotus leaves. There are stoves, bottles, plates, slag buckets and statues, and there are many styles with various shapes. For example, there are plum bottles, dragon bottles, tiger bottles, five-tube bottles, gall bottles, goose gall bottles and so on. There are three-legged, four-legged, gossip furnace, simmer furnace and so on.
The main technical change of celadon in the Southern Song Dynasty was thin tire and thick glaze, and the decoration method was changed from engraving and scribing to printing, pasting and stacking. The thickness of the fetal skeleton is increased without damaging the embryonic body. After the protruding pattern is glazed, the glaze will flow when fired at high temperature, making the protruding part of the pattern clear. The Guangdong Provincial Museum has a lotus petal bowl printed by Longquan kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty. The outer wall of the bowl is a plump and plump lotus petal pattern prevailing in the Southern Song Dynasty, which is a deeply carved lotus petal pattern, neat and meticulous, and has a strong three-dimensional sense. The three-legged furnace of Longquan kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty was decorated with convex lines from shoulder to foot, and white lines appeared after firing, which was usually called "rib out", which not only strengthened the aesthetic feeling of the utensils, but also changed the color of celadon glaze.
In addition to all kinds of daily utensils, there are water bowls, water injectors, pen containers, pen containers and so on. It is also very common in the Southern Song Dynasty, and chess and bird food cans are also very distinctive. In addition, antique bronzes and jades are also made in various types, such as enamel, enamel, welcoming guests, throwing pots and bottles, which is related to ancient sacrifices in the late Northern Song Dynasty. Inscriptions include "Happiness from now on" and "Riverside Heritage".
The shape of Longquan celadon in Yuan Dynasty was obviously larger than that in Southern Song Dynasty, and its carcass was heavy, showing a majestic style. Innovative products include Gao Zubei, Lingkou dish, lotus leaf jar, earring bottle, phoenix tail statue, etc. Generally speaking, the product quality is not as good as that of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the embryo is rough and glazed, but there are also many fine products. The decorative arts of Longquan in Yuan Dynasty include painting, printing, pasting, piling, engraving and stippling, with a wide range of subjects, including flowers, fruits, fish patterns, feathers, figures and auspicious patterns. Great changes have taken place in the production and decoration, from the heavy glaze color and modeling in the Southern Song Dynasty to the heavy ornamentation in the Yuan Dynasty.
In the Yuan Dynasty, almost all objects, big or small, were decorated with patterns, which was the main means to beautify Longquan porcelain at that time. There is an octagonal Pisces bowl, and a new technology of exposed tire oxidation is adopted in the process. There is an opening on eight sides of the outer wall, and there is no glaze at the opening, and the tire is oxidized to ochre red. Figures and flower trees are printed without glaze, exposing oxidized red tires, which makes the figures more prominent and non-repetitive, and produces a special effect. This kind of oxidized tire decoration was also an innovative artistic style in the Yuan Dynasty. The inner wall of the bowl is decorated with phoenix peacock pattern and lotus pattern. The insole is printed with the pattern of Pisces and decorated with pink-green glaze, which is green and moist, and the green is full of powder, which is very elegant and exquisite.
The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of Longquan kiln porcelain firing, which was also called "Chuzhou Porcelain", "Chu Porcelain" or "Chu Celadon" because of administrative divisions. Due to the rapid development of foreign trade, the production scale is several times larger than that of the Song Dynasty, and porcelain is exported in large quantities, which is well received by people from all walks of life overseas.