Asparagus. Merr, alias asparagus, little Julia and 300 sticks, is a perennial climbing herb of Liliaceae. Location: Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Guangxi and other places; Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan and other places have been cultivated. Taking tuberous root as medicine, tuberous root contains 19 kinds of amino acids such as asparagine, citrulline and serine. In addition, it also contains steroidal saponins-ⅳ, ⅴ, ⅵ, ⅶ, β-sitosterol, 5- methoxymethylfurfural, glucose and fructose. Sweet and bitter, it has the functions of nourishing yin and moistening dryness, clearing away lung heat and promoting fluid production. Can be used for treating fever and thirst, lung yin injury, dry cough and hemoptysis, intestinal dryness and constipation.
I. Morphological characteristics
The root tuber is oval or spindle-shaped, fleshy, and the skin is grayish yellow. The stems are slender and often twisted, with a length exceeding 1m and many branches. Leafy branches are usually 2-3 clusters, flat and angular, sickle-shaped, with scaly leaves, sharp tips and woody barbs at the base. The thorns on the stem are 2.5-3 mm long, and the thorns on the branches are short or not obvious. Flowers 1-3 are clustered, drooping, unisexual, dioecious and light green; Male perianth segments 6, stamens slightly shorter than perianth; The female flower has six stamens, and the berry is spherical, 6-7 mm in diameter, red when it matures, and contains a seed (Figure 14-30).
Fig. 14-30 morphology of asparagus II. biological property
Biological characteristics of (1) seeds
1000-grain weight is 47.6-54.3 g, and it is easy to lose vitality after drying, so it is not suitable for long-term storage. Seeds aged every other year have low germination rate and should not be used. Seed dormancy habits are different in different regions. The seeds produced in Fujian have no dormancy period, and the average temperature after sowing is 18-22℃. Roots began to take root 5-7 days after sowing in moist soil, and the germination rate was 22-58% after 36-42 days. The asparagus seeds produced in Zhejiang were stored in the greenhouse at the end of 1 at 65438+.
(2) Growth and development and its requirements for environmental conditions
I like warm and humid environment. Most of them are from wild rivers or sunny slopes. The annual average temperature in Zhejiang production area is 16℃, and the average temperature in July is 28℃. The average temperature in January is 4℃; The annual precipitation is about 1000 mm. The flowering period is from June to July, and the fruiting period is from July to August. Avoid direct sunlight, especially when the seedling is exposed to the hot sun, and the stem tip will wither or even die. Therefore, it should be shaded moderately or intercropped with tall crops or trees. The soil is suitable for fertile sandy loam or humus. It is not suitable for planting in clay or barren and dry soil.
Third, cultivation techniques.
Land selection and land preparation
There are many kinds of places with an altitude of 600- 1000 m in Sichuan producing area, and sandy loam with deep soil layer or humus-rich soil is better. If planted in forest land, mixed forest or sparse broad-leaved forest land should be chosen, pine forest land and clay land are not suitable for planting; If planted in farmland, it needs to be intercropped with other crops. Before sowing, the soil should be deeply ploughed, and sufficient base fertilizer should be applied, about 3000kg can be applied per mu, and the high border with a width of 130cm should be leveled, and the border in the north can be leveled.
(2) Breeding methods
Propagation by seeds or ramets. At present, many plants reproduce in production.
1. Seed propagation
When the fruit is ripe in July and August, the seeds are harvested, the pulp is ground off, cleaned, and the seeds with large, full, moist and shiny seeds are selected for planting. Sowing dates are divided into spring sowing and autumn sowing, with spring sowing in March-April and autumn sowing in August-September. In areas with no frost or short frost period, autumn sowing is better, the germination rate is high and the growth is strong. Spring sowing seeds are stored in 2-3 times of wet sand for winter.
When sowing, choose a tree with a shading degree of 30% as a bed, or build a shed for shading. Bed width 100- 150 cm, horizontal furrow depth about 3.5cm. After sowing, cover with fine soil or mix with plant ash soil and miscellaneous fertilizer. Cover with a thin layer of grass and keep it moist. Pay attention to watering within one month of sowing to keep the soil moist, so as not to affect germination. Remove the straw after emergence, keep the soil moist at seedling stage, pay attention to loosening the soil and weeding, and apply nitrogen fertilizer appropriately. Transplanting can be carried out after one year of cultivation. Before germination in autumn (65438+ 10) or spring, the row spacing is 30-40 cm and the plant spacing is 20-25 cm. In general, 1 mu seedlings can be transplanted 9 9- 10/mu.
2. Root propagation
From March to April every year, before the plants germinate, the roots are dug out, and each plant can be divided into 3-5 clusters, each cluster should have 1-2 buds, and each hole should be planted with a cluster with a row spacing of 30cm and a plant spacing of 20-25cm. Pay attention to watering after planting, keep the soil moist, and sprout in about 10- 15 days.
(3) Site management
In dry areas in spring, we should always pay attention to watering. Weed and loosen the soil for 4-5 times during the growth period, and the soil should not be too deep each time to avoid hurting the root tuber.
Erection: when the stems and vines are about 50cm long, supports or columns should be erected to make the vines twine and grow, so as to facilitate the growth of stems and leaves and facilitate field management. From now on, before thawing and germination, 2500-3000 kilograms of manure should be applied per mu, and the manure should be evenly mixed with four teeth. In late June or early July, dilute manure or 25 kg of calcium superphosphate can be applied once per mu, followed by furrow application, covering with soil and watering.
(4) Pest control
Short-tailed wasp Also known as the red spider, it damages leaves from May to June. Prevention and control: see the ground yellow.
Fourth, harvesting and processing.
It can be harvested in 2-3 years after planting, and the yield will be higher in 4-5 years after planting. The harvesting period is from September to the next spring before germination. Cut off the vines, dig out the tuberous roots, shake off the soil, remove the fibrous roots, and use the coarse tuberous roots as medicine. The yield of fresh roots per mu can reach 2500-4000 kg if the mother plants and small tubers are kept as propagation materials and grow for 4-5 years.
Processing: Wash off the soil, boil it in boiling water for about 12 minutes until it is easy to peel, peel it, dry it to 80%, smoke it with sulfur for 10 hour, and then dry it completely. The drying rate of fresh roots is 9- 10%. Store in a dry place to prevent moisture, mildew and moths.