Settlement: Manchu people are scattered all over China, mostly in Liaoning, but also in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Shandong and other large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Xi, Guangzhou and Yinchuan. The formation of large dispersion is characterized by small sedimentation. At present, Xiuyan, Fengcheng, Xinbin, Qinglong, Fengning and other Manchu autonomous counties and several Manchu townships have been established in major inhabited areas. In 2000, the Manchu population was1068,000.
the costume of manchu
Warm robes are used as daily clothes. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, Manchu absorbed the overcoat-style clothes of the Han nationality in the Central Plains and improved them into "flag clothes" with national characteristics.
Head ornament
The headdress on women's heads is wide and long, fan-shaped and crown-shaped. It is called "flag head" in Chinese and "dalachi" in Manchu. This headdress is unique to Manchu women all over the world, thus becoming a typical national costume feature, which is very eye-catching. In the past, Manchu women had to learn to ride and shoot like boys when they were young, and their hair accessories were similar to those of boys. They shaved off the hair around the top of their heads, leaving only a part of their hair in two girls' braids, which hung down on their temples until 16 years old came of age. After marriage, I began to wear a big pot head, a shelf head and two first-class steamed buns, two of which are typical.
paper cutting
Manchu people like stick grilles. Cut out all kinds of birds and animals flowers with all kinds of colored paper and stick them on the window, which is lifelike and full of vitality. There is also a kind of paper-cutting art, that is, hanging notes or hanging money. During the Spring Festival, every household uses five-color paper to cut out pieces of paper about 40 cm long and 25 cm wide. The middle part is carved with moire calligraphy and painting, such as "Feng", "Shou" and "Fu", and the lower part is cut into fangs and spikes, which are hung on banners at doors, windows and indoor beams. They are colorful and beaming. The earliest hanging banknotes were decorations in ancestral homes, which were generally singular. It is rumored that the ancestors of their clan came from several ditches in Changbai Mountain. The paper-cutting art in Ning 'an, Helen and other places in Heilongjiang enjoys a high reputation in the national art world.
Manchu embroidery
Manchu folk arts and crafts. Or "nail house", which is mainly popular in rural areas in Northeast China. It is made of self-made fabrics and cotton thread, with black and white as the main tone and occasionally other colors. Decorative patterns are mainly auspicious patterns, such as Liu Kai, jade, gourd dish length, Fushou Changchun, Babao and so on. Often embroidered on pillowcases, wallets, curtains and cushions.
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Manchu people can sing and dance well. Its predecessor, Zhu Brown, danced in a fighting style. The custom of nuzhen, "in the year of women, sing on the road." Manchu Dance: Chen Yuxian's Works
His songs are also self-narrative, women's works, and colors, in order to extend the meaning of lovers. "(Volume 39 of Daikin Guozhi) The jurchen of the Ming Dynasty danced on a whim, accompanied by pipa, and everyone clapped their hands and sang. Especially at the festival banquet, the host and guest took turns to dance, the rhythm was harmonious, and one person led the singer, and everyone shouted:" Empty Qi "is harmonious. After entering Liao and Shen, they absorbed more song and dance forms of other nationalities. Manchu people who have lived in northeast China for a long time often hold mass song and dance activities. The "Zidishu", which was once popular in Beijing and spread to the northeast, was founded by the children of the Eight Banners and is a literary form that Manchu people like. Since the late Qing Dynasty, many Manchu Quyi artists have emerged. Famous artists include: Shuang Houping, Jin Wanchang, Xie Ruizhi, Pin Zhengsan, Chang Zhutian, Cheng Shutang, Rong Chang, Lian Kuoru, Hou, Guan Xueceng and so on. The performing arts of these Quyi performers have reached a high level, which has a great influence on future generations.
Long Xing Dance
And 10 fold and 18 fold are traditional dances of our nation. The characteristics of dance are mostly evolved from hunting and fighting actions. If the dragon dances, we should choose some strong people to sing Manchu songs in leopard skin, with flutes and drums. Half of the dancers dress up as tigers, leopards and other beasts, and half ride fake horses to chase and shoot, which is called "Qin Long Dance". At the festive banquet, the host and guest take turns to dance, with one sleeve on their foreheads and the other on their backs, hovering back and forth, one singing, and everyone shouting "Empty Qi". 10 fold and 18 fold, and the postures are complex and diverse, including fishing posture, knitting posture, celebrating posture, riding posture alone and hunting posture; Double-flying posture; The posture of big and small dragons playing in the water, the posture of strange pythons coming out of holes, and the posture of dragons crawling. Eighteen styles, that is, eighteen dance steps. Manchu yangge
yangge
Also known as "Tatar Yangko". More than last night's performance. There are dozens or dozens of dancers. Each performer holds a ruler and two long logs and dances while playing. There are often three or four people dressed as women, three or four people dressed as soldiers and umbrella lanterns, and the leader is the plaster seller. Accompanied by gongs and drums, "dancing is a song, and singing is a dance." It's a song and dance performance with makeup. There are walking and stilts. If two yangko teams meet on the road, they will salute each other.
Bold dance
Manchu Dance Performed at China Palace Banquet in Qing Dynasty. Stupidity is divided into male stupidity and female stupidity. When dancing without restraint, there must be a chorus. One person leads the singer, and everyone cooperates with the sound of "air sense" to strengthen the rhythm. So some people call it reckless air dance. The dance is rough and powerful, with large movements, mostly knight steps, which is related to the martial arts of Manchu ancestors.
Waist bell dance
Manchu folk dance. Performed by several men with two bells hanging around their waists. When playing, tap the castanets and twist the waist bells to make the castanets and bells coordinate. Originated from the early riding and shooting life of Manchu.
Qinglong dance
Qinglong dance is a kind of situational dance in harvest scenes and celebrations. It is the most Manchu-style dance among the court dances in Qing Dynasty, leaving a deep trace of folk dance. Qinglong dance is a dance with great passion, which originated from wild dance. It is named after Qianlong. It is used for grand banquets held by the court, such as New Year's Day, Longevity Day, New Year's Eve, and the emperor's wedding. It is often performed by princes and dancers. The scale of the dance is quite large, including as many as 100 people accompanied by musical instruments.
Dawukui dance
Also known as "Wukui Dance", it is a celebration dance of Manchu people. It originated from the hunting life of the early Manchu, more than the performance when returning from the harvest hunting. The dance consists of five people wearing masks of tiger, leopard, bear, deer and roe deer, which is lively and interesting.
Single drum waist bell
Single drum bell is the oral address of artists, also known as "beating single drum" or "beating waist bell", which is a sacrificial dance with many small bells wrapped around the waist and dancing with "single drum" (or "grabbing drum"). Manchu believes in Shamanism and worships "Eagle God", "Python God" and "Crow God". On holidays, please "Buddha's head mother" to the throne on the day of ancestor worship, and then the tea horse began to dance. They wore hats, tied bells around their waists, held drums and danced while singing divine songs. They jump in the house first, and then outside the yard. The content of ancestor worship is to mourn the merits of ancestors, bless world peace, wish good weather and pray for the elimination of diseases and disasters.
Edit this Manchu musical instrument
Octagonal drum is octagonal, covered with python, with copper rings on seven sides and a spike on the other side, which can be used as an accompaniment instrument for singing, rubbing and shaking.
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Manchu drama. Also known as "octagonal drum play". Developed from Manchu folk art octagonal drum. Manchu ancestors surrounded the bonfire in their leisure time, singing and dancing while talking, and hitting the self-made octagonal drum for entertainment, gradually forming an artistic form combining rap and dancing. After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, the octagonal drum cooperated with dulcimer, pipa, ukulele and gongs and drums, and absorbed all kinds of palace tunes, zaju and folk songs from all over the country, forming a brand drama. Sing more historical and folk stories.
Erxian
Manchu plucked musical instruments. Wooden, the headdress of the piano has a faucet, a chord on the left and a chord on the right. The speaker is rectangular with holes at the bottom. The speaker is covered with hands and framed with a dragon pattern. The Qing court was used for banquets.
three delicacies
Manchu plucked musical instruments. Sandalwood, square groove, carved with big top flowers on the head, carved with patterns at the end, fingerboard in front of the stem, and string protector at the end exposing the animal skin. He held the piano in his left hand, and his thumb and forefinger in his right hand pierced the bone nail to pluck the strings. He has the skills of hitting, picking, dividing, sweeping, smashing and rubbing. In the Qing court, it was used for banquets, drums, books, strings and so on.
Edit this Manchu folk song
Manchu folk songs are rich in content. Compared with Han folk songs, they are more about fishing and hunting, grazing, the Eight Banners' expedition and missing their loved ones. Its lyrics are popular and lively, and its melody is concise and concise. This feature of Manchu folk songs in rural areas is more obvious. Manchu people can't live without singing in their daily lives. Lively and emotional singing involves almost all the customs of Manchu people and sings their wishes and aspirations. Since birth, some older people have learned to sing "The Little Bench", "Riverside", "Grazing Gala" in childhood, youth pastoral songs, youth love songs, wedding songs, war songs, hunting songs, harvest festivals, birthdays, triumphal celebrations, joys and sorrows all have songs, and their musical styles are different. Manchu folk songs include lullabies, children's songs, love songs, labor songs, folk songs, minor songs, happy songs, battle songs and narrative songs. , various forms, covering almost all aspects of their national life, their music also has its own characteristics. /kloc-In the middle of the 8th century, the children of the Eight Banners created a new drum character, which was called "Yin Qing Zidishu" together with the drum board and Sanxian. Lullaby, also known as "leisurely tune". It is the most popular among Manchu people, and almost every Manchu child grew up in this elegant and stable tune. The "lullaby" circulating now is in both languages, or at most in both languages. Labor songs, when Manchu ancestors fished and hunted, often used horns or conchs as horns, beating gongs and drums, with great momentum. After hunting, we sang and danced in the wild, and the rhythmic labor songs developed into smooth labor songs, which accommodated a broad life scene. Folk songs, Manchu people use passionate folk songs to express their love for their hometown and labor, and some are labor songs. Among them, the folk songs praising the rich and magnificent rivers and mountains are called "cross-mountain tunes", with free and strong rhythm, high and open tunes and unrestrained emotions. Tunes such as "Backing Mountain Tune" and "Climbing Mountain Tune" are widely absorbed by Bajiaogu and Danxian. Manchu folk songs are also very distinctive. For example, the "official blowing" on the way to the wedding banquet, the happy song "Pull Up" sung in the wedding ceremony, the mourning in the funeral ceremony and a large number of sacrificial songs are all very touching. Most Manchu folk songs are pentatonic, with concise structure, smooth melody and sincere feelings. There are colorful folk songs and nursery rhymes that reflect the labor, sacrifice, games, exploration and daily life of Manchu in the vast rural areas of Northeast China. Among them, there are fishing songs "Running to the South China Sea", folk songs "Opening the Mountain", pastoral songs "Sliding Whip" and "Ode to Joy". Love is embodied in Ilham Ke, Red Wool, Tobacco Bag, December, etc. Game songs include "Grabbing Ga La Ha" and "Clapping Songs"; The contents of the expedition include "Song of Expedition" and "Octagonal Drum Beating"; Danshalami and Zizyphus jujuba reflecting women's life; Children's songs include "Golden Knife Haystack" and "The Wind is Coming".
Edit this paragraph etiquette
Before Manchu entered Liaoshen, they were good at riding and shooting. Children around 7 years old practice shooting mandarin fish with wooden bows and arrows, and women hold whips like men. Manchu costumes, men shave off the surrounding hair, braid it and hang it behind their heads, wear horseshoe sleeves, split on both sides and tied it around their waist for riding and shooting. This woman wears a bun, earrings, a wide straight cheongsam and high heels. After entering the customs, Manchu and Han costumes gradually became consistent. There was a time when it was very popular for women to wear cheongsam everywhere. In the past, there were shadow walls in the general yards of Manchu families, and there were "single poles" for immortals. Generally, a house has two main rooms, the door faces south, the outhouse has a stove, and the back room has kangs in the north, west and south. Delicious pie-favorite person
Manchu attaches importance to etiquette. In the past, it was common to see elders perform "tempered" ceremonies. The man bent his right knee and his right hand hung down it. The woman squatted down and put her hands on her knees. Friends and relatives of the same generation meet, regardless of gender. The west of Manchu is the best. Indoor Xikang is not allowed to sit casually and pile up sundries. The main taboos are not to fight or kill dogs, not to eat dog meat and not to use dog skin products; Avoid guests wearing dog skin hats or sleeves. It is said that this custom was formed mainly because dogs played a helper role in the long-term fishing and hunting life of Manchu ancestors, and people could not bear to eat its meat and use its skin. For more than 300 years since the Qing Dynasty, Manchu and Han have lived together for a long time, and Manchu is no different from Han in language, dress and customs. Customs The Manchu people who live in various places are only in remote villages where Manchu people live together, and some Manchu residents are still maintaining some Manchu customs in Manchu. At the same time, some elements of Manchu customs can also be found in Han customs (including Chinese vocabulary). Manchu is a nation that is good at learning and creating, and has contributed to the development of the culture of the motherland.
Edit the Manchu taboo in this paragraph
Life taboo
There is a rattan kang in Westinghouse where Manchu people live. Because there are shrines in the Western Wall, in order to respect their ancestors, empty plates and dustpans are not allowed on the Western Kang, because it is disrespectful to god to sacrifice plates in time and space, put yellow wheat and fry soybeans. At the same time, family and guests are not allowed to sit in Xikang. Manchu people avoid dog skin and dog meat [5]. This is a very important custom of Manchu (Nuzhen), and there are three kinds of opinions about it: one is that the righteous dog saved Hanwang, the other is that it originated from the custom of Manchu ancestors, and the third is totem worship.
Sacrificial taboo
Manchu trees in the southeast of the courtyard shall not be polluted, and horses and birds shall not be tied under the holy pole. Before the sacrifice, you should fast, including taking a bath and changing clothes, not getting drunk, not eating meat, not attending funerals, not inviting patients to get sick, not having fun, and in short not participating in all unlucky and unclean things. There are also 12 taboos on the day of sacrifice: 1. Dishonest, 1. Improper behavior, 1. Unclean utensils, 1. Angry quarrel, 1. Take off your clothes. 1. Talk about foreign affairs. Laugh too much. 1. Diseases of the young and the old, 1. Destruction of knives and spoons, 1. Leave the house unclean before the internal sacrifice. 1. Enter the room unclean before the sacrifice. Shenyang Manchu also offered sacrifices to "Shenma" when offering sacrifices, which Manchu called "Hehema". "What?" Pull a cart, and women are not allowed to sit. "Shenma" is dead, it's going to be buried, and no meat is allowed. "Shenma", also called "Zuma", enjoys high courtesy.
The eight surnames in history of manchu are Tong Jia, Guaer Jia, Ma Jia, Suochuluo, Qijia, Fu Cha, Nala and Niulu. Modern Manchu surnames are preceded by China surnames: Tong, Guan, Ma, Suo, Qi, Fu, Na and Lang.