The name "Li Shimin" is cautious, not as enlightened as I said. "Lecture Room" is about Kangxi, and I have confused them, but I take it for granted that it is irresponsible to tell you this. Damn it. The following is the content of CCTV lecture room-but it's from the Qing Dynasty.

On March 5, "Questions and Answers of the Twelve Emperors of Qing Dynasty" Yan Chongnian

CCTV International March 3, 2005 10: 19

Speaker profile:

Yan Chongnian, researcher of Manchu Institute of Beijing Academy of Social Sciences, president of Manchu Society of Beijing. The Collection of Essays consists of four parts: Manxue, Yanshi, Yuan Chonghuan Studies and Yanbu. Monograph 16, including Biography of Nurhachi, the Ancient Capital of Beijing, and Destiny Khan, etc. Editor-in-chief of the academic series "Manchu Studies" series 1-6 and "Yuan Chonghuan Academic Essays" and other eleven works. He has published more than 250 papers on Manchu studies and Qing history.

Content introduction:

In history of qing dynasty, 12 emperors had different titles, each with many names. What should they be called? Why do they have so many names, their titles, where do their names come from, and what are the rules and taboos? Yan Chongnian, researcher of Beijing Academy of Social Sciences and president of Beijing Manchu Society, will answer the questions about the names of 12 emperors in Qing Dynasty and solve many taboos. Wonderful content, all in "Lecture Room"!

(Full text)

The twelve emperors of the Qing Dynasty found that they had different formulations in film and television dramas. He has a name, a temple number, a posthumous title, a year number and a great emperor. What's going on here? What is the relationship between them? So I want to say it one by one. Let's talk about "temple number" first. The twelve emperors of the Qing Dynasty, except Xuan Tong, each had a temple name. What does the name of the temple mean? The name of the temple in Cihaili has an explanation. It reads: "After the emperor died, he worshipped in the ancestral temple, honoring the name of a certain ancestor and calling it the temple number. Beginning in the Yin Dynasty, later feudal emperors all had temple names. " In other words, the temple name originated from the Yin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. The temple name is characterized by its existence after the death of the emperor. After the emperor dies, he will enter the ancestral temple, or the family temple, Fengxian Hall. There is a god in the temple who worships a wooden tablet. He should be given a title here, called the temple number. The first emperor Nuerhachi Temple was called Taizu, the second emperor Huang Taiji Temple was called Taizong, the third emperor Shunzhi Temple was called Shizu, the fourth emperor Kangxi Temple was called Shengzu, the fifth emperor Yongzheng Temple was called Sejong, the sixth emperor Qianlong Temple was called Gaozong, and the seventh emperor Jiaqing Temple was called Renzong. For example, the temple in Nurhachi is called Mao. If it is wrong, it is the greatest disrespect. Xuan Tong didn't have a temple name, because he was the Republic of China after his abdication. This is a ...

Second, posthumous title. Except Xuan Tong, all the twelve emperors of the Qing Dynasty had posthumous title. What is posthumous title? There is an explanation about posthumous title in Ci Hai, which says: "After the death of emperors, nobles, ministers and literati, they are awarded titles according to their deeds before their death." Is to give him an evaluation after the death of the emperor, give him a title, called posthumous title. Posthumous title has strict rules. Posthumous title, Mao Nurhachi, was first called Emperor Wu, and later called Emperor Gao; Posthumous title, Taizong, Wendi; Posthumous title, Shunzhi, Emperor Zhang; Kangxi, posthumous title, the emperor; Yongzheng, posthumous title, Xian Di; And posthumous title, Jundi. Tongzhi posthumous title "Yi Emperor", 1 1, Guangxu posthumous title "Jingdi", 12, Xuan Tong did not have posthumous title, so posthumous title at that time could not be wrong and must be strictly regulated. I said these are all abbreviations of long full names. Take the Qing emperor Nurhachi for example. His full name is 29 words, and the full name is as follows: "Mao inherited great fortune from heaven and made great contributions, standing in Zhao Ji, showing benevolence, filial piety, courage, firmness and greatness." Twenty-nine words, these twenty-nine words should not be wrong when writing his book, his birthday and memorial day, and when offering sacrifices in the temple. If it is wrong, officials will be punished or dismissed, or even beheaded. These twenty-nine characters are the most of all the emperors in the Qing Dynasty, others are twenty-seven characters and so on. Then these 29 words are hard to remember. The key to Nurhachi is five words, that is, "Taizu Gao Emperor", which actually belongs to him, because everyone has the word "emperor". Nurhachi's "Taizu Gao" only belongs to him, that is, his temple name is "Taizu" and posthumous title is "Gao", which is the characteristic that distinguishes him from any other emperor.

Third, the year number didn't have a calendar in the past. How can there be a calendar? Since the Yin Dynasty, we have been following the calendar years of cadres and branches, such as Wu Jianian, the Year of 1898, the Year of Heart, and the Year of Keith. There is a flaw in the chronology of cadres and party branches, that is, the 60-year cycle. Contemporary people may encounter only one Wu Jia and at most two Wu Jia, 120 years. The long history of mankind and China has been recorded in writing for thousands of years. How many jiazi? So later I thought of a way, called the Year of the Emperor. Every emperor should have a year number to indicate the year. The titles of the Qing emperors, the years of Taizu's "Destiny", Taizong and Taiji's "Tiancong" and "Chongde" are the Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong I talked about last time. Daily Shun, Gan, Jia Daoxian, Tong. But there is one, that is, two titles of Huang Taiji, first called "Tiancong" and then called "Chongde", so the twelve emperors of the Qing Dynasty have thirteen titles. In the past, the title of the year was called once, so that the twelve emperors of the Qing Dynasty had thirteen dynasties, so the romance of the thirteen dynasties of the Qing Palace was called thirteen dynasties, but the title was thirteen and the emperors were twelve. Titles in the Qing Dynasty, because Kangxi was a title, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuantong were all titles, but now we say that Kangxi is not a title and has become this person. Strictly speaking, Kangxi is the title, and Michelle Ye is his name. What about Emperor Kangxi? Strictly speaking, it should be said that Kangxi, Yong Zhengdi, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng Emperor, Tongzhi, Guangxu, Xuan Tong, but they are all used to it, and the established Kangxi can also represent the title and the emperor. Now that we have agreed to this custom, we must do so.

Besides, the great emperor. People often mention the Great Emperor when watching TV plays. What happened? It was this emperor who died. Before his burial, the new emperor did not hold the Deng Jiyi ceremony. By this time, he was already dead. What's the name of this emperor? He died, and his name was "Emperor Dahong". When he was alive, if the emperor appeared in a TV series, he would definitely be beheaded. He was an emperor when he was alive. You say he's dead, of course you'll be beheaded. So the emperor's temple number, posthumous title, year number and the name of the great emperor were absolutely not allowed to be called casually at that time, and there were certain rules. This is the first problem to be discussed.

There is a middle school student named Hu Gancheng in Shiyan City, Hubei Province. He sent me a letter. He said that I read the historical records clearly. Every emperor's posthumous title has two characters, one is "sky" and the other is "cloud". It is interesting that he arranged them in his letter. Let me read and listen. Taizong flourished from heaven, and Taizong rejuvenating the country from heaven. This is an exception. Sai-jo was born in heaven, sage combined with Tian Hong, Sejong respected the eternal, and high patriarchal clan was born in heaven. Renzong benefited from heaven, Xuanzong benefited from heaven, literate sect helped heaven, Mu Zongji started from heaven, and Dezong worshipped heaven, all of which were a "day" and a "luck". Why? The sky is very important, and the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to it. Nurhachi's title is "Destiny" and attaches importance to Destiny. There are 83,875 words in A Record of the Emperor Taizu of Qing Dynasty, in which the word "Tian" appears 3 12 times, which shows that he attaches importance to Tian. Where did his luck come from? They think it comes from heaven and is carried by heaven, so every emperor posthumous title takes a certain day with him, which is a characteristic of posthumous title in Qing Dynasty.

Second, the emperor taboo. The names of emperors in Qing dynasty were taboo, but there was a process of development and change. In the first stage, everything goes smoothly, that is, destiny, genius and Shunzhi, that is, the names of Taizu, Taizong and Shizu are not taboo. When Nurhachi was admitted to Jinshi, "Nurhachi" did not shy away from writing. During the period of Emperor Taizong and Huang Taiji, "Huang Taiji" did not shy away from writing. Shunzhi's name is "Fu Lin". I didn't shy away from it when I wrote it, but there was one item. When the three names Nurhachi, Huang Taiji and Shunzhi appear in official books such as Historical Records and Jade Death, the words are stamped with a yellow sign, indicating taboo, and the words are unchanged. The reason is that Manchu culture was dominant in the early Qing dynasty, and the sinicization was not very deep. Therefore, the taboo of emphasizing the emperor's name is not particularly strict. This is the first stage.

The second stage was Kangxi, Yongzheng and Kangxi Dynasties. When they were in contact with Chinese culture, especially Confucian culture, they practiced taboos on the names of emperors, that is, when they were involved in the names of emperors, they were forbidden in pronunciation and writing. For example, Kangxi, whose name was "Michelle Ye", was the word "Xuan" in the Kangxi period. Anyone who writes the word "Xuan" can't write like this. If you want to take the Jinshi answer sheet, the word "Xuan" will definitely fall on your head. How to write? This last item is taboo and taboo, so I won't write it. The word "Xuan" is relatively simple, that is, a word "Xuan". What's the trouble? That is, all characters with the radical of "Xuan", "Fire", "Jade", "Bow", "Gold" and "Xuan" are radical. , should be avoided. Finally, this is called taboo and lack of this item. What if there is another word "yeah"? Kangxi's name is "Fire" on the left and "Hua" on the right. This is a traditional Chinese character. When writing the word "Xuan", the last one is taboo and omission. Neither the last one of the word "Ye" nor the vertical one can write. Therefore, after Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, when writing "Xuan" and "Ye", the word "Xuan" must be taboo, and the last word "Ye" must be taboo. This is called the emperor's taboo, and this is Kangxi. What about Yongzheng? As we all know, Yongzheng's name is Yin Zhen, Yin and Zhao Kuangyin's Yin. Yongzheng dynasty, Kangxi dynasty, Yongzheng dynasty can't write the word "Yin", so how to write it? The last one is taboo, and the last one is not written. What about the words "Yin", "Zi" and "Zi"? When writing "Yin" formally, the last item of "Yin" is taboo, and the last item of "Zi" is taboo, so it is impossible to write. Don't change the words carved before and during the Yongzheng dynasty, because there is no end to changing them, that is, from the day Yongzheng ascended the throne, the words "Yin" and "Zi" became taboo. Then someone asked why Yongzheng was called "Yin Zhen" and his brothers were not called "Yin". Yunchan, Yunzhi, Yunchan and Yunchan are all "clouds"? Yongzheng stipulated that the word "Yin" could only be used by Yongzheng himself. His brothers changed the word "Yin" to "Cloud". Isn't this taboo? This is the Yongzheng dynasty. During the Qianlong dynasty, Qianlong's name was "Hong". The word "Hong" in Qianlong Dynasty can't be written like this. When I was a child, there was a school called "Hongda College", which was a developed "big". It does not have this point. I didn't understand. I was very young at that time, but I will understand when I grow up. It avoids this taboo, and the word "calendar" is written in another way. This is the taboo of Kang, Yong and Gan san huang, that is,

The third stage is Jia Dao. Jiaqing is called "Yan Yong" and Daoguang is called "Mianning". At this time, Gan Long made a rule that he was ranked according to the Han nationality. Everyone knows that the descendants of Confucius are not ranked! Aren't the descendants of Mencius also ranked first? Gan Long said that the descendants of Aisingiorro should rank first, so he ranked them. Since Qianlong, "harmony, encouragement, righteousness and elegance" and "universality, Yu, constancy and uniformity" have been added later. All the children and grandchildren of Qianlong must recite the word "harmony" and push it down from generation to generation. The word "Yong" is often written and used, so it is more complicated to avoid all the words "Yong" in the world. Qianlong thought of a way to change the word "Yong" into "hexagram", which is not commonly used, so it is easier to avoid. But when writing, you should avoid the last stroke, and the word "Yan" should be written in a different way, which is simpler than the word "forever" that is completely taboo in the world. This is Jiaqing. Daoguang, Daoguang, everyone knows that Daoguang belongs to the generation of "Mian", "Yong, Mian, Yi, Zai" and "Mian". The emperor also said that "cotton" is a word that people must use when wearing clothes, and it is often used. If all the words "mian" in the world are taboo, it will be more complicated. Let's change it. The emperor will change this word. In this way, all the words "mian" in the world can be avoided, and the word "mian" can't be written like this. If the emperor encounters this word in prose, books or exams again, he will not write it and should avoid it. As for the word "mian", he also wants to make a modification and become

The fourth period, salty, harmonious, light, Xuan. Xianfeng is called "Yi", "Yong, Mian, Yi, Zai" and "Yi". This time, it was simplified. The emperor's name is only two words, Yi. If the first word is not taboo, the second word is taboo. I only need the last stroke, so I don't write the last stroke, which is called taboo. If I miss this stroke, I can write a game directly, which is a little simpler than the original one. Xianfeng was followed by Tongzhi, and his name was Zai Chun. We talked about "courage, courage, ease and happiness". It's still the first word, and I don't shy away from it. Only the second word, the pronunciation of "Chun" and "Heng", is rewritten, and the word "Chun" is written like this to show my taboo. Then Guangxu, "harmony, encouragement, ease, and joy". Guangxu is a generation of "slaughter", and Zai Tian in Guangxu also has the name of Zai Tian. If the word "in" is not taboo, then the last word is taboo. How can this word be taboo? Is to avoid the last blow. The word "mouth" is not sealed. If this word involves the examination of Juren and Jinshi, if you write too much, you will definitely not be admitted to Jinshi and Juren. This is Guangxu. Xuan Tong Xuan Tong is called Puyi, the first word is not taboo, and the second word is taboo. The word "instrument", how to avoid the second word, is called taboo, lacking the last stroke, and finally this is not written. This is divided into four stages: the first stage is to follow the three dynasties every day, and the name is not taboo. Only on important occasions such as death and recording, a yellow sign is attached to it. The second stage is a taboo for health, harmony and sweetness. The third period is Jia and Tao, changing one word and keeping one secret. The fourth period is salty, same, light, Xuan, the name of the emperor, the first word is not avoided, and the second word is missing the last stroke.

At that time, the emperor's taboo caused a lot of inconvenience. At that time, some people forgot to avoid it because of negligence, some were reprimanded, some were dismissed, failed the exam, and even were criticized for being guilty. But from the perspective of academic research, it is also beneficial. For example, the name of Emperor Kangxi was Michelle Ye, and the word Michelle Ye was not taboo before Kangxi, Tiancong and Shunzhi. The first taboo was the Kangxi Dynasty, so the word Michelle Ye first appeared. This book was first published in the Kangxi Dynasty, and will not be earlier than Kangxi. For example, you have a book called Kangxi Shuntianfu. When was this book published? The time is different. Some people say it belongs to the Ming Dynasty, some people say it belongs to the Qing Dynasty, and some people say it belongs to Guangxu. How do we date this book? There are many reasons, one of which is that Michelle Ye's Xuan is taboo, and all the capital cities with the word "Xuan" are taboo. There are 70 taboos in the whole book, so it can be concluded that this book is not a book of the Ming Dynasty, but a book of the Qing Dynasty. The books of the Qing Dynasty are not from Nurhachi period, Huang Taiji period, Shunzhi period and Kangxi period at the earliest. This is its upper limit, but what is its lower limit? The lower limit may also be Guangxu, because after Kangxi and before Xuan Tong, all the words "Xuan" should be avoided. Then there are other things in this book. The latest time to collect materials is twenty-four years of Kangxi. In this way, the upper limit is the first year of Kangxi and the lower limit is the twenty-fourth year of Kangxi. It can be roughly determined that this book "Shuntian Fuzhi" is from the first year of Kangxi to the twenty-fourth year of Kangxi, and it is the Shuntian Fuzhi of Kangxi Dynasty. Without this anonymity, it would be more difficult for the emperor to date this book, so scholars use the emperor's. In addition, an understanding of history is very useful. For example, the back door of the Forbidden City was called "Xuanwu Gate" in the Ming Dynasty, and the word "Xuan" and the word "Xuan" in Kangxi and Michelle Ye were taboo, so Kangxi changed it to "Shenwumen". Now, as we all know, the back door of the Forbidden City was changed by Kangxi. For example, there was a Guang 'anmen in Beijing, but not in the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, it was called Guangning Gate, and Daoguang's name was Mianning. The word "Ning" is taboo, and Guangning Gate was changed to Guang 'an Gate in Daoguang Dynasty. It can be inferred that the time for Guangning Gate to be changed to Guang 'an Gate should be in Daoguang Dynasty.

Therefore, understanding the emperor's taboos is useful for studying history, editions and cultural relics. The most important thing is that the temple names, posthumous title, year numbers and names of these emperors cannot be mixed in film and television dramas. For example, Xiaozhuang Wen Queen Xiaozhuang, "Wen" means who is her husband? There was only one Emperor Wen in Qing Dynasty, namely Huang Taiji and Xiao Zhuang. Women all wear the word "filial piety", and "Zhuang" is Zhuang Fei, herself. Determine her identity and who is husband and wife, just two words. Let me talk about this problem below. So the title of the emperor and the name of the emperor are that we study, we know about cultural relics and watch film and television dramas.

In the Tang Dynasty, in order to avoid the taboo of the emperor "Li Shimin", many people's names were changed: for example, "Wang" was changed to "Wang Chong"; For example, "Shili's responsibility" was changed to "Shili's responsibility". Do you think people who change their names will have bad luck? Their names, drawn from the middle, really look like Adam's ribs.

There are still many tricks in the Tang Dynasty! There is another taboo in the Tang Dynasty: if you want to be an official, and the official's name is the same as your Lao Zi or Lao Zi's Lao Zi, you have no hope and you can't do it. For example, if there is an "An" in your grandfather's name, then you can't be the county magistrate of Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province; For another example, if your father has the word "army" in his name, you will never be a general in your life. If you really want to be an official, think to yourself: How do you know the names of my father and grandfather? I won't tell you at all. I killed the county magistrate first. If there is, yes, but don't let others find out. If you are found out one day, you will not only be ousted from the throne of the county magistrate or general, but also be arrested and sentenced to one year's imprisonment by the court to teach you how to be awesome!

In the Tang Dynasty, there was another man named Jia Ceng, who was appointed as an official of the "Chinese Book Sheren". His father happens to be "Jia Zhong", and he is afraid that the word "loyalty" is as taboo as the word "loyalty". If he is sentenced to one year in prison, how will he eat? So he asked not to be an official. Later, the result of expert examination and approval was that "loyalty" and "neutrality" were not the same word, and Jia Zeng was relieved that the official could do it.

There was another man in the Tang Dynasty, Li He, a short-lived poet. His father's name is Li Jinsu. At that time, it was pointed out that boys like Li He should never take the "Buried" exam for the rest of their lives, because "Jin" and "Jin" are homonyms, and Li He should avoid his father!

I didn't help you solve the problem and almost misled you. Learning should be a rigorous thing, and it is really a sin. Blame yourself for not studying well, not having a solid foundation, and not reading much or widely. You should read more to enrich yourself.

Besides, I am sorry, not only for you, but also for myself.