The time of the "year" varies from place to place, mainly in the lunar month after the end of the old calendar year (Spring Festival), but from the first day of the first lunar month to the 65438+February 30 of the lunar calendar, there have been "year" in the whole region. When to celebrate the "Year of the Year" has long been decided by the ancestors of clans all over the country.
What is the cultural connotation of the folk custom of formulating "annual regulations" in Lingnan? It drives us to trace the relationship between its culture and the legendary figure in history-Mrs. Sendai.
First, "year" is greater than "year"
It is as lively and joyful as the traditional Spring Festival, but the difference is that the locals regard it as bigger than the Spring Festival. The cultural connotation of the production of "Chronicle" was deeply imprinted in the hearts of local people, that is, the culture of Mrs. Sendai.
Food is the most important thing for people. On the "Year of the Year", every household takes the slaughtered pigs and slaughtered chickens and ducks to the square or the entrance of the village for display. They call this form "posing", which is the first item on the day of "Year". People wait in their "posing" places early in the morning. During the worship, in the smoke of firecrackers, we can see that there are not only old people, middle-aged people, but also young people and children. The scene is very spectacular. It is said that "showing off" is to see whose pig is fatter and whose chicken and duck are bigger, and to invite Mrs. Xian to go home and spend the New Year with everyone.
The activities of "Nian" started with horse riding, archery and competition, and were later interpreted as vagrancy and acting. One of the "wandering gods" is to invite the "gods" out and carry them on the streets of villages and towns. It is unscientific to explain the custom of "wandering the gods" in a superstitious way.
We found that the "wandering god" idol in Nian Shi always has the sculpture shape of Mrs. Sendai, a figure in the Southern and Northern Dynasties more than 400 years ago. In "Absence of Mind", firecrackers exploded and fireworks bloomed in places where people passed by to show their respect. During the visit, the villagers said that the "annual regulations" contained three meanings: First, please ask Mrs. Xian to take a bath and change clothes. Because Mrs. Xian came out to inspect every festival before her death, people in this area habitually took her back to her family to have dinner with everyone for the New Year. When eating, the more visitors, the better, whether they know each other or not, to show popularity and prosperity. The second is to invite Mrs. Xian to travel, see the changes in people's lives in her hometown, and thank Mrs. Xian for the wealth she has brought to herself. Third, today's "wandering god" is also a form evolved in the past to show its village strength against foreign aggression.
According to historical data, Mrs. Xintai is already an influential figure in the local area. The "Nianshi" activity was originally initiated by the Xian family. According to historical records, "the descendants of Mrs. Xian, when wandering around in sacrifice to the Feng family, can organize the trombone 12 according to the emperor's concession words, and can play 12 gong and discharge 12 cannon continuously every time. Especially during the Lantern Festival, Sendai visited the old city. The team was hundreds of meters long, colorful flags fluttered, gongs and drums rang, firecrackers rang, the atmosphere was lively and the interest was high. "
Although no one cares about the cause of this "model of the year" activity, few people have explored it. Just as people hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi to commemorate Qu Yuan every year on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, this custom has gradually formed the customs and habits in people's lives after a long-term evolution. Although there is no historical record of its evolution, there are still traces to follow.
From this reasoning, people in this area not only regard "Nian" as a custom, but also habitually regard the statue of Lady Xian as a god. This can not help but remind people that this custom is a form of commemorating Mrs. Xian, which has evolved over thousands of years. However, the local people regard the "year example" as more important than the Chinese New Year, which is inseparable from Mrs. Xian Tai's contribution to the economic and cultural development of Lingnan.
Her contribution to Lingnan area at that time. Even played a decisive role in the stability of the whole Central Plains, and her spirit also had a great influence on later generations. On the land of Lingnan thousands of miles away, Mrs. Sendai has long been a beloved idol and god in the eyes of the people. This is also one of the factors that the local people regard the "year example" as more important than the Chinese New Year. Perhaps this is a form of Mrs. Xian's culture.
Second, Mrs. Xian Tai in Nian Shi
Someone said, "There are two goddesses in China: one is Mazu and the other is Mrs. Sendai." The former is the legendary "goddess" who solves problems for people at sea, and is the "goddess" with infinite magic power in people's minds. The latter is the real leader of safeguarding national unity and national unity and benefiting the Baiyue people-Mrs. Kenta Darvish.
It is not difficult to see people's reverence for Mrs. Xian from the folk customs in Lingnan area including Hainan today, and the reasons for its formation are obviously closely related to the social history at that time.
/kloc-The Northern and Southern Dynasties more than 0/400 years ago was a turbulent period in the social history of China. Due to the autocratic regime, invalid decrees and repeated repression by the imperial government, the Li people have suffered from war for a long time. The young Mrs. Xian learned to fight and strategy while learning to read and be polite. As a result of the war, her father, historical chiefs and many ethnic groups died by the sword of the imperial government. The ambitious Mrs. Xintaifu saw the disaster and poverty brought by the war to the people. She saw the aspirations of the Baiyue people and saw that social peace would bring peace and prosperity to the country and happiness and prosperity to the people. This played a very important role in Mrs. Xian's thought of safeguarding national unity and national unity at that time, and it was also an important reason for later generations to admire Mrs. Xian.
There is such a record in the Historical Records of Mrs. Sendai: "For a long time, due to the nostalgia and reverence for Mrs. Sendai, there has always been a set of ancestral halls built in various places, which are' worshipping Mrs. Sendai on the fifteenth day of the first day, asking Mrs. Sendai when in trouble, asking Mrs. Sendai when young, and asking Mrs. Sendai when young', and the husband and wife are not at peace. "
There is a story in Historical Records: "When living, there was a man named Xian, and the world was the leader of the Li nationality, ruling 65,438+10,000 tribes. Xian's family has a female name, Yin Ying. Since she was a child, she is resourceful and good at being close to the people, and she is well known. Rong Feng married Yin Ying as a satrap for his son. " Hyun-young was later called Mrs. Kenta Darvish. North Korean official Feng Bao is a Han Chinese. In order to carry out the imperial edict smoothly in Lingnan, far away from the imperial court, Han and Li were married. This not only makes the two nationalities live in harmony, but also promotes the rapid spread of Chinese culture in Lingnan area, making the two cultures blend with each other, making Lingnan area with Gaoliang County as the center of politics, military affairs and culture, and vernacular culture as the mainstream of Lingnan culture. The word "thousand prayers" is recorded in the Complete Biography of Sui Dynasty, and the vernacular word "thousand prayers" is the word "ten million" in Mandarin. The blending of vernacular culture and ancient China culture shows that Mrs. Xian not only strives to maintain national unity, but also absorbs Central Plains culture and develops vernacular culture. No wonder there is a saying that "vernacular culture is Mrs. Xian's culture".
In 570, in the second year of Liang's establishment, Mrs. Chen was named Mrs. Shi Long, a corps commander, and Mrs. County for her meritorious service in quelling the rebellion of Ouyang Ge in Guangzhou (see "The Family Biography of Mrs. Xian in Northern History"). Later she was called Mrs. Shilong, which was her first title.
Like the traditional Chinese New Year, there are also folk forms such as riding floats, hanging colorful flags, dancing lions and dragons, and watching big plays. But there are still some differences in style. There are some people walking in the float team. Although people worship the fairy lady under the car, there are not only sculptures of the fairy lady, but also lively children dressed as the fairy lady. Locals call this form "gone with the wind". They were all held high in the air, and they crossed the whole street crowded with people on both sides in the tourist team. The lively scene is always the same. Even in today's reform and opening up, most people will rush back to their villages on time to participate in the "Year" activities. From their eyes, we can see the status and prestige of the old lady in people's hearts, and we can also see the admiration of the old lady today. Mrs. Xin Tai, a cultural phenomenon, has always been a unique landscape of folk "New Year Festival".
Mrs Sendai is a "god" in the eyes of local people. Up to now, the Temple of Lady Xian, which was built in Gaoliangshan in the Tang Dynasty, still has the couplets of "Sincerely respect the lady, make the princess cool". It not only summarizes the identity of Mrs. Xian Tai, but also expresses people's respect for Mrs. Xian Tai.
During the Year, lion dance teams, dragon dance teams and large and small troupes from all over the country will be invited to perform. Small troupes, in particular, have their own characteristics from the stage, lighting and acoustics to the reading, doing, playing and singing of actors. It can be called the smallest performance unit. Locals call it "ghost play", also known as "single puppet show". From the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the present, it is no wonder that this kind of woman is known as the' First Daughter of China', and she is still an example for our younger generation to learn forever. Mrs. Xian's culture is not only the culture of Maoming and even Lingnan, including Hainan, but also the culture of the whole Chinese nation.
Third, "year" and time.
The time of "Nian" is different, which is a very distinctive custom in China's folk festivals.
The "Nian" here has the same meaning as the traditional Chinese New Year in China, but the difference is that the "Nian" in counties (cities), towns and villages has different time from New Year's Day to the thirtieth day of the twelfth lunar month. This strange cultural phenomenon is also related to Mrs Sendai.
Signs can be found in the Chronicle organized by the people to commemorate Mrs. Kenta Darvish: In the old society, the 17th day of the first lunar month was always the anniversary of Mrs. Kenta Darvish's death. Gaozhou is the 18th day of the first month. In addition, Daoguang's "Dianbai County Records" records that there was a "year" in Dianbai Xia Dong Town called "Seventeen People See". That is, the seventeenth day of the first month commemorates Mrs Sendai. The first month of each year is held on time from "Kanrenpo" (written as "Hanmanpo") 16 to 19. This is a plain landform about three miles across. In the Tang Dynasty, Mrs. Xian's grandchildren lived in concentrated communities. There are two "annual rules" in a year, one is the birthday of Mrs. Xian, and the other is the anniversary of Mrs. Xian's death, which is closely related to her habit of traveling in the Lantern Festival and the anniversary of her death. It can be seen that the local people regard the "Year of the Year" as the "Lantern Festival" and there are traces of its evolution.
The descendants of Mrs Sendai left living remains in Maonan, Gaozhou and Dianbai today. It can be seen that some important days when Mrs. Kenta Darvish visited and taught her grandchildren and people at that time became the evolutionary experience that later generations commemorated Mrs. Kenta Darvish on different days. Not only that, Mrs Sendai is not only a Baiyue nationality, but also an idol worshipped by people today. In order to commemorate Mrs. Sendai and her merits, the "Year" of each village naturally has its own "Year" time among the people. However, the original "annual instance" form is quite different from the current "annual instance" form. This is the change of the times, the melting of customs, and gradually formed the style of the current custom "Nian".