Russia: east longitude 30-west longitude170 north latitude 50-75 north latitude Russia spans Europe and Asia and has a vast territory. Russia belongs to temperate and sub-frigid continental climate, with long and cold winters, short and cool summers and short spring and autumn seasons. Located in eastern Europe and the northern part of the Asian continent, most of its European territory is the Eastern European Plain. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea in the northwest. The land neighbors are Norway and Finland in the northwest, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belarus in the west, Ukraine in the southwest, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in the south and China, Mongolia and North Korea in the southeast. It faces Japan and America across the sea. The coastline is 37,653 kilometers long.
zone
17075400 square kilometers (in the world1; It accounts for 76.3% of the territory of the former Soviet Union, 1 1.4% of the earth's land area and 13% of the water area, making it the largest country in the world. The longest thing is 9000 kilometers, spanning 1 1 time zones; The maximum width from north to south is 4000 kilometers, spanning four climatic zones.
Russia
zone
Russia is mainly plain and plateau.
Almost all of the western part belongs to the Eastern European Plain, and the eastern part is the Ural Mountains, the Western Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, the Northern Siberian Lowland, the Eastern Siberian Mountains and the Pacific Coast Mountains. The Great Caucasus Mountains stand in the southwest, with the highest peak, Mount Elbrus, at an altitude of 5642 meters.
① Main mountain ranges: Urals and Great Caucasus.
② Two major plains: Eastern Europe Plain and Western Siberia Plain.
③ Plateau: Central Siberian Plateau and East Siberian Mountain.
climate
Most areas are located in the north temperate zone, and the climate is diverse, mainly temperate continental climate, but the north of the Arctic Circle belongs to the cold zone climate. The temperature difference is generally large, with an average temperature of 1℃ to -35℃ in June and 1 1℃ to 27℃ in July. The annual average precipitation is 150 ~ 1000 mm. Siberia has a high latitude, a cold climate and a long winter, but long sunshine time and suitable temperature and humidity in summer are conducive to the growth of coniferous forests.
From west to east, the continental climate is gradually strengthened and the winter is cold and long; The coast of the Arctic Ocean has a tundra climate (cold zone climate) and the coast of the Pacific Ocean has a temperate monsoon climate. From north to south, it is polar desert, tundra, forest tundra, forest, forest grassland, grassland belt and semi-desert belt.
hydrology
Russia is adjacent to the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and the adjacent sea areas include the Black Sea, the Gulf of Finland, the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea, the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. The rivers that depend on the weather for food are Volga River, ob river River, Yenisei River and Lena River.
Rivers and lakes
The Volga River, the longest river in Europe, is 3685 kilometers long. Russia's mother river is navigable to five sea areas.
(2) ob river, Yenisei River (the fastest current) and Lena River (the longest in China) in Siberia.
(3) Lake Baikal (the largest and deepest freshwater lake in the world) and the Caspian Sea.
resources
80% of Russia's total reserves of resources are distributed in Asia.
① Forest and water resources.
② Mineral resources: coal (Kuzbas), oil (Tyumen Oilfield and the Second Baku Oilfield), natural gas, iron (Kursk), manganese, copper, lead and zinc. The proven oil reserves are 8.2 billion tons (data in 2009), accounting for 4-5% of the world's proven reserves, ranking eighth in the world. The forest area is 867 million hectares, accounting for 50% of the country's total area. China ranks first in the world with 7% of its land area. The volume of forest timber is 80.7 billion cubic meters. The proven natural gas reserves are 48 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 1/3 of the world's proven reserves, ranking first in the world. Hydraulic resources are 4270 cubic kilometers per year, ranking second in the world.
③ Diamond resources: Russia recently announced a diamond mine discovered in 1970s. The mine is located in a crater with a diameter of more than 100 km in eastern Siberia, with an estimated reserve of more than one trillion carats, which can meet the demand of the global gem market for 3,000 years. Scientists say that this crater named Popigai has a history of more than 35 million years, and its diamond reserves are estimated to be 10 times that of the rest of the world combined. [2]
Edit this paragraph history
Early origin
Russian history began with the Eastern Slavs who originated in the grasslands of Eastern Europe, and was also the same ancestor of later Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. Kiev Ross was the first country established by Eastern Slavs. Beginning in 988, the Orthodox Church (the eastern branch of Christianity) was introduced into Kiev from the Byzantine Empire, which initiated the integration of Byzantine and Slavic cultures, and finally formed the Russian culture that will occupy the next 700 years. /kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, after being occupied by Mongols, Russia in Kiev eventually split into many countries, all of which claimed to be the Orthodox heirs of Russian culture and status.
Kiev Ross
In the 6th century, Eastern Slavs gradually migrated to the grasslands of Eastern Europe. In 862, the Valencia led by Ulrik conquered the Eastern Slavs and established the Ulrik dynasty. In 882, Kiev Ross was founded. /kloc-split into several independent principalities in the 0/2nd century. 1237 Mongolian troops from East Asia occupied and established the Chincha khanate.
Grand duchy of Moscow
Moscow was founded in 1 147 by Yuri Dolgoruki, Archduke of Vladimir. He is wearing a helmet, armor, a shield in his left hand, and a pair of.
Peter I [3]
A memorial statue of a horse with its legs crossed has been standing in the square in front of the Moscow city government in the middle of Tver Street in the center of Moscow. 1547, Ivan IV, the Grand Duke of Moscow, was crowned czar and built the Kremlin. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually developed into the political, economic, cultural and religious center of Russia in the northeast of China, leading other vassal countries to get rid of the rule of Mongolian Tatars and making Russia an independent country.
Romanovi
From 65438 to 0605, Godunov died suddenly and Russia entered a "chaotic era". It was not until Minen and Bo Zalsky of Nizhny Novgorod led the militia to drive the Polish invaders out of Moscow that this turbulent period finally ended. 16 13, the nobles elected Mikhail romanov, a relative of Ivan iv, 16 as the new czar, and established the Romanov dynasty. This dynasty experienced the rule of 18 czars, and the last czar Nicholas II was overthrown in the Russian February Revolution in 19 17.
Russian Empire
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, many European countries developed rapidly, but Russian serfdom still prevailed. In order to emulate the West, Peter I sent a mission to Western Europe in 1697, and he also visited with the delegation under a pseudonym. After returning to China, he implemented a series of reforms in politics, military affairs, economy and science, which was called the Peter I Reform.
The expansion of Russian territory (3 pieces)
Cultural aspects have enhanced Russia's strength. 172 1 year, Peter I declared Russia an empire. During the period of Catherine II, the territory expanded unprecedentedly, which was called "the golden age of empire".
Ukraine and Russia merged into a unified country in the middle of17th century. 1689 August, Peter I officially took charge of Shuaiyin. /kloc-defeated the invasion of feudal lords in Poland and Sweden in the 0/7th century. 172 1 year, Peter I (Peter the Great) changed the country name to Russian Empire. Russia wiped out the invading Napoleon army. 1825 65438+ February aristocratic revolutionaries held an uprising in Petersburg (that is, the December Party uprising) and were suppressed. 186 1 year, tsar Alexander ii carried out reforms, and in February of the same year, Russia abolished serfdom.
Soviet period
1898, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (the predecessor of the Soviet * * * Production Party) was established. Russian workers and peasants experienced the first Russian revolution in 1905 and1965438+February 2007.
Kremlin
The bourgeois-democratic revolution that overthrew the Romanov Dynasty (February Revolution) established the world's first socialist state power-Russian Soviet Federalist Socialist Republic on June 5438+091765438+1October 7. 1922 12.30, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formally established, and the Russian Federation joined Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Federation (including Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia), which was later expanded to 15 Soviet countries.
1990 On June 12, the first People's Congress of the Russian Federation adopted the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Russian Federation, declaring that the Russian Federation has "absolute sovereignty" within its territory. 199 1 In August, the "8 19" incident occurred in the Soviet Union. On September 6, the State Council of the Soviet Union passed a resolution recognizing the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. On February 8, 65438, the leaders of the Russian Federation, Belarus and Ukraine signed the CIS Agreement in Belovezh, announcing the establishment of the CIS. On February 25th, 65438, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Socialist Federation decided to change the official name of the country to "Russian Federation". On February 26th, 65438, supreme soviet of the ussr and the State Council held their last meeting and declared that the Soviet Union no longer existed. At this point, the Soviet Union disintegrated and the Russian Federation became a completely independent country.
Russian Federation
Map of Russian Federation
1April 1992 16, the Sixth People's Congress of Russia decided to change the country name to "Russia", thus restoring the historical name; 17 finally decided to use the two official country names "Russian Federation" and "Russia", which have the same status. 1993 12 February 12. The first constitution of Russia after independence was adopted by referendum, which stipulated that the name of the country was "Russian Federation", which had the same meaning as "Russia".