One day in A.D. 1607 (thirty-five years of Ming Shenzong Wanli), in front of the ancient battery in Jiangyin County, Jiangsu Province, stood a young man with "black stork and big feet". He has been staring at the surging river for a long time, and his heart is surging, which means that he is about to start his adventure travel career and realize his long-cherished wish of "asking about famous mountains and great rivers". Male ... is Xu Xiake, a great adventure traveler in Ming Dynasty.

In the south of Jiangyin County, there is a village surrounded by bamboo forests, which has been hiding the Records of Five Mountains for five years. This is called Nankun talk. 1587 1.5 (Ming Shenzong Wanli 141month 27th), a future adventure traveler was born here, and his father Xu Youmian named his third child Hongzu, which impressed him deeply. Hongzu grew up and was called Xiake.

Xu Youmian, who has always been honest and unwilling to be an official, often takes Xiao Xia guests around, or strolls in the mountains or boating on the lake, leaving a deep impression on the young Xu Xiake. Xu Xiake showed great curiosity from an early age. He likes to ask "why" in everything and often asks his father too much. He also likes to listen to his father's stories, especially the stories of Su Wu herding sheep, Yue Fei resisting gold, Xuanzang's journey to the west to learn from the scriptures and Zhang Zheng's journey to the western regions, which are deeply imprinted in his mind.

Xu Xiake went to a private school at the age of 6, beginning to study 10 years. Although talented, and "eloquent, coherent", but for those credentials, the Five Classics, eight-part essay and so on. I am always not interested in reading books related to history, geography, local chronicles and travel notes. Read it. He often hides his thoughts. He admired the explorers who had visited Kyushu and Wuyue. He thinks life is as interesting as theirs.

15 years old, Xu Xiake took the imperial examination. But failed the exam. In the exam, he has heard and witnessed many dark realities in the examination room, so he doesn't want to take the exam again. His parents don't object, they just want him to study more at home. .

Many years later, his father died. According to the custom, Xu Xiake will stay at home for three years. In the past three years, Xu Xiake has read a lot of books and his knowledge has been greatly improved. However, following the example of Xuan Lei and Zhang Qian, the mood of a good man is getting stronger and stronger. Especially when he reads a book, he often finds that the mountains and rivers contained in the book are very different from the facts, and some places even contradict themselves. All this prompted him to have a bold idea: go out and have a look with his own eyes. Spend one's life. Give it an adventure. "

Three years later, Xu Xiake got married. He really wants to leave the house at once. Start your own adventure travel career. But in the face of old mother and new wife, it is difficult to express their wishes. Because he often sits in his room and sighs alone. All this was seen by Xu Xiake's mother, who clearly knew what her son's greatest wish was.

Xu Xiake's mother is a very open-minded woman. She doesn't believe in ghosts and gods, works hard and cherishes her son's talent and ambition. Suppressing her son's thoughts and worries about running away from home, she encouraged Xu Xiake instead: "A good man should have the ambition of all directions. How can you be trapped at home for us and become a pheasant among princes? ! "She also persuaded Xu Xiake's wife, Xu Shi, to sew a" travel crown "for her son and tidy up her luggage.

So in 607, 22-year-old Xu Xiake bid farewell to his hometown and relatives and began his adventure travel career for more than 30 years.

Traveling around the famous mountains is not afraid of difficulties. Xu Xiake's travel footprint began from Taihu Lake near his hometown.

In the next 30 years, he traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, and climbed all over the five famous mountains of Taishan, Songshan, Hengshan and Huashan, as well as Wuyishan, Yandang Mountain, Tiantai Mountain, Wudang Mountain, Wutai Mountain, Lushan Mountain and Jiudian Mountain. On the journey of enjoying the beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers, countless difficulties and obstacles are waiting for Xu Xiake.

16 13 years (forty-one years of Wanli), Xu Xiake traveled to Zhejiang. From Hangzhou to Shaoxing, then to Ningbo and Putuo. Along the way, he didn't take smooth and safe roads and waterways, but chose a lonely path. Someone asked him about this puzzle, and he replied, "There is no danger when there is no road, but mountains and rivers are more magical when there is no road. The purpose of my trip is to find adventure. "

He traveled from Ningbo to Tiantai Mountain and spent two days copying the path to the foot of Tiantai Mountain. Along the way, he went up and down the mountains, and Shan Ye was deserted. Silence, spring is full, and the road is about travelers, which makes people feel excited. The tiger at the foot of the mountain got into trouble, and dozens of people were injured in January. The farmers at the foot of the mountain discouraged Xu Xiake from going up the mountain, but Xu Xiake and his fellow Lotus Boat monks were eager to try and decided to go up the mountain immediately. They climbed Gaihua Peak, the highest peak in Tiantai Mountain, and went to see the famous Liang Shi Waterfall. Liang Shi is only over a foot wide and about three feet long. It is naturally located on two opposing mountains. Below Liang Shi is a waterfall dozens of feet high. The waterfall falls into a deep pool and makes a deafening sound, which is touching. In order to better observe the waterfalls, Xu Xiake ventured to Liang Shi and carefully observed the waterfalls and deep pools from different angles. "After coming down from Tiantai Mountain, Xu Xiake went to Yandang Mountain again. Yandang Mountain is located in Yueqing County, Zhejiang Province, with many dangerous peaks and mountains. Xu Xiake visited the Old Monk Rock, Pingxia Zhang, Longbi Cave and Couple Peak, and then went to observe the two waterfalls of Xiaolongnen and Dalongpi. Before Dalong pulled up, he saw the waterfall rising from the cliff, with a height of 1.90 meters, which split into several strands in the middle of the cliff, just like practicing in the pool. The waterfall is deafening and spectacular. Xu Xiake stood in front of the dragons and was attracted by this magnificent waterfall. After enjoying it, he thought of climbing the mountain and visiting the Wild Goose Lake. Because he usually pays attention to local chronicles, the book once said: the top of Yandang Mountain, the size of salt lake water, comes from salt lake. When I arrived at Dalong Waterfall today, I came up with the idea of visiting Dayan Lake.

Early the next morning, Xu Xiake, Lian Zhou and two servants, led by a Taoist in Yunjing Temple, began to head for the top of the mountain. On the way, because the mountain road was rugged, the Taoist priest gave them a general direction and went back to buddhist nun first. Xu Xiake and his party climbed mountain after mountain in the direction he pointed. The road gets narrower and narrower, and finally there are steep peaks, and there is almost no place to step on them. There is an error in the original record. On the top of Dalong Waterfall, it is not the lakeside hill where the wild goose tide is located, but the dragon back. Monk Lian Zhou was tired and went back the same way. Xu Xiake still wanted to explore the Wild Goose Lake and took two servants to climb the mountain. They turned around for a long time, but they lost their way unconsciously. At the end of a mountain, there is no way forward. There is a cliff at the foot, and I can't find my way back. This is a dilemma. Xu Xiake leaned forward and saw a platform under the cliff. He thought, maybe we can find our way back when we get to the platform. But how can you get down from the cliff to a platform a few feet high? Xu Xiake thought of a way to untie everyone's foot cloth. Make a long belt and let the servants guard it. He and another servant used this long belt to go down to the platform one by one. But as soon as he got on the platform, Xu Xiake complained again and again. It turns out that there is a hundred-foot cliff under the platform, and there is no way to go. In desperation, he had to climb along the long belt, only to find that the long belt was worn away by the protruding rocks. After the idea was connected, I climbed up again and finally climbed to the original place with great effort, but Xu Xiake's pants had already become rags. The master and servant searched everywhere and finally found their way back. Xu Xiake didn't see the Wild Goose Lake this time, but he was not happy. But when I think of this day's trek, I corrected a wrong record in the chronicle. I'm glad you came, and I'm relieved.

Due to the rush of time, Xu Xiake didn't have time to see the salt lake this time. I left Yandang Mountain the next day. 19 years later (the fifth year of Chongzhen in Zong Yi in the Ming Dynasty, namely IG32). Xu Xiake re-boarded Yandang Mountain and finally boarded Understanding Lake Mountain. Through personal investigation, the records in the chronicle are completely denied, and it is clear that the mountain stream of Chang Yunfeng is the source of Dalong Waterfall, which has solved the long-hidden doubts.

If the dangers of Tiantai Mountain and Yandang Mountain are the initial test that Xu Xiake encountered when he traveled in famous mountains, then I don't know how many times similar dangers appeared in his later adventure.

6 16 (forty-four years of Wanli) February. Xu Xiake met with heavy snow on his way to Huangshan Mountain. I saw a world of silver makeup everywhere, and icicles several feet long hung on the cliff. At Ciguang Pavilion at the foot of the mountain, the monks persuaded Xu Xiake: "The road up the mountain was blocked by heavy snow. It's been two months. This morning, I sent two strong monks to the mountain to deliver food. I retired after only running a few miles. It is said that the snow on the mountain is waist-high and you can't find a way to climb. It's too dangerous for you to go up the mountain now. " But Xu Xiake's purpose is to explore. He thanked the monks for their kind discouragement and embarked on the road of mountain climbing.

Xu Xiake was leaning on an iron staff to clear the way for his peers. There was silence in the valley except for the sound of iron bars hitting the ice. Climbing halfway up the mountain, the road is getting more and more dangerous, under the shade of the hillside. The snow has frozen into solid ice, slipping step by step, and there is no room for toes. The guide and servants have repeatedly discouraged Xu Xiake from returning to the mountain. He refused. Xu Xiake came up with a way. He first cut a small hole in the ice with an iron bar, put one foot in it, then cut a small hole and put the other foot in it, so he walked forward step by step and finally reached the top of the light. After descending from Huangshan Mountain, Xu Xiake hurried into Fujian to climb Wuyishan 4. He took a boat down the stream from Chong 'an, went upstream at the mouth of Jiuqu River, and climbed the mountain ashore at Liuqu River, which was full of dangers. When climbing the Hidden Screen Peak, he once faced a precipice. A few feet high and steep as a knife, there is a narrow wooden ladder for going up and down. On the cliff, near the ladder, there are some small pits for putting the toes when going up and down the wooden ladder. The wooden ladder is ***8 1. When people get on the ladder, they will cling to the wall like geckos, which makes people dizzy. Xu Xiake helped the wall to climb the ladder, and climbed the Hidden Screen Peak step by step.

In Baiyun Cave. Xu Xiake accidentally found a hole halfway up the mountain, but the top and bottom of the hole were steep cliffs, which made it impossible to climb. There is a narrow horizontal depression near the mountainside entrance. Xu Xiake wants to climb over this horizontal depression and look into the hole. People in the same trade dissuaded them, saying that the horizontal depression was narrow and small, and even the waist could not be stretched straight. And it's on a cliff, which is very dangerous. This cave is neither famous nor worth seeing. But Xu Xiake made up his mind. He slowly approached the mouth of the cave along the horizontal depression, and gradually felt that the horizontal depression was getting narrower and lower. In a corner, it is only 7 inches high and 1' 5 inches wide. There is a cliff outside, and people underneath are worried about him, but they dare not shout, for fear that a shout will disturb him instead. I saw Xu Xiake squatting in the horizontal depression, crawling slowly like a snake, rubbing stones on his chest and back, and finally climbing into the hole. When Xu Xiake came back, his fellow travelers were still worried, but Xu Xiake vividly described everything he saw in the cave. Xu Xiake likes to travel to famous mountains all his life, and some famous mountains have been there more than once. In the process of mountaineering exploration, he was determined to climb, not afraid of obstacles and helped him overcome difficulties again and again. He left many wonderful and detailed records in his travel notes, which still make readers feel deeply.

In addition to the natural environment, Xu Xiake's travels around famous mountains also have many setbacks from personnel. Due to the turmoil of social clubs in the late Ming Dynasty, the low living standards of the people and the prevalence of feudal superstitions, Xu Xiake's adventure travel career added a lot of waves.

1636 (the ninth year of Chongzhen), Xu Xiake was born in Jiangxi, Zhejiang. 65438+ In early February, I took a boat from Jishui back to Ganjiang to Ji 'an. When the ship was sailing to Hailin, suddenly a small boat came along the water, and when it was approaching the cargo ship that Xu Xiake boarded, many stout men jumped out of the ship. The gang jumped on the cargo ship and hit everyone indiscriminately. He also said maliciously: "We are escorting Guanyin, and the ship is out of order. Now we want to commandeer your ship. You should get on our boat quickly, and we will kill anyone who dares to resist. " It turns out that this is a gang of robbers, whose purpose is to rob the goods on board.

Xu Xiake saw through their tricks and said to them, "Since you are delivering official money, it is very close to Ji 'an House. Why don't you come with us to Ji 'an? When you get there, the yamen will arrange boats for you. "The gang of robbers, do whatever they want, become angry from embarrassment. Some people shouted "kill him", while others advocated "throw him into the river". Because their purpose is just to grab the goods, and they don't really do it. The gang were busy turning the cargo ship around, but they went downstream. While the cargo ship turned around and approached the shore, Xu Xiake jumped ashore. He soon discovered the depth of Meilin, and Chang Bao rushed to the river with a large group of villagers and shouted. Seeing that the situation was not good, the robbers jumped on the boat and ran away. People on the cargo ship thanked Xu Xiake in succession, and the owner took Xu Xiake's hand and was even more grateful. " Thanks to sir, otherwise, let those people take it away. Don't say that all the goods are lost, and even your life is hard to protect. "A similar situation, Xu Xiake also encountered on the way to Hengyang, Hunan Province, and it was more dangerous than the last time.

1637 (the tenth year of Chongzhen) In February, Xu Xiake and his party sailed back to Hengyang in the evening, and the ship docked at Xintang Station, more than 70 miles away from Hengyang, ready to spend the night here. Besides Xu Xiake, there were monks, servants surnamed Gu and other passengers on board. It was a spring rain in Chu Qing that night, and Xu Xiake was enjoying the moonlight of the deserted river at the bow, and didn't return to the cabin until late at night. Suddenly I heard a noisy cry in the middle of the night and looked out of the cabin. I saw a group of people on the shore holding torches and waving weapons and rushing to several ships moored on the shore. Xu Xiake was secretly surprised that "he met a robber again." Hurriedly hid in Xiao Mu area with the travel expenses, and then tried to jump into the river from the stern, but it was too late, and the robbers had already rushed to the stern. When Xu Xiake was afraid of exposing his scholar's identity and quickly threw away a silk dress in his hand, Qiangji had already rushed into the cabin and slashed it with a knife. Some passengers woke up from their sleep. I was cut before I could get dressed. Some passengers knelt down and begged for mercy, but the robbers ignored them and waved their knives.

Seeing that the situation was wrong, Xu Xiake jumped into the river in desperation. Due to panic, my foot tripped over the bamboo tube on the boat, and my body fell into the river together with the canopy, but my head went into the water first and I drank a few mouthfuls of river water. Fortunately, Xu Xiake is familiar with water, and the river is only waist-deep. He stood up and waded away in a hurry. At this time, a boat on the river escaped from the robbers and rescued Xu Xiake to the boat. Looking back, he found that his boat was on fire. Xu Xiake is worried about the monks and servants, and whether the box containing the travel expenses will be taken away by robbers. When the robbers dispersed, he hurried to find his place. I saw that the servant named Gu was rescued, stripped to the waist and stabbed four times. I heard that the monk is missing. Xu Xiake bandaged the servant's wound, and the guests from the neighboring ship gave them some warm clothes. The master and servant were penniless and couldn't even afford the ferry, so they limped along. Luckily, Wen Jing Monk came to see them. It turned out that the robbers saw that Wen Jing was a monk and didn't touch him. He also took the opportunity to steal some manuscripts and diaries of Xu Xiake. After hiding ashore, I saw that the robbers had dispersed and came out to look for them. Xu Xiake's belongings and the travel expenses in Xiao Mu's box were forcibly stolen. It is also a great blessing to be able to keep some manuscripts and diaries. Faced with such a serious setback, some people advised Xu Xiake to go home temporarily, but his will to explore and travel remained unchanged. With the help of his friends, he borrowed 20 taels of silver as travel expenses and embarked on a new journey.

Wanli Expedition to the Southwest 1637 (Chongzhen Decade). In April, Xu Xiake went up the Xiangjiang River, passed Changning and Qiyang to Yongzhou, and entered Guangxi for his last adventure trip, which was also the biggest harvest-a trip to the southwest. In two years, he started from Guilin, Yangshuo, Liuzhou and Nanning in Guangxi, passed through Duyun, Guiyang and Anshun in Guizhou, and arrived in Qujing, Kunming, Jinning and Tengyue in Yunnan. In the mountains and rivers in the southwest of the motherland, he left his footprints of exploration and travel, and also left his record of overcoming dangers and difficulties again and again.

In Pingfeng Mountain, Guilin, Xu Xiake found a cave with an inscription at the entrance. Xu Xiake wants to copy it for later study. But the inscription is carved on the stone wall. It is covered with moss, and many words are too vague to recognize. After he got out of the hole, he borrowed a ladder from a farmer. He wanted to go into the hole and copy and write again. Afraid that he would break the ladder, the farmer hesitated and refused to answer. Xu Xiake begged again and again, took off his clothes as collateral, and borrowed the ladder. He carried a ladder into the cave and finally read the inscription. When he turned to copy, because the foot of the ladder slipped on the rock, he fell down with the ladder, his head and knees were injured and bleeding, but Xu Xiake forgot to look at the wound, climbed out and set up a ladder, and finally copied all the notes. In Tongqianyan, Guilin, he went to explore alone because his colleagues heard that the monk's servant was ill. After climbing the cliff, I saw weeds and no way out. He explored the road with crutches and umbrellas, and separated the tangled thorns and vines with his hands. Climbed to the top of the rock step by step. There, he enjoyed the magnificent scenery of nature and was about to go down the mountain when he suddenly heard someone shouting, "Stop, don't go." At first, he thought he was calling others and taking care of himself in his own way. Unexpectedly, crying is more urgent. Looking back, a group of people caught up. Xu Xiake can't help but get flustered and worry about meeting bad people again. They caught up with him, surrounded him and questioned him for a long time. It turns out that those people are also tourists. They saw Xu Xiake wandering around alone, but they still suspected that he was a bad guy. Xu Xiake had a false alarm, but he still felt nervous after going down the mountain.

In Xianyan, Rongxian Town, Guangxi, Xu Xiake and his party entered a dimly lit cave and lit candles for lighting. Suddenly someone exclaimed, "Snake! Snakes! " Everyone looked up and saw a big snake with a thick bowl. The anticlimactic snake is hidden in the rock, and it is not clear how long it is. The snake lay motionless on the only way into the hole. Everyone is worried that the manhole must pass through the snake. If footsteps disturb the snake, it will kill you. But it was Xu Xiake who was attracted by the wonders in the cave! , advocating crossing from snakes. He took the lead in stepping over the snake lightly and carefully, and so did his companions. When I came out of the hole, I still crossed it like this. The snake didn't move, but Xu Xiake and his party were holding a cold sweat in their palms.

In True Fairy Rock, Xu Xiake also took great risks. On a cliff, he couldn't find the cross for a while, and he was in a hurry. Suddenly, he found a crack on the cliff, only one foot and five inches wide. He thought, if you support the two cracked walls with your hands and feet, you may be able to walk down. He just wants to come down like this. It didn't last long I feel weak all over, my hands and feet are weak. It is impossible to go up again; Stay there, I know I won't last long. He thought he would fall down sooner or later, so he might as well slide down while he still has some strength. Xu Xiake closed his eyes, relaxed his hands and feet, and people soon slipped down. When approaching the bottom of the cliff, he lost no time in reaching out his hands and feet to hold the rock wall, greatly reducing the weight of landing. I slipped straight down a cliff more than 30 feet, but I was not hurt at all. Later. He also said humorously: "This method is born in poverty, so you must learn and ask questions." In Diancang Mountain, Yunnan, Xu Xiake almost drowned in a deep pool. When visiting Qingbi Stream, he couldn't find the way for a while, but his fellow travelers had gone to the front, and he was impatient for a while; Want to walk along the sink. The sink was washed by mountains and rivers for many years, greasy and slippery, and he accidentally fell into the sink. The current was so fast that people rushed out of the sink with water and fell straight into the pool more than ten feet deep. Xu Xiake kept calm and tried his best to surface. After a lot of efforts, he finally climbed a big stone. All his colleagues think that he is out of luck this time. While exclaiming, he found the pool and saw that Xu Xiake was safe and sound. He also hung clothes on the rocks leisurely and calmly, dumbfounded. It took him a long time to shout, "Lucky, lucky."

Xu Xiake found a cave on a cliff in Duanenfeng, Tengchong, Yunnan, and there was no way to reach it. If he leaves, he will miss such a good opportunity to explore. He thought about it, told the servant to hold the luggage below and climb up by himself. The cliff is so steep that there is no room for him to climb in less than half a mile. He pulled the grass roots by hand and pulled up the stone. But those grass roots can't bear the weight of people. Most of those rocks have weathered, and when they are stressed, they become fragments. Xu Xiake is halfway up the cliff, and it is difficult to get up and down. At that time, Xu Xiake himself felt that the dangers he had experienced in his life were not as good as at this time. Fortunately, Xu Xiake is very calm in the face of danger. He stood firm first, slowly freed up one hand and one foot, tried to grasp the mountain on the weathered rock, and then freed up the other hand and one foot to find a new place to accommodate his hands and feet. His hands and feet were weak and he almost fell off the cliff several times. With perseverance and long-term experience in mountaineering exploration, he approached the mouth of the cave step by step. Come down from the hole and see how it feels.

In the course of exploring the southwest of China, Xu Xiake had to overcome one difficulty after another and get rid of the dangers again and again, while constantly struggling with the hardships in life. Living without a fixed place, often "with pigs and livestock" and "with cattle as neighbors"; Lack of travel funds often leads to food shortage, even taking off skirts and socks, auctioning on poles in the street and eating a meal. Stealing and cheating are also common. On the way to Qingyuan, Guangxi, I met a man who claimed to be Wang Gui and followed Xu Xiake for several days. He must be a porter for Xu Xiake and go to Yunnan together. Xu Xiake couldn't stand his pleading. Seeing that he was honest, he accepted him. After traveling together for a long time, Wang Gui discovered the secret of Xu Xiake's travel expenses. It turned out that Xu Xiake was afraid that the road was unsafe, so he put a few ounces of gold in a bamboo tube full of salt, which made Gui Wang feel very uncomfortable. When he went to Guiyang, Wang Gui got up early in the morning and ran away with the gold. Xu Xiake had to scrimp and save money to maintain the rest of the travel expenses.

In Pu 'an area of Guizhou Province, Xu Xiake was stolen again. The already tense travel expenses were stolen by the shopkeeper. At this point, Xu Xiake was penniless, and even eating became a problem, almost desperate. Fortunately, a Hubei guest staying in the same hotel, although a complete stranger to Xu Xiake, was deeply moved by Xu Xiake's adventurous spirit after learning about this situation, which helped solve his urgent need. An unexpected thing happened in Jizushan, Yunnan, the last stop of Xu Xiake's adventure. I have been traveling with Xu Xiake for more than two years, and I am always inseparable from my servant. When I see Xu Xiake, I am bent on exploring the road and have no intention of returning. He was also preparing to enter Sichuan from Yunnan, and he couldn't help shaking up. While Xu Xiake was away, he opened the box, swept away the money and valuables, and fled home alone. Someone advised Xu Xiake to get him back. He shook his head and said; "People are ready to be ambitious and can't force it." Think of the days and nights of these two years. Although they are called master servants, they are actually traveling companions. It's sad that they broke up like this today.

At the age of 50, Xu Xiake went west to Wan Li. Due to the long journey and difficult living conditions, his health was declining. In particular, Wenjing, a monk traveling with him, died in Nanning, which made him sad. In addition, the climate in southwest China is changeable and acclimatized, and diseases often afflict Xu Xiake. His knee is often injured and swollen; His feet are often worn out by straw sandals; Causing infection and high fever. In Jizushan, Yunnan, he also suffered from a serious skin disease, with a rash all over his body, which was itchy and uncomfortable. Suffering from no medicine. Later, under the guidance of local residents, a weed was often soaked in water and slowly recovered after fumigation.

As Xu Xiake's health condition is getting worse and worse, he has been unable to make any new adventure trips after struggling to finish Ji Zushan Zhi, which was written by Li Jiang Tusi. At the beginning of 1640 (the thirteenth year of Chongzhen), he set off for home, passing through Huanggang and other places in Hubei, bumping for more than 50 days/kloc-0, and finally returned to Tingming's hometown. Hong Ying is still lying in Nanchang, and Xu Xiake is lying in the hospital bed at home. More than 30 years of hard work exhausted him. How painful it is for a person who is committed to adventure and travel. Because of his serious illness, Xu Xiake stayed in bed all day. You can't even see visitors. He was accompanied by fragments of rock specimens collected during the journey before bed. Looking at them, the ups and downs of a lifetime of dangerous travel come to mind together. He is proud that he has traveled more than half of China and devoted his life to exploration. I'm sorry, too. I have a lot of things to do. How he hopes to stand up again one day, return to the embrace of nature and explore endless mysteries.

164 1 year (the fourteenth year of Chongzhen), an outstanding great explorer and geographer. I closed my eyes forever with unfinished business, 56 years old. On his deathbed, he still held two rock specimens tightly in his hand.

He left, but what he left behind was a precious scientific legacy. During more than 30 years of adventure travel, he wrote a diary of more than 600,000 words, which was compiled into a book by later generations, namely the famous Travel Notes of Xu Xiake. This book is called Wonder Books from Ancient to Modern, Tales from the World, Notes from Generation to Generation and Strange Words. It is a book with extremely rich content and high scientific value, and it is the crystallization of Xu Xiake's dedication to scientific exploration and career. With fresh and wonderful words and meticulous observation, he not only showed the magnificent picture of the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. And wrote a glorious page in the history of science. He is a pioneer in systematically studying the ancient karst landform and cave science in China. His research results are ahead of the rest of the world in terms of investigation scope, time, scientific content and scientific ideas. His travel notes have made outstanding contributions in the fields of meteorology and climate, mountains and rivers, animal and plant distribution, folk customs and so on. His exploration supplemented and corrected many shortcomings and fallacies of predecessors, and opened up many branches of science that did not develop until modern times. Greatly enriched the treasure house of ancient science and culture in China.

Xu Xiake deserves to be an outstanding adventurer and scientist in China and even the world. His spirit of daring to explore, not seeking fame, and devoting his whole life to the cause of science, like an immortal rainbow, forever spans Nantangqi, inspiring generations of China people to climb the peak of science along his down-to-earth steps.

Respondent: herones-level 3 2006-5-3113: 36.

Xu Xiake (1587 ~ 164 1) is called Hongzu, and his words are vivid. China was a traveler, geographer and essayist in Ming Dynasty. China was the first person who took travel as his lifelong career. In the 14th year of Wanli (1587 65438+10.5), he was born in a declining gentry family in Nanxun, Mazhen, Jiangyin, South Zhili (now Jiangsu). Grandfathers of more than four generations have titles. His father Xu Youmian is a hermit in the countryside, and his mother Wang is generous and thrifty, so he can "easily distribute cloth". Xu has been smart since childhood and loves reading. /kloc-The 0/5-year-old ancestor of the "Jiangyunlou" World Expo has a rich collection of books, is very good at ancient and modern history books, local chronicles and maps, and has the ambition to travel to the five mountains. 18 years old, my father was bullied by a group of heroes and died of grief. He decided not to take the imperial examination, enter the official career and travel around famous mountains and rivers.

In the thirty-fifth year of Wanli, at the age of 2 1, I bid farewell to my mother and new wife and began to travel far. The main travel in the early days was to climb famous mountains and visit scenic spots. Because my mother is in the party, she goes out every spring and goes home in autumn and winter. Before the age of 47, he traveled to Taishan, Songshan, Huashan, Hengshan and Wutai in the north. There are Huangshan Mountain, Lushan Mountain, Putuo Mountain, Tiantai Mountain and Yandang Mountain in the south, as far as Wuyishan in Fujian. In the first year of the Apocalypse (162 1), in order to commemorate mother's recovery from illness, the "Castle Peak Hall" was built, and the ancestors' wills and inscriptions were searched and engraved. Four years after the apocalypse, my mother was 80 years old, and she planned to suspend her long trip. Mother didn't agree, so she ordered him to accompany her to Yixing and Jurong as a sign of encouragement. In September of the following year, my mother died and was recuperating at home. In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), the mourning period ended and the trip to Zhiyuan ended. He felt that "most mountains and rivers are covered by maps, classics and records" and made greater efforts to investigate and study geographical phenomena. In April, I went to Zhangzhou, Fujian to visit my friend Huang Daozhou. As far away as Luofu Mountain in Guangdong. In the second year of Chongzhen, from south to north, he entered the capital and went to Panshan. Chongzhen three years, and then south Zhangzhou. In five years, I revisited Tiantai Mountain and Yandang Mountain. In six years, I went out of Nanjing, then went north to Beijing, visited Wutai Mountain and Hengshan Mountain, and went south to Zhangzhou three times. He is strong, with crutches and a servant's quilt, and climbs the mountain as fast as an ape. I can starve for days, and when I am full, I will stay in the rocks and March without hindrance.

In the ninth year of Chongzhen, Xu Xiake was 50 years old. Determined to investigate the southwest landform and trudge "wild". Late at night on September 19th, I bid farewell to my relatives and friends, went out with a smile, and set sail for Wan Li accompanied by monks and Gu's servants. Wen Jing, a monk from Fu Ying Temple in Jiangyin, wrote the goblet of fire of 1 with blood, and would like to donate it to Jizu Mountain in Yunnan. The delegation traveled to Yunnan via Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi and Guizhou. On the night of February 20, ten years, I anchored in Xintang, Xiangjiang River. My boat was stolen and burned. I heard that my servant was injured and my luggage and belongings were lost. Xu didn't flinch, but managed to get the support of his friends and go back on the road. In September, Wen Jing died in Chongshan Temple in Nanning, Guangxi. He carried Wen Jing's body and shared luggage with Gu Fu. 1 1 Arrived in Xitan Temple, Jizu Mountain, Yunnan at the end of the month, which lasted 1 more than a year. In twelve years, Gu Fu ran away wrapped in a bag. With the help of monks, he continued his investigation, mainly in mountainous areas. If there is no food in the mountains, you will eat wild vegetables and wild fruits for a living; I have no place to live, so I make myself at home in the caves and Woods. Climb cliffs, wade in rapids, explore 100 limestone caves, and record them carefully.

Xu Xiake is the first person in the world to make a large-scale investigation of limestone landforms (also known as karst), and make detailed records and in-depth studies. He crossed Yunnan, made a field trip to Jinsha River, Lancang River and Lijiang River, and wrote Textual Research on the Origin of the Yangtze River and Textual Research on Panjiang River, which demonstrated the water sources of the Yangtze River and Panjiang River in detail, affirmed that Jinsha River was the upstream source of the Yangtze River, and corrected the fallacy that the Confucian classic Gong Yu took Minjiang River as its source.

In addition, Xu Xiake went as far as Tengchong, the border of Yunnan, looking for areas with thermal energy performance underground. Until he suffered from foot disease, he was entrusted by Mu, the magistrate of Lijiang River, to study four volumes of Jizu, which was completed in March.

Later, due to illness, he took a boat to the east in thirteen years and arrived home in June. He died on January 27th this year (16465438+May 8th, 0).

In his life, Xu Xiake has traveled all over the countless mountains and rivers in East China, North China, Southeast Coast, Yunnan-Guizhou region 16 provinces. During the trip, always record the experiences and observations of the day. Sometimes I walk a hundred miles a day, sleep in the ruins and send myself to the grass. I still insist on burning hay for lighting and writing notes. These travel notes cover geography, landforms, geology, hydrology, climate, plants, agriculture, mining, handicrafts, transportation, places of interest, customs and so on, and are beautifully written. The Travels of Xu Xiake has been edited into more than 600,000 words by later generations, which not only has high scientific value, but also has high literary value, and is known as the "miracle book of the ages".