1. What is the human anatomy posture?

Answer: The anatomical posture of human body means that the body is upright, the eyes are looking forward, the lower limbs are close together, the toes are facing forward, the upper limbs naturally hang down on both sides of the trunk, and the palms are facing forward.

2. Bones can be divided into long bones, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones.

3. The sternum is divided into: sternal stalk, sternal body and xiphoid process from top to bottom.

4. Paired skulls have parietal bone and temporal bone, while unpaired skulls have frontal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone and ethmoid bone.

5. There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses, including frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus and maxillary sinus.

6. The bony landmarks that can be touched on the scapula are acromion, upper horn, lower horn, scapular crest, coracoid process and medial margin.

7. Intervertebral disc consists of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus.

8. The thoracic cavity consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and 1 piece of sternum, which are connected by bones.

9. The mandibular joint consists of mandibular head and mandibular fossa. Its joint cavity is provided with a joint disc.

10. Intervertebral foramen: refers to the hole formed by the superior notch and inferior notch of adjacent vertebrae for the spinal nerves and blood vessels to pass through.

1 1. sternal angle: The joint between the sternum stalk and the sternum body forms a lateral bulge protruding forward, which is called sternal angle, and can be felt on the body surface. It is an important symbol of counting tendons.

12. Pterygium: There is a confluence of frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone and sphenoid bone in the temporal fossa area, which is called pterygoid bone. The bone here is fragile, and the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery passes through it. When the pterygoid bone is fractured, it is easy to damage the artery and cause intracranial hematoma.

13. Intervertebral disc: Intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilage disc between the upper and lower adjacent vertebral bodies, which consists of the peripheral fibrous ring and the central nucleus pulposus.

14. Inguinal canal: The inguinal canal refers to a crack that obliquely penetrates the abdominal muscles and aponeurosis in the upper half of the inguinal ligament, and passes through the spermatic cord of men or the round ligament of uterus of women.

15. Try to describe the general shape of vertebrae.

Answer: Each vertebra consists of vertebral body and vertebral arch. The vertebral body is located in the front and short cylindrical. The arch bone plate attached to the back of the vertebral body and forming an intervertebral hole with the vertebral body is called pedicle, which has an upper notch on it and a lower notch on it, and the upper and lower notches of the connected vertebrae form an intervertebral hole. Pedicles on both sides expand into wide bone plates, called pedicle plates. Each vertebral arch has seven protrusions, namely a pair of transverse processes protruding to both sides, a pair of upper articular processes protruding upward, a pair of lower articular processes protruding downward, and a single spinous process protruding backward.

16. Write the name and opening of the paranasal sinuses.

Answer: The frontal sinus opens in the middle nasal meatus, the mandibular sinus opens in the middle nasal meatus, the sphenoid sinus opens in the recess of the sphenoid sinus ethmoid sinus, the anterior, middle and small chambers of ethmoid sinus open in the middle nasal meatus, and the posterior ethmoid sinus opens in the upper nasal meatus.

17. Please describe the composition, morphological characteristics and movement of the shoulder joint.

Answer: The shoulder joint consists of the glenoid of the scapula and the humeral head. Morphological characteristics: (65,438+0) The femoral head is pointed, the glenoid is shallow, and the surrounding labia minora is deepened, which can be used for greater exercise. (2) The joint capsule is thin and loose, and the tendon of the long head of biceps brachii passes through it. There are muscles and tendons crossing in the upper, rear and front parts of the joint capsule, while the lower part of the joint capsule is weak due to the lack of reinforcement of muscles and tendons. Shoulder joint is the most flexible joint in human body. Flexibility and flexibility; Adduction and abduction; Internal rotation, external rotation and rotational movement.

18. Please describe the composition, morphological characteristics and movement of the hip joint.

A: The hip joint consists of acetabulum and femoral head. Morphological characteristics: (1) The acetabular lip around the acetabulum increases the depth of the acetabulum, thus tightly embracing the femoral head. (2) The joint capsule is tense and tough, and the front part of the femoral neck is all inside the joint capsule, but the back part of the femoral neck is outside the joint capsule 1/3. Femoral neck fracture can be divided into intracapsular fracture, extracapsular fracture and mixed fracture. (3) The ligaments in the front, lower front and upper back of the joint capsule are strengthened, while the lower back is weak. (4) There is a femoral head ligament in the joint capsule, which is connected between the articular fossa and the femoral head and contains blood vessels that nourish the femur. The hip joint can flex and stretch; Adduction and abduction; Internal rotation, external rotation and rotation, but the range of motion is smaller than that of shoulder joint.

19. Please describe the composition, morphological characteristics and movement of the knee joint.

A: The knee joint consists of medial and lateral condyles of femur, medial and lateral condyles of tibia and anterior patella. Morphological characteristics: (1) The joint capsule is wide and loose, and the tendon of quadriceps femoris, patella and patellar ligament are strengthened in the anterior wall; There is fibular collateral ligament on the outside and tibial collateral ligament on the inside. (2) There are anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in the joint cavity to prevent the tibia from moving forward and backward. (3) There is also a C-shaped medial meniscus and a 0-shaped lateral meniscus in the joint cavity. Meniscus can strengthen the stability of joints, increase flexibility, and also cushion the vibration during exercise. The knee joint can flex and stretch, and can rotate inside and outside in the state of half knee flexion.

20. Please describe the position, start-stop and function of trapezius muscle.

Answer: Location: nape of neck and upper back. Starting point: occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament and spinous process of all thoracic vertebrae. Stop point: 65438+ 0/3 outside clavicle, acromion, scapular crest. Function: the total muscle contraction pulls the scapula closer to the spine; The upper part can also lift the scapula; The lower part can lower the scapula.

2 1. Please describe the shape, pore, function and structure of the diaphragm.

A: The diaphragm is located between the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity, and it is arched upward. The periphery is the muscle part, and the central part makes the aponeurosis called the central tendon. There are three hiatus on the diaphragm: (1) active hiatus: located in front of 12 thoracic vertebra, through which aorta and thoracic duct pass; (2) Esophageal hiatus: it is located in the left front of the active hiatus, which is about flat with 10 thoracic vertebra, and the esophagus and vagus nerve pass through it; (3) Cavernous sinus hiatus: It is located in the right front central tendon of esophageal hiatus, which is about level with the eighth thoracic vertebra, and the inferior vena cava passes through it. Function: Diaphragm is the main respiratory muscle. During contraction, the vault descends and the chest volume expands, causing inhalation; During diastole, the vault rises and returns to its original position, and the chest volume decreases, causing exhalation. Diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract at the same time, which can increase abdominal pressure and assist defecation, vomiting and delivery.

22. Please describe the position, start-stop and function of deltoid muscle.

Answer: location: shoulder. Starting point: lateral clavicle, acromion and scapular ridge. Stop point: deltoid rotor of humerus. Function: Shoulder abduction.

23. Please describe the position, start-stop and function of quadriceps femoris.

A: Location: front thigh. Starting point: The rectus femoris originates from the anterior inferior spine of the guest, and the medial and lateral femurs originate from the medial and lateral lips of the pachytene respectively. The middle thigh muscle is located in the deep layer of rectus femoris. Stop point: the four heads form a tendon downward, including the front and both sides of the patella, and continue down to the patellar ligament, as for the tibial tuberosity. Function: It is a powerful extensor of sub-joint, and rectus femoris also has the function of hip flexion.

24. Please describe the position, start-stop and function of the triceps surae.

Answer: location: behind the calf bone. Starting point: the medial head and lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle start from the back of medial condyle and lateral condyle of femur respectively; The soleus muscle starts from the posterior upper part of the fibula and tibia. Stop point: the three heads meet and continue down to the achilles tendon, as for the calcaneus. Function: Lift heel, flex condyle and knee joint.

25. There are three physiological strictures on the whole length of esophagus. The first stenosis is located at the junction of pharynx and esophagus, 0/5 cm away from the central incisor/kloc-,the second stenosis is located at the junction of esophagus and left main bronchus, about 25cm away from the central incisor, and the third stenosis is located at the esophageal hiatus where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm, about 40cm away from the central incisor.

26. The omentum is divided into two parts, the one on the right is called hepatoduodenal ligament, and the one on the left is called hepatogastric ligament.

27. Pharyngeal gorge: it is the portal from the mouth to the pharynx, surrounded by the uvula, the left and right palatoglossus and the base of the tongue.

28. Maxwell's point: at the middle-lateral 1/3 of the connecting line between umbilical cord and right anterior superior iliac spine, this point may have tenderness in acute appendicitis.

29. Anal valve: The lower end of each liver column is connected by semilunar mucosal folds.

30. Dentate line: each liver valve and the lower end of the liver column are connected into a zigzag ring line, which is the dividing line between skin and mucosa.

3 1. Hepatic portal: It is a transverse groove on the surface of the liver, through which the left and right hepatic ducts, proper hepatic artery, portal vein, nerves and lymphatic vessels pass.

32. Rectal uterus depression: located between rectum and uterus, formed by the turning point of peritoneum, which is the lowest point of female peritoneal cavity.

33. Rectal bladder depression: located between bladder and rectum, formed by the turning point of peritoneum, which is the lowest point of male peritoneal cavity.

34. The shape, position and position of the stomach.

Answer: the shape of the stomach: the stomach has two mouths, two walls and two bends. The upper mouth is the entrance named Numen, which is connected with esophagus; The lower mouth is called pylorus, which is connected with the duodenum. The forearm of the stomach is forward and upward; The posterior wall of the stomach is backward and downward. The right lower edge of the stomach is concave, which is called gastric minor curvature, and the lowest point of this curvature is bent into an angle, which is called angular notch; The left lower edge of the stomach is a flange, which is called gastric curvature.

Division of stomach: The stomach can be divided into four parts. The part near the angry door is called the angry door; The part protruding to the upper left above the plane of Nu Gate is called the fundus of stomach; The middle part of the stomach is called the stomach body; The part between the angular notch and the pylorus is called pylorus. The tubular part below the pylorus is called pyloric canal; The slightly enlarged part of pyloric canal from the left to the corner notch is called pyloric sinus. Gastric minor curvature and pylorus are the most common ulcer sites.

Location of the stomach: When the stomach is moderately full, most of it is located in the left rib area and a small part is located in the upper abdomen. Anger gate is located on the left side of thoracic vertebra 1 1, and pylorus is located on the right side of lumbar vertebra 1. When the stomach is particularly full, you can lower the curvature of the stomach to the navel. The right side of the anterior wall of the stomach is attached to the lower part of the left lobe of the liver; The left side is covered by diaphragm and left rib arch; Below xiphoid process, the stomach is directly attached to the anterior abdominal wall, which is the palpation site of the stomach. The posterior gastric wall is adjacent to the left kidney, left adrenal gland and pancreas. The fundus of the stomach is connected with the diaphragm and spleen, and there is a transverse colon across the lower part of the greater curvature of the stomach.

35. The mucous membrane of the proper nasal cavity can be divided into olfactory region and respiratory region because of its different structure and function.

36. The lateral wall of the laryngeal cavity consists of two pairs of mucosal folds, the upper symmetrical vestibular wall and the lower symmetrical vocal cords, and the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity is located in the glottic fold.

37. The fissure between bilateral vocal cords and bilateral arytenoid cartilage is called glottic fissure.

38. The body surface projection of the lower pleura intersects with the 8th rib at the clavicle midline, 10 rib at the axillary midline, and 1 1 rib at the scapular line.

39. Location and shape of lungs.

Answer: location: the share is located in the chest, on both sides of the mediastinum, above the diaphragm, and the apex of the lung is higher than the upper opening of the thorax. Morphology: divided into left lung and right lung. The left lung is narrower and longer than the right lung because of the left heart, and the right lung is wider and shorter than the left lung because of the subphrenic liver. The shape of the lung is slightly conical, which can be divided into one tip, one bottom, two sides and three sides. The lung apex is blunt and round, which is 2-3cm higher than the medial clavicle, so it is necessary to avoid damaging the lung apex and causing pneumothorax when inserting the needle above the clavicle. The bottom of the lung is slightly concave upward and connected with the diaphragm. The rib surface is convex, and it is in contact with the ribs and intercostal muscles of the anterior and posterior side walls of the chest. The medial surface is opposite to the mediastinum, and the center of this surface is the hilum. The main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, lymphatic vessels and nerves all enter the hilum. These structures are surrounded by connective tissue and can be planned as lung roots. The lung front is sharp, the right lung front is nearly vertical, and the lower half of the left lung front has incisors. The posterior margin of the lung is blunt and round, sticking to both sides of the spine. The lower edge of the lung also extends sharply between the diaphragm and the chest wall. There is an oblique fissure (interlobar fissure) in the left lung, which inclines from posterior to anterior. This fissure reaches the hilum and divides the left lung into upper lobe and lower lobe. In addition to the oblique fissure corresponding to the left lung, there is also a horizontal fissure (right lung accessory rib) along the right lung, which starts from the oblique fissure and moves horizontally forward. Oblique fissure and horizontal fissure divide the right lung into upper lobe, middle lobe and lower lobe.

40. Body surface projection of pleura and lung.

Answer: Body surface projection of the left and right lungs: The projection of the front edges of the two lungs starts from the lung apex 2-3cm above the clavicle, inclines inward and downward, passes behind the sternoclavicular joint, approaches the front edge of the right lung around the midpoint of sternal angle, and then descends almost vertically, and moves to the lower edge of the right lung at the sixth sternoclavicular joint; The leading edge of the left lung is slightly lower than the level of the fourth sternoclavicular joint, curved along the cardiac notch of the lung, and migrated to the lower edge of the left lung at the midpoint of the sixth costal cartilage.

Pleural body surface projection: the projection of the top and front edges of the pleura on both sides is basically consistent with the projection of the front edges of the lungs on the two lung tips. The projection of bilateral subpleural boundary is about two ribs lower than that of bilateral subpulmonary boundary. The right side starts from the sixth sternoclavicular joint, the left side starts from the sixth rib, and both sides descend outward, intersecting with the eighth rib at the clavicle midline, 10 rib at the axillary midline, 1 1 rib at the scapular line, and flattening the 12 thoracic spine mutation when approaching the spine.

4 1. Renal region: The region between the lateral margin of erector spinae and 12 ribs is called the renal region. When the kidney is sick, knocking or touching often causes shock pain or tenderness.

42. Bladder triangle: The mucous membrane on the inner surface of the bladder bottom is a triangular area, which is located between the connecting line between the left and right ureteral orifice and the internal urethral orifice, and is called the bladder triangle. This area lacks submucosal tissue, and the mucosa is directly and closely combined with the muscularis. Whether the bladder is empty or full, the mucosa is always smooth. Triangular region of bladder is the most common site of tumor and tuberculosis.

43. What are the internal structures of the kidney that can be seen on the coronal section?

A: On the coronal section of the kidney, the renal parenchyma is divided into cortex and medulla. Renal cortex is located in the surface layer of renal parenchyma, and renal medulla is located in the deep layer of renal parenchyma. The part of renal cortex that goes deep into renal pyramids is called renal column. The renal medulla consists of 15-20 needles and cones. The tip of renal pyramids is called the renal papilla, which extends to the renal sinus. Funnel-shaped calyces surround the renal papilla, and 2-3 calyces merge into one large calyx, and then converge to the renal pelvis, where the renal hilum moves backward to act as ureter.

44. Where is the third ureteral stricture? What's the clinical significance?

Answer: The first stricture of ureter is located at the beginning, the second stricture is located at the entrance of small renal pelvis, and the third stricture is located in the inner segment of bladder wall. These narrow places are often places where stones can easily stay.

45. What are the morphological characteristics of female urethra? What's the clinical significance?

A: Female urethra is characterized by short, wide and straight urethra, which is easy to expand, so it is easy to cause retrograde infection of urethra.

46. Briefly describe the shape and position of the kidney.

Answer: The kidney looks like a red bean, consisting of front and back sides, upper and lower poles, and inner and outer edges. The inner edge is the renal hilum, where the renal tube enters and exits. Its position is closely related to 12 rib. The left 12 rib spans the middle of the left kidney and the right 12 rib spans the upper part of the right kidney. The upper pole of left kidney is flat in the middle of T 1 1, and the lower pole is flat in the middle of L2.

47. The cardiac conduction system includes sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and Fourier fiber. Sinus node is the normal pacing point of the heart.

48. The convex side of aortic arch sends out three branches from right to left: brachiocephalic artery trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.

49. deep palmar arch is formed by anastomosing the terminal branch of radial artery with the deep palmar branch of ulnar artery.

50. Immediately after the abdominal trunk emanates from the abdominal aorta, it is divided into three branches: the left gastric artery, the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery.

5 1. Sinus node is located on the deep surface of epicardium between superior vena cava and right atrial appendage, and atrioventricular node is located on the deep surface of right endocardium at the lower part of atrioventricular diaphragm.

52. The superior vena cava is composed of left brachiocephalic vein and right brachiocephalic vein, and it also contains azygos vein before it is injected into the right atrium.

53. The brachiocephalic vein is formed by the confluence of internal jugular vein and subclavian vein.

54. Venous angle is the angle formed by the confluence of internal jugular vein and subclavian vein into brachiocephalic vein.

55. The superficial veins of upper limbs include cephalic vein, basilic vein and median elbow vein.

56. The basilic vein starts from the ulnar side of the dorsal venous network and goes up to the cubital fossa along the medial forearm.

57. Sinus node: The deep surface of epicardium between superior vena cava and right atrial appendage is oval, which is the normal pacing point of the heart.

58. Carotid sinus: Carotid sinus is an enlarged part at the beginning of internal carotid artery, with sensory nerve endings in the wall, which are baroreceptors.

59. superficial palmar arch: superficial palmar arch is located on the surface of flexor digitorum tendon, which is formed by anastomosing the terminal branch of ulnar artery with the superficial palmar branch of radial artery.

60. Venous angle: Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein meet to form cephalic vein.

6 1. Briefly describe pulmonary circulation.

Answer: right ventricle → pulmonary artery → pulmonary artery branch → perialveolar capillaries → pulmonary vein branch → pulmonary vein → left atrium.

62. Briefly describe systemic circulation.

A: Left atrium → aorta → aortic branch → capillaries of tissues and organs → confluence of veins → superior and inferior vena cava → right atrium.

63. Briefly describe the origin, course and branch distribution of the left coronary artery.

A: The left coronary artery starts from the left side of ascending aorta, runs to the left between the left atrial appendage and the beginning of pulmonary trunk, and then divides into anterior interventricular branch and spiral branch. The anterior interventricular branch descends along the anterior interventricular sulcus, and branches are distributed in the anterior wall of left ventricle, the anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum and a part of the anterior wall of right ventricle. Spiral branches are left along the coronary sulcus, bypassing the left edge of the heart to the diaphragm, and the branches are distributed in the lateral walls and posterior walls of the left atrium and left ventricle.

64. Briefly describe the main branches of external carotid artery.

A: The main branches of external carotid artery are superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, facial artery, superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery.

65. Oral drugs are used to treat appendicitis. As we all know, drugs are absorbed into the blood through the jejunum. Please use the knowledge of circulatory system to describe which circulatory channels drugs need to go through in turn and finally reach the appendix. (Note: Blood circulation must pass through pulmonary circulation)

Answer: The drug passes through jejunum → superior mesenteric vein → hepatic portal vein → hepatic blood sinus → hepatic vein → inferior vena cava → inferior vena cava orifice → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery orifice → capillary around alveoli → pulmonary vein orifice → left atrium → left atrioventricular orifice → ascending aorta → aortic arch → thoracic aorta → abdominal aorta →

66. Injecting drugs into the left buttock muscle to treat pneumonia, please apply the knowledge of circulatory system to describe which circulatory channels the drugs need to go through in turn and finally reach the focus.

A: Drugs → Internal iliac vein → common iliac vein → Inferior vena cava → Inferior vena cava orifice → Right atrium → Right atrioventricular orifice → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery orifice → Pulmonary artery → Periventricular capillaries → Pulmonary vein orifice → Left atrium → Left atrioventricular orifice → Left ventricle → Aortic orifice → Ascending aorta → Aortic arch → Thoracic aorta → Bronchial artery → Pulmonary lesions.

67. Briefly describe the thyroid position.

A: The thyroid gland is H-shaped and consists of two lobes and an isthmus in the middle. The isthmus is located in front of the 2~4 tracheal cartilaginous rings. The left and right lobes are attached to both sides of the larynx and trachea, followed by the common carotid artery and the internal carotid artery of vagus nerve, and the sublingual muscle group is in front.

68. The ocular vascular membrane can be divided into iris, ciliary body and choroid from front to back.

69. The aqueous humor of the eye is produced by the ciliary body and flows from the posterior chamber of the eye through the pupil to the anterior chamber, then through the iris to the cornea and finally into the ophthalmic vein. If the aqueous humor is produced too much or the reflux is blocked, the intraocular pressure will increase, which will affect the vision, which is called the angle of the chamber clinically.

70. The ossicles in the tympanum are divided into malleus, occupied bone and stapes from the inside out.

7 1. The membranous labyrinth is divided into elliptic sac, sacculus, membranous semicircular canal and cochlear canal; Bone labyrinth includes vestibule, semicircular canal and cochlea.

72. Optic disc (optic disc): the posterior part of the retina, the circular protrusion, and the place where the optic canal enters and exits. There is no photosensitive ability here, which is a physiological blind spot.

73. Elliptic cyst spot and balloon spot: Both of them are position receptors, which can accept the stimulation of linear acceleration or deceleration.

74. Spiral organ: auditory receptors on the basement membrane.

75. How about the generation, circulation and return of aqueous humor?

Answer: Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary body, posterior chamber of eye → pupil → iris corneal angular space → iris venous sinus → eye pulsation.

76. There are 3 1 pairs of spinal nerves, and each pair of spinal nerves contains four components: somatic motor fibers, somatic sensory fibers, visceral motor fibers and visceral sensory fibers.

77. The cervical plexus consists of 1-4 anterior branches of the cervical nerve, and its cutaneous branches are divided into four groups: the lesser occipital nerve, the greater auricular nerve, the transverse cervical nerve and the supraclavicular nerve, which are distributed on one side of the neck skin.

78. The brachial plexus consists of 5-8 cervical nerves and 1 anterior branches of thoracic nerves. The five main nerves that innervate the upper limb from the brachial plexus at the lower part of the lock are musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve and axillary nerve.

79. The musculocutaneous nerve first distributes the muscles of the forearm group, and then distributes the skin of the lateral forearm, which is called the lateral forearm cutaneous nerve.

In the functional orientation of cerebral cortex, the somatic motor center is located in the central anterior gyrus and the central anterior lobule, the somatic sensory center is located in the central posterior gyrus and the central posterior lobule, the visual center is located in the upper and lower marginal cortex of the sulcus, the auditory pathway is located in the transverse temporal gyrus, and the motor language center is located in the inferior frontal gyrus. .

8 1. The internal capsule is located in the white matter area formed by dense ascending and descending fibers between caudate nucleus, dorsal thalamus and lenticular nucleus. It can be divided into three parts: anterior limb of internal capsule, posterior limb of internal capsule and knee of internal capsule.

82. The peripheral process of trigeminal ganglion forms three branches: 1 branch is ophthalmic nerve, the second branch is maxillary nerve, and the third branch is mandibular nerve.

83. After the recurrent laryngeal nerve originates from the vagus nerve trunk, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve surrounds the aortic arch and the right recurrent laryngeal nerve surrounds the right subclavian artery.

84. After the vagus nerve enters the abdominal cavity, the anterior gastric branch and hepatic branch are separated from the anterior trunk, and the posterior gastric branch and abdominal branch are separated from the posterior trunk of the vagus nerve.

85. The lower center of sympathetic nerve is located in the lateral corner of gray matter from the first thoracic spinal cord segment to the third lumbar spinal cord segment.

86. The lower center of parasympathetic nerve is located in the parasympathetic nucleus of the affected nerve and the parasympathetic nucleus of the second to fourth spinal cord segments in the brain stem.

87. Sympathetic ganglion can be divided into anterior segment and paravertebral segment.

88. sympathetic trunk's ganglion includes cervical sympathetic trunk ganglion, thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglion, lumbar sympathetic trunk ganglion, sacral sympathetic trunk ganglion and a single caudate ganglion.

89. sympathetic trunk consists of paravertebral segments and internode branches. Parasympathetic ganglion includes parasympathetic ganglion and intraorgan ganglion.

90. Cerebral arteries originate from internal carotid artery and vertebral artery.

9 1. The main branches of internal carotid artery are ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery and posterior communicating artery.

92. The cerebral arterial ring consists of anterior communicating artery, bilateral anterior cerebral artery, bilateral internal carotid artery, bilateral posterior communicating artery and bilateral posterior cerebral artery.

93. There is a cavity between the dura mater and periosteum on the inner surface of the spinal canal, which is called epidural cavity.

94. The cell bodies of neurons on the cortical brainstem bundle (nuclear bundle) are located at 1/3 below the anterior central gyrus, and the lower neurons are located in the brainstem, which is called somatic motor nucleus.

95. The cell bodies of the upper neurons in the corticospinal tract are located in two-thirds of the anterior central gyrus in front of the paracentral nucleus, and the cell bodies of the lower neurons are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

96. The receptors of the visual pathway are called cone cells and rod cells, the primary neurons are called bipolar cells, the secondary neurons are called ganglion cells, the nasal fibers of the left and right optic nerves cross, the temporal fibers cross, and the crossed fiber bundles are called optic bundles, which terminate in the lateral geniculate body, and the fiber bundles emitted by the tertiary neurons are called visual radiation, which are projected to the visual center of the upper and lower cortex of the sulcus through the hind limbs of the internal capsule.

97. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by choroid plexus, and finally penetrates into dural sinus through arachnoid granules.

98. Which of the following descriptions about cerebrospinal fluid is wrong? - .

A. Only choroid plexus of left and right ventricles can produce cerebrospinal fluid. B. The left and right lateral ventricles are directly connected through the interventricular foramen.

C. Cerebrospinal fluid can flow to the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord. D. The fourth ventricle is directly connected with the central spinal canal.

E. The spinal epidural lobe is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

99. reflex arc: the morphological basis of reflection, including five parts: receptor, afferent nerve, center, efferent nerve and effector.

100. Gray matter: In the central part, the cell segments of neurons and their dendrites gather, which is called gray matter.

10 1. white matter: nerve conduction fibers are concentrated in the center, which is called white matter.

102. Nerve nucleus: In the medullary seconds of the center, nerve brittle bodies with similar shapes and functions gather into a cluster or a column, which is called it.

103. cauda equina: Because the spinal cord is shorter than the spine, the anterior and posterior roots of the lumbar, sacral and caudal spinal nerves must descend for a certain distance in the spinal canal to reach their corresponding intervertebral foramen. These nerve roots that descend below the cone are called.

104. Briefly describe the position, division and projecting fibers of the internal capsule.

A: The internal capsule is located between caudate nucleus, dorsal thalamus and lenticular nucleus. On the horizontal section of the brain, the internal capsule is >; Lt shape, divided into three parts: anterior capsule, hind limb and knee. The projection fibers passing through the knee of the internal capsule are a part of the cortex, and the projection fibers passing through the hind limbs of the internal capsule are corticospinal tract, thalamic cortical tract, visual radiation and auditory radiation in turn from front to back.

105. Briefly describe the main branches of trigeminal nerve and their distribution.

Answer: (1) Ocular nerve: sensory nerve, which enters the orbit through supraorbital fissure, mainly distributes in lacrimal gland, eyeball, upper eyelid, nasal dorsum and forehead skin sensation, with supraorbital nerve as its branch, branching to part of skin sensation (2) maxillary nerve: sensory nerve, which enters the orbit through suborbital fissure, and continues to be suborbital nerve, which is distributed in eyelid fissure and oral fissure.

106 visual conduction path

Answer: Conical bipolar cells [N] ganglion cells do not cross on the temporal side, but cross on the nasal side in the upper and lower cortical areas of talus sulcus in the posterior limb of the inner capsule of rod cells [N], and the optic chiasma radiation comes from the lateral geniculate body.

107. How is cerebrospinal fluid produced and circulated?

A: Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by choroid plexus, which exists in all ventricles. 95% of cerebrospinal fluid is formed in the lateral ventricle. The loop path is as follows:

Median foramen of cerebral aqueduct in interventricular foramen of left ventricle-subarachnoid space of third ventricle and fourth ventricle-lateral foramen of right ventricle-superior arachnoid sinus