The Tang Dynasty was an unprecedented open era in China. It met the challenge of multiculturalism with a broad mind, and turned this challenge into nutrition, fully absorbed all the essence, not only enhanced the vitality of the motherland's culture, but also created a splendid Datang culture through docking, melting and recasting, forming a Chinese cultural circle covering East Asia. Among them, music and dance in the western regions is an important source of living water flowing into this huge river. Gongjiu Bule is the highest official music and dance team in the Tang Dynasty. Seven songs originated in the Sui Dynasty and later developed into ten songs. The task is not only to entertain the palace, but also to hold important ceremonies, sacrifice, play, receive foreign envoys, and entertain ministers and generals. It is an artistic banner of the Tang Empire at home and abroad. Since the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty, Gao Zu Li Yuan, occupied Chang 'an and took over the Deadpool Orchestra, nine orchestras have been formed. Li Shimin, the second emperor of Emperor Taizong, was also a civil servant. He especially loved music and dance. He personally put forward the design intention, and personally drew the "Broken Array Dance Map", which was jointly designed by many musicians and dancers. The large-scale music and dance Song of the King of Qin, which was completed in the early Tang Dynasty, is considered to be a famous song reflecting the founding of the Tang Dynasty and the determination of the world by martial arts. It is a great event in the Tang Taizong dynasty, and its status is almost equivalent to today's national anthem. The lineup of "Qin Wang Broken Array Music" is unprecedented, involving 120 dancers, all wearing armor and holding halberds. Lv Cai, the chief court musician, presided over the training and directed the whole performance. Dancers are arranged left and right in the form of war, with the center in a straight line and Zhang Shishu on the two wings. They try their best to imitate the actual formation transformation, staggered flexion and extension, back and forth, and always *. Some chorus singers sing according to the festival, and some bands sing harmoniously with drums and flutes, but on the whole, it is a fast-paced theme, which is quite different from the traditional elegant music theme of advocating neutrality. The intensity and intensity of the content made "the audience feel shocked when they saw its cadence." The nine pieces of music of the Tang court can be divided into two categories: the left part and the inner part. Huaxia Yayue belongs to the left, and Siyi Hulu belongs to the inner. Judging from the fact that "Broken Array Music" belongs to the Ritual Department, Taichang Wei of Yifeng clearly mentioned that "Broken Array Music" was not included in "Elegant Music". This large-scale artistic innovation is extremely obvious, and its musical instruments even use bells and drums. Yue Ji is a China history book with both old and new Tang books. It only records that "the joy of Qin Wang's breaking the array" first appeared in the court of Tang Dynasty in the second year after Li Shimin ascended the throne, that is, the first year of Zhenguan (627). At this time, Li Shimin has been called the emperor, no longer called the king of Qin. It means that the time to write this song must be before this. Li Shimin himself mentioned that "I used to be in San Francisco, and there were many conquests, so there was such joy in the world, so I'm not going to be in Yarra today. However, although it has great achievements, its achievements are today, so it will not be forgotten if it is included in the movement. "Li Shimin from high-impedance tang gaozu, into the customs. In the first year of Wude, the king of Qin was sealed. In the same year, a fierce battle broke out with Jincheng Xue Ju. Li Shimin was under the full command of Liu Wenjing due to illness, and suffered an unprecedented fiasco. Since then, Emperor Taizong personally held a bow in every battle, and almost won every battle. Wude four years (62 1), even broke the king. It is estimated that this song "The Joy of the King of Qin Breaking the Array" should be brewed in the first year of Wude, and the tragic opening scene must also reflect the bloody battle with Xue Ju. Wude was basically completed in four years at the latest. Judging from Xue Ju's status as a warlord in Hexi, the cultural origin of Broken Array Music is about Xiliang Music. At first, it could only be played secretly in Qin's palace when the generals of this government held a banquet. After Wude seized power in the ninth year (626), he officially moved into the court for rehearsal. With the help of Lv Cai and other court musicians, he further absorbed western music such as Qiuci Music and Shule Music, and it was not formally finalized until the first year of Zhenguan. According to some data, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong's favorite musicians are not only Lv Cai, a Han Chinese, but also Bai Mingda, a senior Qiuci musician who used to be Lezheng in Sui Palace, Pei Shenfu, a Taichang musician, and An Chinu, a Sogdian musician in Anguo. Bai Mingda entered the palace at the end of Sui Dynasty and became a pipa player and a famous composer after Tang Dynasty. His famous songs include Long Live Music, Tibetan Hook Music, Tanabata Meeting Music, Dumping Pot Music, Dancing Table with One Heart, Jade Girl, Immortal Living, and Harmony. Pei Shenfu, who lived in the period of Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong, developed the skill of playing pipa with his left hand in his own country, and at the same time skillfully understood music, and introduced famous songs such as Full of Anger, Fire Wind and Inverted Cup Qu. These two western musicians can be described as Li Shimin's right-hand man in the music world, and they must have played an important role in the creation of The King of Qin Broken the Array. As for the western geisha in the dance, Anqinu is the only one recorded in the history books. As early as the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty, this famous Anguo dancer rose to fame in Chang 'an, and Li Yuan entered Chang 'an, making him a regular attendant of Sanshou, and never wavered, even though Shangshu of the Ministry of Rites and Prince Zhan Ligang had written to remonstrate. It can be seen that his dancing skills are exquisite. On this basis, The Dance of Qin Dying and Breaking the Array really incorporates many factors of Western art, only because the martial spirit advocated by this piece is contrary to the idea of writing advocated by Confucianism, it was renamed Qi Dele at the suggestion of Confucian minister Feng Deyi, and Wei Zhi, Yu Shinan, Li Baiyao and others even wrote lyrics. This name change reflects a struggle between conservative forces and liberals in the Tang Dynasty. Although the conservatives have achieved a superficial victory, this name is not popular, and its recognized title is still "Wu Qin's Breaking the Array". Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, not only made innovations in the art of music and dance, but also paid more attention to directly absorbing the original essence of western music and dance. It was inherited by the emperor of the Tang Dynasty and reached its climax in Xuanzong. Therefore, these western music species not only continue to retain their unique artistic characteristics, but also get further development. Nominally, nine songs (ten songs) are still listed as the first of all kinds of music, but in fact, western music and dance are the most popular and the real main music. There are "women learn Hu makeup, geisha learn Hu yin" (Yuan Zhen: Fa Qu) and "Luoyang Family Studies" (Wang Jian: A Trip to Liangzhou). "Fashion atmosphere. Among them, the main musical instrument of Qiuci music is pipa, and Bai Juyi's masterpiece Pipa Travel reflects the far-reaching influence of Qiuci music. Fuchan is another widely sung western musical instrument. Poems of the Tang Dynasty (133) contains Li Qi's article "Listening to the cicada sound of Dongdahu, sending a message as a poetry room", which describes the performance of Fu Chan. According to the description of Hu Jia's performance in the poem "Hu sent Yan Zhenqing to He Long" in Yuefu Miscellanies, "Qiuci Qiuci national music is also called sad Qiuci, which is similar to Qiuci Qiuci". Just because Hu Jia is "classy", he is simply called Hu Jia. It can be seen that Hu Jian in Cen Can's poems is actually a musical instrument of the western regions, but the records in Yuefu Miscellanies are not completely credible, because the original Qiuci band did not have musical instruments, which are found in both Yu Kun's music and Shule's music, but it seems that they mainly originated from Yu Kun. It has nothing to do with Qiu Zi Le. As we all know, Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was a romantic boy, proficient in temperament and fond of singing and dancing. However, it seems that the transition between his early musical style and his later hobbies is still ignored by the world. Xuanzong in Kaiyuan period was a creative emperor, embodied in the field of music and dance, and created another masterpiece after Song of the King of Qin-Cai Yu. In this regard, the relevant research is enough, and its main feature is light singing and dancing, but the characteristics of Hu Hua are not obvious. On the contrary, it shows more the influence of the pioneering culture and western cool music. However, in Tianbao period, the style changed greatly, from liking slow melody to liking fast rhythm, and Hu Xuan dance was strongly advocated. Up to now, most academic circles believe that this is the influence of Qiuci Le. I have also received this knowledge. But now it suddenly feels like it's different. According to the records of Li Longji's reuse of Sogdians and the reputation of a large number of Sogdians in the Central Plains, Li Longji's favorite music is not the noble and elegant Qiuci music, but the Guo Kang music and Anguo music originated from Sogdians in the river. Among them, Kangguo Music originated in Samarkand, a famous city in the river, and Anguo Music originated in Bukhara, a famous city in the river, both of which are city-states with concentrated Sogdians. The composition of these two belts is roughly similar. There are 65,438+00 kinds of musical instruments, such as Qin, pipa, banjo, flute, flute, bangzi, drum, king drum, he drum and brass instruments. The difference is that Buddhism prevails in Anguo, while Guo Kang music prevails. Old Tang book? According to music records, the birthplace of Hu Xuan dance is "Guo Kangle" in Guo Kang ... He is good at Hu Xuan dance and the dancers spin like the wind. " As for their costumes, the Sogdian band that entered the court of the Tang Dynasty was obviously transformed by the Tang Dynasty, so there is no need to be superstitious about the records of the historical materials of the Tang Dynasty. Hu Xuan's dancers are mostly women, and some men are also good at this kind of dance. Dancers wear long-sleeved clothes, wide skirts and colorful soft boots. Their movements include shaking their heads, pointing, blinking and hunching. Rotation is the most common. The poet Bai Juyi wrote a poem "Hu Xuannv". Among them, "the heart should play chords, the hands should play drums, the chord drums should hold double sleeves, and the snow will dance." Turn left and right, never tired. "It can be seen that the musical instruments that accompany the dance are the five-string curved neck pipa and tambourine. When the early Tang Dynasty was introduced to the mainland, it was very popular in the ruling and opposition circles and prevailed for a hundred years. According to records, both Yang Guifei and An Lushan are good at Hu Xuan dance. Yang Guifei's colorful feathers can also dance lightly, indicating that Hu Xuan's dance was learned later. An Lushan himself is Suthep Tiger. Although he was originally from Anguo, he advocated Zoroastrianism rather than Buddhism, was good at dancing rather than Anguo itself, and was closer to Kang than Anguo music. Hu Xuan dance is characterized by its fast pace and madness, which is consistent with Zoroastrianism, but incompatible with Buddhism. Therefore, although this kind of dance was introduced to Qiuci in Xuanzong period, which was called "the prosperous Tang Dynasty", it was not the original ecology of Qiuci dance. So far, the conclusion of Hu Xuanwu, which is popular in China academic circles, seems to be a question mark. Responding to the prevalence of Hu Xuan's dance, Sogdian singers and musicians rose suddenly before and after the prosperous Tang Dynasty, overwhelming the music of Tiangong geisha in the early Tang Dynasty. Famous singers such as He Manzi and He Jian have emerged. Both of them are from Sogdian city-states in Central Asia, located in the north of amur river. Although they are close to Anguo and far from Guo Kang, their traditional belief is Zoroastrianism, and they converted to Islam earlier than other Sogdian city-states in the river. Most people who returned to the Tang Dynasty came from devout coat believers. Zoroastrianism advocates the dualism of good and evil, which is very combative and does not pursue peace and tranquility like Buddhism. Reflected in the intense emotion, the tragic color is very strong and more shocking. Shi Man Zi was a famous singer in the middle Tang Dynasty, famous in Chang 'an. Later, when he was killed for a crime and was executed, he sang a song loudly and sadly, and the audience cried. So Bai Juyi wrote a poem: "The world is full of names, and the song begins with being executed." A song with four words and eight stacks is heartbroken from the beginning. "The last song he sang was regarded as a epigraph by later generations, and his name was He Manzi. He Kun, who is also a grandparent, has already moved to the Central Plains, and has been singing in Chang 'an, making a name for himself in the ruling and opposition circles. Liu Yuxi has a poem praising him, saying, "I haven't been to the imperial city for more than 20 years, so I can't bear to smell it again." The old man only has He Qi and sings "Fortress Besieged" enthusiastically. " All the people after the Anshi Rebellion still value Chang 'an, which shows that the influence of Sogdian art has surpassed the traditional Qiuci music, Tian Yu music and Shule music after the prosperous and middle Tang Dynasty. The Story of Pipa clearly reflects that the Pipa master who ranked first in the teaching workshop was no longer interested in the dignitaries of the Tang Dynasty. In fact, Yue Xian, a heavenly palace, was played in the remote Jiangtou of Xunyang for Bai Juyi, a guest who fell out of favor. It seems that this cannot be explained by aging alone. Perhaps it is because of the changes in the atmosphere of the times advocated by the Tang Dynasty court. Although the flourishing age of the Tang Dynasty has long since left us, the places where Chinese people live in concentrated communities all over the world are still called "Chinatown", and the traditional costumes of China people are called Tang costumes, so we can still vaguely see the afterglow of this fiery sunset.