Due to the scarcity of sculptures, the Dutch made outstanding achievements in painting in the15th century, and artists of the Dutch painting school created a large number of altar paintings and single woodcuts. Because Nederland art was born out of Gothic art in the Middle Ages, the paintings in the early Renaissance in Nederland have a strong religious flavor, and the overall painting tendency is: serious and quiet, and the characters are not vivid and natural enough. On the other hand, although most of these works show traditional religious themes, because the painter's interest in describing secular life and surrounding environment has greatly increased, the works sometimes show a realistic tendency.
Robert Cahn Bin and Jan Van Ecker are the main founders of the Nederland School of Painting.
For a long time, many scholars thought that robert campin (about 1375- 1444) was a "Frema painter". It turned out that the work of an unknown artist was found in Freeman Monastery, so he was called "Freeman painter". Later, when studying his artistic style, I found that there are obvious similarities with the style of Rogier Van der Veeden. On this basis, some scholars conclude that "Frema painter" is a famous painter Robert Combin and a teacher of Wimbledon (and a few scholars think that the works of the so-called "Frema painter" are his early works).
Kang Bin has worked in Tournay for a long time, and his representative works include Pregnancy Notice and The Birth of Jesus. Although these are religious paintings, the depiction in some details makes the picture reveal the interest of citizens' life. At that time, there was no independent landscape painting in the Netherlands. The painter drew a street view through the window in the Notice of Pregnancy, which is the earliest example of street view in Dutch painting. In the upper right corner of the birth of Jesus, it depicts the beautiful scenery in the sun, including castles, lakes, roads and houses. Although these landscapes are not realistic sketches, most of them are imaginary, but we can see the clues that landscape painting later became an independent painting discipline. Robert Combin's art had a great influence on Jan van Eijk and Wimbledon.
Jan Weil Ike (about 1390- 144 1) became an independent painter in 1422, and became a court painter of Duke Boriandi in 1425. The Madonna in the Church, written about 1425, depicts an extremely kind image of the Madonna, which deeply touched the hearts of the audience. The soft sunshine coming through the high window not only diluted the solemn atmosphere in the church, but also shone on the face of the Virgin, making her dignified and beautiful face radiant and her smile more cordial and moving. This work embodies secular thoughts and the painter's unique exploration in depicting indoor light, making it an important masterpiece of early interior painting in the Netherlands and a pioneer of Dutch interior genre painting in the17th century.
Ghent altar painting is an outstanding masterpiece of Nederland in the early Renaissance. For a long time, there are two different views about its author. One school thinks it was made by Jan Van Eyck and his brother Hubert Wellek. From an inscription painted by Ghent altar-a Latin on the side of the outer lower frame, we can know that this work was first painted by Hubert Van Eyck and later completed by his younger brother Yang Van Eyck. There is little information about Hubert, and there is no way to know when he was born. It is said that he died in 1426. People who hold this view believe in his existence, but it is difficult to clearly distinguish the works of the two brothers because of insufficient evidence. Scholars who hold another view doubt the authenticity of this Latin inscription and think that Hubert is just a legend. Later, a linguist, A. Amp, suggested that Hubert was not mentioned at all in a Latin paragraph written on the outer lower border of Ghent altar painting, which provided a new basis for the latter view. Hubert is one of the most controversial figures in the history of art, and there is no conclusion yet.
Jan Van Ecker completed the Ghent altar painting in 1432, which is a group of altar paintings of St. Bvan Cathedral in Ghent. On weekdays, the wings are closed and you can see the outside. During festivals, the wings are spread out to reveal the pictures inside. The whole altar painting consists of 23 paintings. The four paintings in the middle are the main picture, with God in the middle and the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist on both sides. This is the main part of the altar painting, praising the lamb. The characters are dignified and natural, lifelike, colorful and full of vitality. Painters enthusiastically praise human beings and nature and take a positive attitude towards the real world.
In addition to Ghent altar paintings, Jan Van Ecker also has a series of masterpieces handed down from generation to generation: Portrait of the Arnold Finis, Notre Dame of Nicholas Rowling, Notre Dame of Vanderbilt and so on. The portrait of the Anofini couple is a full-length portrait of a newly married couple, which is also an excellent genre painting. The painter carefully portrayed a pair of characters in real life, who swore allegiance to their marriage, showing the inner feelings and moral concepts of the citizen class at that time. Although most of Yang Van Eyck's works are religious paintings, he broke through the traditional techniques of religious paintings, attached great importance to the characterization of characters' personalities and psychology, paid great attention to realism, and carefully studied the expression of light and color, which made important improvements in oil painting methods. In his works, he showed colorful scenes of the real world and secular life, broke through medieval asceticism, embodied the concept of humanism, and opened the way for the Renaissance in the Netherlands.
Rogier van der weyden (about1399-1464) was also a famous artist in the first half of the 5th century. He was born in Tourne and is a student of Robert Combin. 1432 became an independent painter in Tournay, and then moved to Brussels, where he won the title of artist. 1450 went to Italy and was well received and respected. Italian humanists call him the best artist in Holland since Jan Van Ecker. Through his activities, he expanded the influence of the Nederland School in the world. Many of his masterpieces, such as Telling Pregnancy, Descending to the Cross, The Last Judgment and The Portrait of a Young Woman, are his masterpieces. Most of his works are religious paintings and a few are portraits, and his achievements in portrait painting are particularly outstanding. The Portrait of a Young Woman depicts a typical dignified and simple Dutch woman. The portrait of bold Charlie shows the character of the 30-year-old duke.
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/5th century, with the prosperity of economy, the culture and art in the north were also very prosperous, and the northern painting school was formed with Harlem as the center. Delk Potts (about 14 15 ~ 1475) is an important representative painter of the northern school of painting. He worked in Harlem for a long time, then moved to Leuven, where he was awarded the title of artist in 1468. He once painted altars for St. Peter's Church in Luyi. In the painting "The Last Supper", the painter did not show the time and place of the event according to the religious content, but boldly moved the last dinner scene to the restaurant of the residential building in Holland in the15th century. Typical Gothic houses have narrow walls, many windows, bright and soft indoor light, neat tiles on the floor and white tables covering the desktop, which not only accurately show the indoor perspective, but also well reflect the Neanderthals' habit of being neat, and the indoor furnishings and dining situations are filled with a strong secular atmosphere. This painting can be regarded as a typical example of expressing secular life with religious themes in Nederland's paintings at that time. His important works include Brateljin's Altar Painting and Simon's Christ.
After Potts, another famous northern painter was Gilgen Toth Sinter Jens (about 1460- 1495), whose creative style was influenced by Potts. His most famous masterpiece is the small oil painting John the Baptist in the Wilderness. The characters in the picture are dressed simply and disheveled, and bare feet are exposed under the shabby gown. The painter painted a typical image of a Dutch farmer. He also carefully painted trees, animals and birds as the background of the picture, with beautiful scenery, showing a very open wilderness, shrouded in a quiet and peaceful atmosphere. His other oil painting "The Birth of Jesus" depicts the night scene when Jesus was born. As a light source, the body of the infant Jesus illuminates the face and part of the picture of the Virgin Mary, while the other part of the picture is hidden in the night, which increases the mystery of religion. At the same time, there is a strong contrast between light and dark in the picture, which has been fully played in Dutch painting in the17th century. Youngs is a very original artist, and even considered as the earliest founder of Dutch painting school in17th century.
/kloc-in the second half of the 5th century, the famous painter in southern Holland was Hugo van der Goes (about 1440- 1482). 1467 became an independent painter and was the president of Ghent painters' association. 1In the autumn of 475, he lived in Rhodes Abbey near Brussels as an unruly monk, and 1482 died in this monastery. The shepherd came to worship was completed around 1480, and the death of Mary was written between 1478 and 1482, all of which are representative works of his later creation. His most famous masterpiece is the triptych large-scale altar painting "Bo Tinari Altar Painting", and the main painting is "The Shepherd Comes to Worship", which depicts the scene of worshipping the baby, especially successfully portraying the simple and honest image of the shepherd. When they saw Jesus, some smiled and some were surprised, and their facial expressions were rich, real and vivid.
At the end of 15 and the beginning of 16, the Dutch economy flourished and the capitalist relations of production further developed. It also introduced the advanced culture of the Italian Renaissance, and the humanistic thought was widely spread in the Dutch intellectual circles. The demand against feudalism is getting stronger and stronger; The depravity of the Holy See and the Archdiocese has been further exposed, and the call for religious reform in society is getting stronger and stronger. HieronwhusBosch (about 1450- 15 16) appeared in this period. At that time, his art was unique. At that time, the average Nederland painter paid special attention to the smooth and delicate painting style and the true expression of the image. Bos often satirizes them through imaginary cartoon images, such as mice, monkeys, monsters or half-human, half-beast, such as Catholic bishops, senior monks, theologians, feudal lords and so on. He created a brand-new painting style, which broke through the religious atmosphere of traditional Dutch painting. From the standpoint of progressive humanism, he mainly criticized the Catholic Church, reflecting people's thoughts and emotions against Catholicism and feudalism on the eve of the religious reform, and also reflecting the fierce struggle between the old and new sects in the Netherlands. There are often some grotesque and exaggerated images in his paintings, which are based on real life and combined with the artist's own fantasy. At the same time, realism and romanticism are closely combined to form Bos' unique painting language, which is also a major feature of his art. We can all appreciate Bos' unique painting style in his works, such as Moving Stones, The Ship of Fools, The Magician, Haycart and The Temptation of Saint Anthony.
Dutch genre painting was formed at the turn of 15 and 16 century, and it is deeply loved by people. Quentin mathis (about1465-1530) is one of the founders of genre painting. He was born in Leuven and then worked in Antwerp. In his early years, he was influenced by the exquisite and smooth traditional painting styles of Potts and Millin in the Netherlands, and later by Italian artists, especially Leonardo da Vinci. He often cooperated with Patinier, a landscape painter, who painted landscapes and figures, which set a precedent for Dutch landscape painters and figure painters to paint works together. Masu is good at drawing characters, with both form and spirit. The valuable genre paintings left to future generations reflect the social outlook of the Netherlands at the turn of the century. The painter spent most of his life in Antwerp, where businessmen and bankers from all over the world gathered. Masu's masterpiece "The Money Changer and His Wife" vividly shows the activities and life of the banker: the husband weighs gold coins very carefully, and the wife is reading a prayer book, but the open prayer book is put aside. She has no mind to read it, but pays attention to her husband's activities with interest.
Joachim Patinir (about 1485— 1524) was not the founder of independent landscape painting, but he made important contributions to the formation of Dutch landscape painting. In his works, the scenery occupies the most important picture, even if the religious theme is expressed, the characters are in a secondary position, and Quentin Masu and others are often invited to assist in painting. He devoted himself to the study and description of landscape, raising landscape to an unprecedented important position, thus laying the foundation for landscape painting to form an independent painting discipline. The scenery he painted is not a realistic sketch, but has the characteristics of an imaginary panoramic painting with traces of artificial carving. The picture has a wide field of vision, mainly in dark tones. Mountains and forests overlap in front of people. Representative works include Hieronymus, Escape to Egypt and Rest on the Way to Egypt.
/kloc-in the 6th century, with the development of capitalist economy, citizens' democratic consciousness was also strengthened, especially in Holland and Reims province in the north of the Netherlands, some joint guild enterprises and organizations appeared, and painters were often asked to draw group portraits and hang them in their headquarters or conference rooms, thus producing early group portraits, which reached its heyday in the 7th century. Jan Van Skoll (1495— 1562) is one of the representatives of early group painters, including Twelve Worshippers in Jerusalem and Mary Magdalene.
During this period, Italy in the south and the Netherlands in the north were the two most advanced regions in Europe, and the exchange of artists between the two places had a positive effect. Influenced by the advanced humanism of Italian Renaissance, Dutch artists learned advanced Italian expression techniques, which promoted the development of Dutch fine arts and helped the Netherlands get rid of the religious factors in Gothic art. However, some of these artists abandoned their national artistic traditions, divorced from life and simply imitated Italian artistic styles, calling them "romantics" in the history of art. Jan Gossaert (about1478-about/. He painted in the traditional Dutch style in his early years, then became an independent painter in Antwerp and traveled to Italy in 1508. He is deeply influenced by the contemporary art of ancient Greece, Rome and Italy, and likes to imitate Italian style. His representative works are as follows. Frans Floris (about 516-1570), another representative painter of romanticism, joined the Antwerp Artists Association in 0/540, and soon went to Italy to study Michelangelo, Raphael and ancient works of art, and returned to Antwerp in 0/547. His paintings are characterized by accurate and smooth brushstrokes and rich colors of Venetian painting school.
The bourgeois revolution in the Netherlands broke out in the 1960s, from 65438 to 0609, and lasted for several decades until the Netherlands became independent from 65438 to 0609. During this period, the Dutch people waged a long and unremitting struggle against Spanish rule. The art of PieterBmeghel d.A (about 1525- 1569) came into being during the brewing and outbreak of the Dutch revolution. As a great realistic artist, he shared the same breath and fought with the people. In his early years, he was famous as a copperplate painter and engaged in landscape painting creation. 1556 or so, depicting more characters, showing the influence of Bos. From 1563 until his death, he entered a glorious period of creation and produced the most important oil painting masterpieces. Farmers' genre paintings have enthusiastically shaped many farmers' images, such as "Farmers' Dance" and "Farmers' Wedding", which depict their uninhibited character and show their abundant vitality.
Bruegel's landscape paintings are also excellent. He likes to choose panoramic composition, which is broad in artistic conception and closely combined with scenery and characters, depicting the rich working life of farmers and the beautiful scenery of the countryside. Such as Harvesting Hay, Harvesting, Pastoral, Hunter in the Snow, Dark Time and other pastoral landscapes, show the natural scenery and farmers' labor all year round, and are full of vitality, showing people a moving portrayal of rural scenery and life in the Netherlands.
In the struggle of the Dutch people against the Spanish rulers, Bruegel created a survey of a family in Bethlehem, a baby in Bethlehem and other works, which implied the scenes of extortion and cruel slaughter by the Spanish army in the Netherlands in the form of religious paintings. A few other works, such as Dance under the gallows, directly describe the fighting life of the forest guerrilla-"beggars in the forest", praise the people's heroism and optimism, and play a role in exposing the enemy and inspiring the people. Bruegel used art as a weapon, which profoundly and truly reflected his time, thus becoming the greatest artist in the Dutch Renaissance.
There are few sculptures left in the Dutch Renaissance, so there are not many famous sculptors. Among them, ClausSluter (about 1355- 1406) achieved outstanding results. He belongs to the early Dutch Renaissance artist, inherited the tradition of Gothic art, and paid special attention to the realistic factors in Gothic sculpture. He was born in Harlem, then went to work in Brussels, joined the Brussels Sculptors Association, and arrived in Dijon, the capital of Bolivia, on 1385 to serve the "bold" Duke Philip. The most brilliant works behind him are the sculpture of the gate of Dijon monastery and the well of Moses. This work is called the well of Moses. It is not a well, but a hexagonal base. It turned out that a group of suffering sculptures stood on the pedestal. Now, apart from the head and upper body of Christ preserved in the Dijon Museum, other statues of the Virgin Mary, John and Mary Magdalene no longer exist. The pedestal is carved with the images of six prophets, such as Moses and David. Full figure, solid and powerful, facial expression is very individual.
Jean Monnet (1500 years ago-about 1548) was a famous sculptor in16th century. He was born in Metz and works in Antwerp. He lived in Mei Xian from 1524 until his death. He is quite influential in Holland, carving altars for churches and graves for nobles. He is very active and has many posthumous works. His masterpieces include The High Altar of Notre Dame de Hal and the relief Emperor Charles V and Queen Isabella.
Jacuues Dubraucu (about 1505— 1584) is another important sculptor in the Netherlands. He was born in Mons and studied in Rome for five years when he was young. From 1535 to 1548, the reading desk of the hometown church was carved. From 1545 to 1556, she served as the elder sister of Charles V and the court painter of the Hungarian ruling Maria. As a relief, Christ was sentenced to death.