Simple wooden castles appeared in Europe in the 9th century, and developed into stone buildings after 1 1 century.

The earliest castles in England were brought by the Norman invasion in the 0/0 century A.D. from 65438 to 065438.

Crusade period

1 1 century to14th century is the peak period of European castle construction.

/kloc-During the Crusade in the 20th century, Europeans built many castles in the holy land with the help of Byzantine engineers.

revive

/kloc-In the mid-5th century, due to the expansion of kingship, castles began to decline, and many places began to abolish castles, making them unable to be relied on by rebels. There is even a movement to destroy castles in Britain.

After the cannon appeared, the castle was gradually replaced by a fortress.

After the Renaissance, the castle was transformed into a luxurious garden castle, and the cracks in the walls were widened into glass windows, supplemented by gorgeous baroque and rococo interior decoration.

Modern development and maintenance

In modern times, most of these castles are opened as tourist attractions or high-end hotels and restaurants.

In Germany, the procedures for buying castles are simple and the price is low, but the buyers must repair and maintain the castles regularly, which will be very expensive.

The types of early castles were called "mounds and slates". A mound is a dam made of earth, with a certain width and height, usually 50 feet high. Large wooden arrow towers can be built on the mound, and the mound is surrounded by wooden boards, which are called banlou and used as protective warehouses, livestock fences and huts for living. Mounds and slates are like an island, surrounded by dug ditches filled with water, connected by a bridge and narrow and steep paths. When in danger, if you can't hold the banlou, the defending troops will retreat into the arrow tower.

In the 1 1 century, castles were built of stones instead of mud and wood. The wooden arrow tower built on the earth embankment is made of big stones. This kind of fortification was called empty-shell fortress, and later developed into an arrow tower or fortress. A stone wall will surround the ancient wooden buildings and fortresses, and will be replaced by trenches or moats, and suspension bridges and gates will be set up to protect the only gate of the castle. The most famous basic fortress castle is the Tower of London built by William the Conqueror. It used to be a square building, but it was painted white to attract attention. Later kings strengthened its scale with city walls and improved the buildings they see today.

After the Crusade, new defense techniques and siege engineers were brought back to improve the design of the castle. The concentric castle extends from the central point and is surrounded by two or more circular walls. At first, the square arrow tower was used to strengthen the defense of the city wall, and later it was changed to a circular arrow tower. Because the corners of the square tower are vulnerable to attack, the whole tower is extremely fragile, while the round tower is more resistant. You can add more combat readiness at the top of the city wall and the arrow tower, making it more capable of attacking downwards.

Although artillery appeared in Europe at the beginning of14th century, there was no siege artillery with fighting capacity until the middle of15th century. With the improvement of artillery power, people began to change the design of the castle as a response. In the past, the high-risk and steep walls were replaced by low-inclined walls. By the middle of the15th century, due to the expansion of kingship, the castle began to decline. 1 1 century, William the conqueror claimed to own all the castles in England and took them back from the nobles. In the13rd century, the construction or reinforcement of castles had to be approved by the king. Its purpose is to abolish the castle so that it cannot be used as a basis for rebellion.

The castle was abandoned, a quarter of it was still preserved by the nobles, and the others were reduced to ruins. As the production of wealth shifts from rural areas to cities, towns with strengthened defense facilities become more important.

The construction of the castle can be completed in less than a year, or it may take twenty years. Building castles has been an important industry for centuries. Famous masons are in great demand, and batches of castle builders will move from one place to another to work. Towns want to hire skilled workers to build cathedrals, and lords also want to hire them to build castles.

Construction began at Beaumaris Castle in North Wales, 1295. Its design is symmetrical and has no weaknesses. At the peak of construction, 30 blacksmiths, 400 masons and 2000 workers are needed. Workers are mostly engaged in excavation, handling, lifting, excavation, stone splitting and other work. This well-designed castle was never completed. Conwill's Castle was built in Wales by England's Edward I of England, which took 40 months.

The walls of the castle are made of stone, and the inside of the stone wall is filled with gravel and flint, which is mixed with mortar grinder. The width of the city wall is generally between six and sixteen feet (about 1.8m ~ 4.9m).