Cinchona is also called quinine tree. It is an evergreen tree of Rubiaceae. Mainly produced in South America. 19 12 was successfully introduced in Taiwan Province province, China. Yunnan province was introduced from Indonesia on 1933. After eight failures, the ninth sowing was successful. Use alkaloids contained in bark, root bark, branches and leaves as medicine. It contains about 30 alkaloids, among which quinine, quinidine and cinchonidine are the most important alkaloids in medicine. Bitter taste and cold nature. Has antimalarial and antipyretic effects. Treat malaria, high fever and other diseases.

In addition, Cinchona succirubra Pav. Yunnan is also introduced, and its bark can extract quinine alkaloids for medicine.

I. Morphological characteristics

① Cinchona Lester

Adult plants can be as high as 25m；; DBH1-1.5m ... The trunk is not straight and the branches are low and dense. The bark is brown and thin with many shallow cracks. The crown is conical with high density. Leaf blade is rice-shaped or rectangular, 7- 12 cm long, with sharp apex and wedge-shaped base, smooth and hairless. Corolla milky white to light yellow, odorous; Calyx short, 5-toothed, persistent; Corolla tube-shaped, long 1- 1.3 cm, 5-lobed at the top, lobes often bent and drooped, sometimes wrinkled. Long white hair on the side; Stamens 5, inserted in corolla tube, not prominent; Ovary 2-loculed. Capsule ovoid, septicidal. The seeds are 4-5 mm long, 1 mm wide and winged (fig. 19-5 (a)).

Fig.19-5 (a) morphological diagram of cinchona.

1 .cuttlefish 2. bark

(2) Red Cinchona

The trunk is tall and straight, and the adult plant can be as high as 30m. The trunk is cylindrical with occasional white stripes or longitudinal cracks. The seedlings grow particularly rapidly, and the height of 6-7-year-old plants can reach 12m.

There are fewer branches than cinchona. Crown elliptic, slightly spreading. The leaves are large and wide, 40-50 cm long, ovoid or ovoid, with short hair and often red on the back. The flowers are rosy, the petals on them are white, and there is a rosy stripe in the middle; The capsule is bigger [Figure 19-5 (b)].

Figure19-5 (b) Morphological diagram of red cinchona tree

1 .cuttlefish 2. Flower 3. bark

Second, biological characteristics.

Biological characteristics of (1) seeds

In China's cultivation areas, due to different conditions such as altitude, temperature and moisture, the flowering and fruiting period and seed maturity period are also different. It blooms in July and August, so the temperature and humidity during this period are conducive to pollination and fruiting, full seeds and good quality. Seeds mature in February-March of the following spring, which is a suitable seed collection season. 1-February flower, the seed maturity is rainy season, the seed is easy to absorb moisture and deteriorate, so it is not suitable for harvesting. 11-65438+February flowering is a low temperature and drought period, which affects pollination and the seeds are poorly developed, so it is not suitable for planting.

Cinchona seeds are easy to absorb moisture and deteriorate, so it is not suitable for long-term storage. If they are left for too long, they will lose their germination ability, so it is best to sow with the harvest. But it can be kept for more than half a year under dry and airtight conditions. After the seeds with original germination rate of 70.3% were stored in the dryer for 10 months, the germination rate was 55.7%, which still kept 79.2% of the original germination rate (table 19-4). If there are many seeds and the storage time is short, they can also be put in cloth bags and hung in ventilated and dry places. The seeds soaked in seeds emerge on 12- 15 days after sowing, 1 month; After soaking seeds to accelerate germination, seedlings will emerge 5-7 days after sowing, 15-25 days. Seeding in dry season is slower, and seeding in rainy season is faster.

Table 19-4 Effects of different storage methods on seed germination of cinchona; The dryer is changed once every 15 days, and the crock is buried underground, which is repeated for three times.

(2) Growth and development and its requirements for environmental conditions

1. Growth and development characteristics

The lateral roots and fibrous roots of cinchona are mainly distributed in the soil layer above 40cm. The root width of 1 year can reach 40-50 cm, and the spacing between plants1.5-2.0m. Generally, the roots will cross each other after 2-3 years. The root length of 6-year-old plants can reach more than 2 m.

Under the general management measures, the annual net increase of Cinchona trees cultivated in Yunnan in China is 50-80 cm, and the good ones can reach100 cm; . The annual net increase is 0.5-0.65 cm, and the good one can reach 1cm. Because there is more water in the second half of the year, whether it is thickening or increasing, it is 80% of the annual growth.

The thickness of medicinal bark is less than 0. 1cm in one year, 0.3-0.35 an in four years and more than 0.4cm in seven years. The quinine content in bark gradually increased at the age of 1-6, especially at the age of 5-7. 7- 12 years old, its quinine content maintained the highest level. After 12 years, its quinine content decreased slightly. In terms of bark output, the weight of 1-6-year-old bark increased rapidly. After 7 years, the growth rate of bark weight slowed down. Generally, when the tree age is 5-8 years, the yield of bark and the content of quinine in bark are relatively high, and the harvest can begin.

Cinchona trees planted in woodland can generally blossom and bear fruit after 3-4 years. Due to the different conditions such as altitude, temperature and moisture, their flowering and fruiting periods and seed maturity periods are also inconsistent. Even in the same area, the change of climatic conditions will cause the change of flowering and fruiting period and seed maturity period.

2. Requirements for environmental conditions

(1) temperature

The requirements of Cinchona tree for temperature are warm but not hot, with small annual temperature difference and basically frost-free in winter. Native to South America, it is located in the cool and humid rain forest of the Andes, with an altitude of 800-3000m, between north latitude 10 and south latitude 22 ... At present, cinchona plants are distributed and cultivated in the vast tropical and subtropical areas between north latitude 27 and south latitude 22. In Southeast Asia, cinchona grows best, with an average minimum temperature of 13.5℃ and an annual average temperature of 2 1℃. When it is lower than 7℃ or higher than 26℃, the growth is poor. In southern Yunnan, China, cinchona is cultivated in the area below 21-25 north latitude1200m. When the temperature is 1-2℃, there is obvious chilling injury, and the temperature drops to 0℃ or even -5℃ in a short time. Although the above-ground parts are dead, most of the underground parts are not dead, and they can germinate and regenerate in spring.

(2) Lighting

Cinchona trees need a certain shade environment. In the environment with less light and higher humidity, the leaves are darker and larger in color. Under strong light, when water is insufficient, the color of leaves turns from light to red, and the leaf area shrinks. At the same time, under cool and humid conditions, the bark is obviously thicker than that under direct sunlight, and it is also easy to peel off from the xylem. In southern Yunnan, it grows best under 30-40% shade. The contents of alkaloids and quinine in about 50% shade were obviously higher than those in the open field, but with the increase of shade, the contents of alkaloids and quinine gradually decreased (Figure 19-6). The cinchona tree without shading showed obvious early flowering and premature aging.

Fig. 19-6 effect of light on quinine content in cinchona tree.

The light demand of cinchona tree changes with the change of temperature, soil, moisture and air humidity. The younger the tree, the higher the temperature, and the greater the need for shade. In the low altitude area of southern Yunnan, in the dry season of high temperature and low humidity, seedlings grow without shade, and even die in severe cases; It grows normally under certain shading conditions. 10 ~ 12 grows normally without shading when the temperature is low and the humidity is high.

(3) The wet cinchona tree is cultivated in Southeast Asia, with an annual rainfall of 2000-2500mm and even distribution. In Yunnan, China, where cinchona trees are planted, the annual rainfall is about 1500mm, and there is an obvious dry season, so the rainfall is somewhat insufficient. However, if we can choose a cool and humid microclimate environment, pay attention to prevent sun exposure and increase the humidity of soil and air, we can also grow well. The relative humidity of air is generally higher than 80%, which is not much different from that in Southeast Asia. Only the dry season from March to May is dry, so special attention should be paid to strengthening shading and irrigation measures to increase soil and air humidity.

(4) Soil Cinchona tree has wide adaptability to soil, but the best soil is forest soil with rich organic matter, deep soil layer, loose texture, good structure, good water retention and drainage, and pH value in the range of 4.5-6.0. Poor drainage soil is easy to cause seedling diseases, and too sticky soil or accumulated water is not conducive to the formation of new roots and plant growth of transplanted and planted seedlings. Soil with high nitrogen content is beneficial to the growth and development of cinchona and the accumulation of quinine biomass in bark.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) breeding method

1. Seed propagation

At present, seed propagation is widely used in production. Select the mother tree with strong plant growth and strong stress resistance, and the quinine content in bark is not less than 8% to collect seeds. After the fruit is exposed to the hot sun for 1-2 hours, it is threshed to remove impurities, and then fully dried indoors for seed use. The seeds are small and light, averaging about 3000-4000 grains per gram.

Choose gentle slope land with water source and gradient of 3- 10 degree, choose new wasteland to raise seedlings to reduce diseases, and choose leeward terrain to avoid strong wind from damaging the shade shed and scraping off new seeds. The area ratio of nursery, transplant and plantation is 1: 15: 500.

Cinchona Miao prefers yin to yang. In addition to avoiding direct sunlight in the direction of the seedbed, a shade shed should be set up on the seedbed. The height of the shade shed is 80 cm in front and 40 cm in back. The thatched roof should basically be light-tight and rain-tight. Grass curtains should be hung on the front eaves of the shade shed to prevent direct sunlight and heavy rain. The seeds are small, the bed soil is strictly subdivided, flat and waterless. Design sidewalks, ditches and water storage pits to facilitate management, drainage, spraying and watering.

Before sowing, dry the seeds for 1-2 days, and dry them for 1-2 hours every day to prevent sun exposure. Soak the seeds in warm water of about 45℃, let them cool naturally, then soak them for 12 hours or soak them in 0.5% baking soda water 12 hours, wash them with clear water, and dry them slightly without sticking to each other when sowing. You can also soak the seeds in warm water at 45℃ for 10 minute, spread gauze on the sand bed, spread the soaked seeds with a thickness of less than 2cm, cover them with 1-2 layers of gauze and sterilized thatch, and regularly spray water for moisture to accelerate germination. Pay attention to prevent mildew. After 6-7 days, some seeds are exposed, taken out to dry and sown. The treated seeds can accelerate germination, make germination orderly and improve germination rate.

Sowing in March-May, transplanting in July-September, and planting in woodland in rainy season (June-July) the following year. Sowing in August-September, transplanting in rainy season the following year, and planting in rainy season the following year.

The germination rate of field seeds is 40-50% of indoor germination rate. There are 700-800 seedlings per square meter of seedbed, and the seedlings grow well. According to the indoor germination rate and seedling density, the sowing amount of seedbed is calculated as 3500-4000 seeds per gram. Mix the seeds with the screened humus soil or sediment, and sow evenly to make the seeds evenly distributed. Spray clear water on the bed surface with a sprayer first to make the bed surface moist, and then sow, so as to avoid watering too much after sowing, so that the seeds are washed away by water and affect germination.

After sowing, the seedbed should always be watered with a sprayer or carefully with a fine-hole watering can to keep it moist, not too wet or too sick. Weeds on the surface of seedbed should be removed in time after emergence. Cinchona seedlings are easily confused with weed seedlings, so it is necessary to correctly distinguish cinchona seedlings from weed seedlings when weeding. If the seedlings are weak and grow slowly, 0.2% urea or 0.3% ammonium nitrate aqueous solution can be applied, and 10g urea or 15g ammonium nitrate can be applied to each bed. Before transplanting seedlings, the thickness of thatch on the shade shed should be appropriately reduced, so that seedlings can get some sunshine, and after transplanting, they will not be frozen and die without sunlight.

When the seedlings grow to 7-8 cm high, they should be transplanted from the seedbed to the transplanted seedbed to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the seedlings, expand the nutrient area, and make the seedlings grow vigorously and easily colonize and survive. Choosing cloudy days in rainy season is conducive to survival. The row spacing of transplanted plants is generally 10×20cm, and 500 plants per 100 m2 seedbed is appropriate. When setting the shade shed, the thatch on the shade shed of seedbed should be removed in stages two months before planting, so that the seedlings can get light exercise and survive easily after being planted in woodland in the future.

2. Bud grafting propagation

In order to maintain the excellent characters of high-content mother trees, bud grafting propagation method is adopted. Methods refer to the germination method of nux vomica.

3. Cutting propagation and high-altitude layering propagation can also be used, which are mostly used for introducing or collecting raw materials, and are rarely used in production.

(2) Land selection and land preparation

Planting forest land is mostly hillside, so it is necessary to build horizontal terraces first and then dig pits for planting. Different slopes adopt different planting densities (Table 19-5). The plant spacing adopted in China is 1.0× 1.5m, with 444 plants per mu. In areas with low altitude or more sunshine, proper close planting can be used to make them close early, which has a good effect on plant growth and alkaloid accumulation.

Table 19-5 Planting Density of Different Slopes in Cinchona Woodland

When building a horizontal terrace, the topsoil remains on the surface of the field. A bucket with a mouth width of 50 cm, a hole depth of 40 cm and a bottom width of 30 cm is often used to dig holes. After the weathering of the cave soil, before planting, backfill and mix the topsoil and bottom fertilizer at the bottom of the cave, and then fill the soil slightly higher than the ground.

(3) Planting

It is more suitable to plant in May-July when the rainy season begins, sooner rather than later, so that the seedlings can have a long growth and development time in that year and easily spend the first dry season after planting. It is easy to survive in cloudy or rainy weather in Mao Mao. Not suitable for planting in sunny or rainy days.

Cut off some leaves from the planted seedlings and raise them with soil. When planting, put the straight roots of seedlings straight, and press the lateral roots in layers according to the position, so as to keep the original distribution of planting roots in the seedbed soil as much as possible.

(d) Forest land management

1. Transplantation

After planting, it is necessary to check frequently, replace the missing seedlings, sick seedlings and weak seedlings with strong seedlings of the same variety and seedling age as soon as possible, strengthen the management of seedling replacement, ensure the complete seedlings and neat forest conditions, and ensure the number of plants per unit area.

2. intertillage weeding and deep ploughing to improve soil

After the survival of field planting, intertillage and weeding should be carried out in time to avoid desolation, which will cause the seedlings to fall leaves and stagnate, resulting in the seedlings being old and stiff. Pay close attention to intertillage weeding before and during the rainy season every year, so that the soil is loose, easy to accept rainfall, reduce losses and avoid weeds in the rainy season. Before the end of the rainy season and winter, the terraces outside the root zone should be deeply turned 20-30cm, and the terraces inside the root zone should be shallowly turned 10- 15cm to increase soil fertility. In areas with severe cold damage, combined with intertillage, cultivate soil at the junction of rhizomes to prevent cold.

3. Planting crops covered with green manure

0-2 years after planting 65438+, short-term leguminous crops such as peanuts and soybeans or leguminous green manure crops such as Brazilian alfalfa can be planted in woodland, which can not only increase income, but also be used as green-pressing materials to prevent soil erosion and improve soil.

4. Fertilization and irrigation

At the early stage of survival and growth, apply 100g effective nitrogen fertilizer to each plant to promote seedling growth. In the middle of the rainy season every year, combined with green pressing, each plant is mixed with 200-300 g phosphate fertilizer and 0/00-200 g nitrogen fertilizer for green pressing. In cold-damaged areas, quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied before winter, and potassium fertilizer and soil miscellaneous fertilizer should be applied appropriately to improve cold resistance. In areas with uneven rainfall and obvious dry season, if there are irrigation conditions, irrigation facilities need to be made for gravity irrigation; If there is no irrigation condition, a reservoir can be built in the woodland for artificial irrigation to meet the water demand of cinchona trees as much as possible.

Reasonable pruning

After planting, young trees of 1-2 years old should remove the sprouting lateral buds on the trunk in time to avoid excessive branches and affect the upward growth of the trunk. Keep 1-2 evenly distributed in the branches and try to leave the leaves on the trunk to ensure a certain leaf area for photosynthesis. Removing lateral buds should be "small and early" With the growth of tree age, the trunk will be enlarged and the branches will be cut off in turn. Finally, control the height of the first pair of branches at 1.8-2m above the ground. The trunk of cinchona tree over three years is basically shaped, and then pruned once before and after the rainy season, mainly to cut off weak branches, diseased branches, drooping branches, dead branches and sprouting branches from the roots. Timely and reasonable pruning will make plants grow taller and thicker. If the pruning is too heavy, the photosynthetic leaf area will be reduced, which will have an impact on the growth and thickening. The trunk will become thinner, the bark will become thinner, and the crown will become smaller and trumpet-shaped.

(5) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Seed wilt

(Phytophthora cinnamomi)

It usually occurs in cotyledon stage to two pairs of true leaves. The diseased plants and leaves are scalded by water, and then the whole plant dies. It is easy to get sick under the condition of high temperature and high humidity. Control method: select raw wasteland as nursery and control the humidity of seedbed. Find the diseased heart, pull out the diseased plant in time, and sprinkle lime to close the diseased point. Before or during the onset, spray 1: 1: 160 bordeaux mixture to prevent the spread. You can also spray 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution or 40% chlorpyrifos 300 times solution.

2. Rhizoctonia solani

(Rhizoctonia. )

It mostly occurs in the true leaf growth period of seedlings, and the diseased plants have obvious ring blight near the root-stem junction, which spreads rapidly. Pathogenic conditions and agricultural control of the same seedling blight. At the onset stage, the diseased seedlings were removed and watered with 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution.

3. Purple feather disease

This is one of the most common root diseases in the field. Around the root of the disease is a fungus rope that is lavender first and then purple. In the later stage, the plant becomes weak, and the leaves become smaller and yellow. In severe cases, the leaves dry up from top to bottom, and finally the whole plant dies. Prevention and control methods: remove the roots of stumps in forest land and nursery land during reclamation to eliminate the source of infection; Find the diseased plant, dig it out and burn it immediately, and expose the diseased spot to the sun; Irrigation with 50% carbendazim and 500 times solution during the occurrence period.

Others include crickets and scarabs.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

(1) Harvest

When the tree age is 5-8 years, the content of quinine in bark is high and the yield of bark is high, so harvesting is more suitable at this time. From June 5438+0 1 to June 5438+February, Cinchona tree in Yunnan grows slowly, and its bark is easy to peel off. The weather is conducive to bark drying, which is a suitable season for harvesting. There are three kinds of harvesting methods: thinning (interval cutting), clumping (cutting off the aboveground parts, and the stumps continue to sprout branches) and total cutting (cutting off the whole plant by roots). After harvesting, the trunks, roots and barks of the same age and variety are peeled in stages.

(2) Processing

1.

Scraped off with a knife, usually curved or grooved irregular pieces, 2-7 cm long, yellowish brown or reddish brown.

dry skin

Cut off the branches of the trunk, saw them into small pieces, and beat them with a mallet to remove the bark. When drying, the flaky and massive bark with a length of about 20cm and a width of about 5- 10 cm is flattened to obtain flat and massive cinchona bark. Drying the stripped block bark with a length of about 30cm and a width of about 4-8cm, and naturally curling into a tubular shape to obtain tubular coiled cinchona bark.

3. Branches and barks

Commonly used knives are scraped into irregular strips, and the market after drying is called pinnate cinchona bark.

Separate the graded bark for 2-3 days, and the exposure time should not be too long, so as not to damage quinine and affect the product quality. Then air-dry in a cool and ventilated place. When drying equipment is available, it can be dried at 60-70℃ 12-24 hours. The moisture content of fresh bark is 65-70%; The moisture content of air-dried bark is15-20%; The moisture content of dried bark is10-12%. After drying and cooling, impurities are removed, packaged in grades and stored in a cool and dry place. Send it to the factory for production as soon as possible. Harvest bark of 5-8 years old cinchona. If the management level is high, the dry product per mu can reach more than 50 kilograms, and the general quinine content in bark is not less than 5-7%, which varies with varieties and parts. Generally, the quinine content in cinchona bark is the highest; The content of root bark is the highest, followed by dry bark and less branch bark.