In the process of developing and constructing Gannan, Hakka people in Gannan have created brilliant achievements and splendid culture, and the rich historical relics left by various parts of Gannan are the best proof. Wai House is a distinctive Hakka residence, which is not only praised by architects as a wonderful flower in the history of residential architecture, but also fascinated historians, folklorists, poets, artists and even ordinary tourists with its profound cultural connotation. Hakka wai houses in Gannan are located in Longnan, Quannan and Dingnan counties. There are about five or six hundred in the south of Xinfeng and Anyuan counties and some places in Xunwu, of which Longnan is the most concentrated. Hakka enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi are mostly square, showing a different style from the round earth buildings in western Fujian and the dragon enclosed houses in eastern and western Guangdong.
In addition, there are many houses in southern Jiangxi, such as "Shang, Xia, San, San" and "Nine Wells and Eighteen Halls". Such as Egret in Ganxian County and 99 and a half rooms in Shicheng. Feng Shui, also known as Feng Shui, is a custom of choosing good luck and avoiding evil spirits from ancient times to the present. Hakka people believe in geomantic omen. Whenever weddings and funerals are celebrated, houses are built, stoves are used for cooking, wells are dug, graves are selected, or bridges and roads are built, Mr. Feng Shui is invited to explore the geographical location, see Feng Shui and choose a good day. This custom has been enduring since ancient times.
Fengshui was introduced into Gannan with the southward migration of Hakka ancestors. According to the information handed down from generation to generation by feng shui masters in Hakka area, it is mainly Yang Junsong who introduced feng shui into Hakka area. Also known as Yang Jipin, he is the ancestor of the Hakkas who moved south in the late Tang Dynasty. After he came to Gannan from Chang 'an, he lived in seclusion in Sanliao Village, Xingguo, pursued Long Mai, engaged in Feng Shui practice and taught students to preach. He inherited and developed the theory of form and method in Feng Shui, and founded Jiangxi Situation School (actually Gannan School). His main disciples are Zeng He, both from Yudu County. Since Yang Junsong gave lectures in Gannan, geomantic omen has become a profession handed down from generation to generation in Hakka areas, and Yang Junsong has thus become the ancestor of geomantic omen. Sanliao Village in Xingguo is also known as the first geomantic omen village in China.
In the Song Dynasty, geomantic omen prevailed in southern Jiangxi, and celebrities came forth in large numbers, such as Liao Yuan, Xie Shinan, Lai Wenjun, Fu, Zou Kuan and so on. These feng shui masters not only watch the wind in the local area, but also have a good reputation. Even Wenda was appointed as the court to watch Feng Shui. Liao Junqing, the designer of Dingling Site of Ming Tombs, is from Gannan.
From the end of the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, the situation school of geomantic omen spread to Fujian, from which a new school, the School of Science and Law, was derived. Subsequently, Feng Shui spread to Guangdong, northern Guangdong and other places. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, geomantic omen activities had become a custom, popular in the vast Hakka areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, and rooted in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Southeast Asia as the Hakka people crossed the ocean. As a cultural accumulation, the concept of geomantic omen deeply permeates the hearts of Hakkas. Hakka people in Gannan generally call the hall "hall" or "hall house", and the hall refers to the ancestral hall. Call the house "house" and the house "house". The hall is the center of the house, and many "main houses" and "horizontal houses" are connected together to form a big house, which is essentially born out of the ancient quadrangles in the Central Plains. Hakka dwellings in southern Jiangxi are the mainstream, which are found in all counties, but Ningdu, Xingguo, Shicheng, Du Yu and other counties in the northeast are the most prosperous and representative.
(1) The simplest combination unit on the plane is "four fans and three rooms", also known as "three rooms pass through", that is, three rooms have one bright room and two dark rooms, the bright room is the hall, the secondary room is the hall, and rooms such as kitchen and barn are generally built adjacent or separately. People with a little money are usually two buildings. Each building has three or five rooms, separated by a horizontal patio, and the front and rear buildings are connected by an axillary corridor. The Ming rooms of the two houses become the front hall (hall) and the back hall (upper hall), which are also collectively called the "main hall". The second room in the front hall is the wing, and the second room in the back hall is the main room. In this way, a closed "main house" composed of two units is formed, which is also commonly known as "two-hall style". On this basis, if the house needs to be expanded or the original scale is large, the "horizontal house" will be expanded on both sides of the main house. The depth of the horizontal house is flush with the main house or the front part protrudes two rooms, and the plane is inverted "concave". Leave a detour between the main house and the horizontal house, which is called "lane" or "jam", and Fujian and Guangdong are called "horizontal flat". A small door facing each other before and after the bend. A vertical patio should be left in the driveway to provide lighting and drainage. All the rooms in the horizontal house face the road. The main room leads from the armpit corridor to the alley. In this way, taking the main hall of the main house as the central axis, plus the alleys and horizontal houses on both sides, a house commonly known as "two halls and two horizontal houses" was formed. If this kind of residential building needs to be expanded, similar hutongs and houses can be symmetrically added on the outside of the horizontal house, which can be called "two halls, four horizontal and six horizontal". You can also build a three-room, five-room or five-room main room in front of the main room, so that the original front building and front hall will become the middle building and middle hall. The completed building is called the front lobby, and the alleys and houses on both sides can move forward. This kind of house consisting of three main rooms and two rows of horizontal rooms is called "three halls and two horizontal rooms". This is the most representative form of this kind of residents. As mentioned above, if necessary, the three-hall and two-horizontal style can be extended to "three halls, four horizontal and six horizontal". In the investigation, the author has heard of such a mansion as "Nine Wells and Eighteen Halls" and "Nine Halls and Eighteen Halls", with different opinions, but all of them reflect its scale in terms of depth and width, which is the highest realm pursued by local people in building houses. Generally, there are more than two horizontal halls with ponds and rice fields in front of them. This pond and Woping are not only places for residents to wash and cool things, but also naturally become their sphere of influence for further development. In short, with two or three horizontal houses as the basic unit combination, it can continue to expand forward and left and right, up to hundreds, or even a village, that is, a house with a surname. There are still hundreds of big houses in Ningdu, Shicheng and other counties.
(2) The common column houses on the fa? ade are nothing more than two-story buildings with blue tiles and earth walls. There are two kinds of houses with more than two halls: blue brick wall and adobe wall, among which pure brick wall houses are few and mostly local. For example, under gables or skirts, bricks are used under doors and windows, and the rest are adobe walls. Fireproof brick walls are built on each gable, which is one of the important decorative points of the external image of the house. But the most important exterior decoration point is the gate or gatehouse. The main method is to build the facade with square bricks (some with bluestone or red stone strips). It is beautifully made, with intricate feet and exquisite sculptures. The simple form is a box with mixed lines or a small decoration at the door, while the complex form is a wooden arch. The common ones are the first floor with two columns and the third floor with four columns. The advanced ones, such as the ancestral hall gate or the independent gatehouse, often adopt the style of four columns and five floors. The wood-like components are more exquisite and have drums and stones. Generally speaking, from the exquisite and luxurious decoration of the gate, we can see the power or wealth of the owner of the residence.
In addition, the Hakka people in southern Jiangxi are also promoting the trend of "single door". On the plaque at the gate, most of them have inscriptions indicating the family origin of their surnames, or indicating their noble family and sages, that is, the hall number, such as Zhang Shushu Qinghe Shize, Huang surnamed Jiangxia, Kong surnamed Nishan, Zeng surnamed a family heirloom in three provinces, Liu surnamed a scholar in the world, and Shu Da.
(3) Structure and Decoration Hakka dwellings in southern Jiangxi are mixed structures of civil and brick, but civil structures are the mainstream. Brick-and-wood houses are generally limited to big landlords or temples. If brick houses are used, they are mostly drywall. Among them, there are more brick houses in the north than in the south. Civil buildings can be divided into adobe buildings and rammed earth buildings, of which rammed earth buildings are more in the south than in the north. Masonry walls and adobe walls are load-bearing. Columns are not used much, mainly for halls. Because the halls of this kind of residence are all open halls (there is no front eaves wall in the back hall and no back eaves wall in the front hall), there is generally no building. In order to support the overhangs and ceilings, some large main halls have two eaves columns, and the halls with porches have added colonnade columns because of the reduction of eaves walls.
It is said that Gannan was also rich in wood in ancient times, but the wood composition was not developed. Compared with northern Jiangxi, it uses less materials, such as beams, purlins and towers. The use is also rough and simple. In terms of decoration, the doors and windows facing inward (patio) of a few rich people's houses are more elegant, and the windows and lattice centers are mostly ice seams, lantern racks, lattice flower hearts and so on. The advanced ones also use carved lattices and tapestries to carve characters' stories or auspicious animals and plants, mostly painted. The window facing outwards is smaller. Most of them are straight lattice windows, and the outer windows of brick houses are often long and narrow "lattice windows", and some prefabricated small stone windows are common. The lattice window is China's, with plants and animals, etc. Smallpox is mainly used in halls, one is self-cornice flat nail lath, the other is inclined nail lath along the roof slope. Some of the former do algae wells, painted in colorful, rarely exposed on the top, and the roof is common in the front or porch of the open hall. In addition, the Hall of the Great Hero is very popular with the wall of Taishi, with a shrine on the wall and a god's case in front. A closed house, as its name implies, is a closed house, and its external wall is not only the load-bearing external wall of each house in the closed house. It is also the defensive fence of the whole enclosure, and its front door has many titles of "so-and-so enclosure", such as Pan 'an Enclosure, Yi Yan Enclosure and Dragon's Aperture, so it is called. Some locals also call it "water enclosure", some also call it "earth enclosure" or "enclosure" together with villages and houses with solid walls.
(1) The enclosed houses are mainly distributed in Longnan, Dingnan, Quannan (called "Sannan" locally), and south of Xunwu, Anyuan and Xinfeng, which are roughly just distributed in the part of the territory where the northeast of Guangdong is embedded in Jiangxi. In addition, there are a few small earth buildings and sporadic enclosed houses in Shicheng, Ruijin and Huichang. At the junction of Du Yu, Ningdu and Xingguo counties, there are many rows of villages.
The enclosed houses in longnan county are the most representative and concentrated. According to incomplete survey statistics, a natural village often has seven or eight closed houses. The form is also the most comprehensive, except for a large number of square enclosures, there are semi-circular enclosures, near-circular enclosures, semi-circular enclosures, near-circular enclosures, gossip-shaped and irregular village enclosures. Structurally, there are both concrete and river pebbles, as well as blue bricks and stones; From the volume point of view, there are both the largest square enclosure in southern Jiangxi-Kansai enclosure and the smallest enclosure-Liren Baiwei (commonly known as "cat cabinet enclosure" described as small as a cat cage). Almost every town in dingnan county has enclosed houses, but they are scattered, with few fine products, and the walls are mostly rammed with raw soil. Therefore, the roof form is mostly hanging mountains, which is rare in other counties. The enclosed houses in quannan county are basically made of river pebbles. In order to get an extra shooting height, most of the surrounding roofs are built with female walls with shooting holes around them, and they can fight to the death if necessary. The enclosed houses in Anyuan County are mainly distributed in the southern towns centered on Zhengang and Kongtian, and there are about 100. The enclosed houses in Xinfeng County are relatively dilapidated, and there are more Xiaojiang Township today. Xunwu County belongs to the Pearl River system and was influenced by the culture of eastern Guangdong in the past, so there are many enclosed houses in the southern towns here, but many of them are enclosed houses with turrets at the front two corners. The total number of enclosed houses in the above counties is estimated to be more than 600.
(2) The main feature is a typical closed house, with a square plane, towers (bunkers) protruding about one meter at the four corners, and the thickness of the external wall is between 0.8- 1.5 meters. The front of the fence is two to four stories high, and the turret is one story high. Generally, there are no windows on the outer wall, only rows of gun holes are arranged on the top wall, and some still have gun holes. The roof form is mainly hard mountain. There must be one or two wells in the shell. Generally, the shell has one hole, and the larger one has two holes. There are two main forms of enclosed house plane: the word "mouth" and the word "country". In addition to the surrounding houses, the former has a combined main building with ancestral halls, small or bright or dark, but more is a symmetrical combination of three halls and two horizontal buildings, with a maximum area of nearly 10,000 square meters. Brick and stone are the main building materials, and the wall is mostly built by the method commonly known as "gold-coated silver", that is, one third of the outer wall is built with brick or stone, and two thirds of the inner wall is built with adobe or rammed earth. The enclosed house floor is generally higher than the enclosed house and lower than the earth building. The biggest difference between it and the fenced area in Fujian and Guangdong is that the defensive function of the fenced area in southern Jiangxi is more perfect, and the turret built at the four corners of the fenced area is obviously used to guard against and attack the enemy who has entered the wall or tile surface. These watchtowers have various forms, including those built at the four corners and those built on the wall, like the "horse face" of the Yugoslav capital, and some have built a single small bunker on the top floor of the watchtower at the four corners, completely eliminating the dead angle. In addition, the design of the enclosure door also embodies the characteristics of foolproof. Doors are the safety of the whole paddock, so there are generally doors behind the board doors, and some paddocks are also equipped with side doors, and there are "door bolts" (fence doors) in front of the board doors. In order to prevent fire attack, there is also a water leakage hole at the top of the door.
(3) The space treatment paddock is a fortified residential building integrating home, shrine and fort. Not only are there wells and rooms for storing grain and grass, but even the "land temple" (commonly known as "social public") has moved into the enclosure (generally located in the enclosure door) to prevent the enemy from being trapped for a long time and not missing the activities of praying for peace on the first day and the fifteenth day. Therefore, in a sense, it is independent. As long as the door is closed, it is almost an independent kingdom. Therefore, how to make rational use of the limited space in the envelope has become a problem that designers and occupants of the envelope must seriously consider. First of all, no matter how many houses are built in the enclosure (referring to the "Guo"-shaped enclosure), such as Kansai New Enclosure and Dongsheng Enclosure, the plane is above 200, which needs to be neat and unified, and the streets and lanes are clear to ensure the convenience of traffic, ventilation and lighting in the enclosure. Secondly, it is necessary to ensure that the enclosure has proper outdoor space, there are many things to be washed in the cold in farm life, and the population and houses in the enclosure are concentrated. Therefore, every enclosure pays great attention to leaving a sunny area, commonly known as "Woping". Needless to say, the word "country" is usually placed in front of the enclosed hall, and there is also an indispensable indoor public space in the enclosed hall, namely "ancestral hall" and "enclosed hall". The ancestral temple is a temple around the people, which must be located on the central axis and is a public place where people hold important ceremonial activities. It's a favorite gathering place for people around you. Or around the hall. Because the main hall is too solemn and dimly lit, the lobby is not only well lit and ventilated, but also has sentries entering and leaving the enclosure. Therefore, it has become the main place for people around to communicate with each other. Benches, tree barrels and stones are fixed on both sides of the lobby for sitting, and people will visit the paddock almost at any time, especially in summer. If they meet strangers, they will "smile and ask where the guests are from".
In addition, a closed house usually pays great attention to its restraint and management, which is very important, because living in a closed house for a long time will inevitably lead to "many teeth and dense places for tooth extraction" and occupy public space. Therefore, many large paddocks have agreements. For example, in the Tian Xin paddock on Wudang Mountain in Longnan, there is a forbidden tablet embedded in the side wall of the front hall, which reads: "The ancestral hall is the resting place of ancestors and heroes, and it is strictly forbidden to pile up bamboo and wood; It is forbidden to take a bath in the patio and Danyong. The three-story alley inside the enclosure is a passageway for the public to enter and exit. It is strictly forbidden to build bathhouses, pigsty and chicken coops by overhanging eaves. It is forbidden to set up a wooden toilet at the corner of the outer door to block the outside world. " This monument was built in the 27th year of Qing Qianlong (1762). The space in other houses is used. The ground floor is basically the kitchen and living room, some of which are designed as "front kitchen and back hall", and the upstairs is generally the bedroom and storage room. From the elevation, the corner buildings at the four corners of the paddock are higher than the surrounding buildings, and the paddock buildings are higher than the surrounding buildings. In order to make more use of space, circular corridors are generally set on the inner eaves of the second and third floors of enclosure buildings, commonly known as "going outside".
(4) The structural art paddock is a kind of residential building with defensive features. How to make the enclosure easy to defend and difficult to attack is beyond the painstaking efforts of the enclosure builders. For example, thick enclosure walls are mostly covered with brickwork. When the adobe wall with two-thirds of the endothelium is laid on the top floor, it will be divided into annular "inner horses" for defense in the battle, which embodies two structural arts: on the one hand, it ensures the hard thickness of the vulnerable wall, on the other hand, it makes a circle of "inner horses" by using the wall with too thick upper part, which saves the building. Another example is the round house in Yi Yan. In order to guard against long-term siege, there are even four oblique "sewage outlets" in the wall, which are convenient for people to discharge sewage when they can't get out of the enclosure or the drainage ditch is blocked. There are also the defensive arts such as the construction of turrets and the design of enclosure doors mentioned above, all of which are well-intentioned and perfect. Therefore, as far as the appearance art of the enclosed house is concerned, in addition to giving people the impression of high wall thickness and strict barriers, it is only because of its huge scale and cold appearance that people accept its oppressive feeling.
The detailed art of enclosure is mainly manifested in enclosure, especially the hall buildings surrounded by the word "country". Because the hall is good or bad or the grade is high or low, it often represents the face or status of a circle or a family. Therefore, in ancestral halls or halls, beams, doors and windows, column-connected column foundations, ceilings and floors, etc. Will decorate with all their resources and skills. For example, the facade of the ancestral hall gate is generally decorated or carved with imitation wooden archways, with hall numbers or other words flaunting the origin of the family. The hall is paved with bricks, and the patio steps are made of boulders. Ancestral temples or main halls generally have no floors. According to the traditional ancestors, people are afraid to put things on it. So most of them are exposed from above, and the beam frame is very beautiful. The lower hall or front hall is hung with folk color paintings, and the advanced one also has algae wells. The doors and tapestries opened in the hall are carved with characters' stories or flowers and animals, and the style is similar to emblem carving; In the two cases of patio, six or eight lattice doors are used, and most of the windows adopt a combination of various abduction patterns and carved patterns. There are not many pillars in the hall, which are divided into wood and stone. Stone is often engraved with couplets on all sides, and there are also carvings on the foundation, and there are various forms. The outdoor ground pattern paved with pebbles and the overhanging Zoumalou also have certain artistic characteristics.
In a word, after walking through several enclosed houses, the sense of art is unpretentious, even a little cold and oppressive, but when you walk into the enclosure, you will have a lively sense of folk art, a simple sense of local culture and a generally strong sense of life. (1) combination extensibility.
Hakkas live in groups. From its simplest one bright, two dark and three rooms, to a big house with two halls, two horizontal halls, three horizontal halls and two horizontal halls, and finally to the eighteenth hall, it all embodies the characteristics of its continuous group expansion and extension. This model has hidden the development momentum at the time of site selection. Hakkas often have disputes and even clan fights because of the expansion of homestead. This expansion reflects the Hakka people's desire for future generations to develop, forge ahead and keep moving forward.
(2) Clear key points and balanced layout.
No matter how big the house develops, it always takes the main hall as the central axis and the ancestral hall as the core, gradually extending forward and developing symmetrically from left to right. The size and decoration grade of the main room and main hall are beyond the reach of each horizontal room and deputy hall. The doors of the horizontal houses all open in the direction of the main hall, which reflects the strong cohesion and centripetal force of the Hakkas, and also reflects their mentality of "cautiously pursuing the future" far away from their homeland in the Central Plains.
(3) Pay attention to defense and establish strangeness.
Hakkas are the result of the continuous migration of Han nationality, and most of them are engaged in hard work in remote mountainous areas. Therefore, when they come to a new foreign land to start their career, they often have to struggle not only with the harsh natural environment, but also with the aborigines (the first residents) and bandits for living space. Therefore, seeking security and good defense functions has become a powerful defense system embodied by Hakkas, which is the reflection of this struggle.