By the Yuan Dynasty, shadow play had spread to various countries. This art form, which originated in China, has attracted many foreign opera lovers. People affectionately call it "China Shadow Play Lamp".

The production process is as follows: first, soak the leather, scrape it flat and grind it flat, then the artist draws maps of various figures on it, chisels it with various knives, and then paints it with colors. When carving, it is usually front carving and sometimes back carving. Painting and dyeing pay attention to women's hair accessories and costumes with flowers, grass, clouds, phoenix and other patterns as patterns, while men use dragons, tigers, water, clouds and other patterns as patterns. A loyal minister has five sides, and a villain has seven sides. Character modeling and drama characters, life, Dan, clean and ugly roles are complete. The height of shadow play is 55 cm, and the height of shadow play is about 10 cm. The limbs and heads of shadow puppeteers are carved separately and composed of lines, so they can move freely when performing. A shadow puppet actor needs five bamboo sticks to manipulate, and the artist's fingers are flexible, which often dazzles the audience. You should not only have excellent skills in your hands, but also speak, read, play and sing in your mouth, and brake gongs and drums at your feet. The screen of shadow play is a piece of white gauze with the size of 1 square meter. The white yarn becomes crisp and bright after being polished by fish oil. During the performance, the shadow play moves close to the screen, and the characters and colorful colors are really moving. Shadow play is popular because of its small props, convenient performance, no venue restrictions and no formal training for actors. In areas where shadow play is popular, people will affectionately call it the art of "picking a burden".

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More than two thousand years ago, Li Furen, the beloved princess of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, died of illness. Emperor Wu was fascinated, and Huaxian Shadow Play ignored the state affairs all day long. Minister Li Shaoweng went out one day, and the children in Lu Yu were playing with dolls in their hands, and the shadows were vividly displayed on the ground. Li Shaoweng's heart moved. He carved the image of Li Furen with cotton and silk, colored it, and put wooden poles on his hands and feet. In the evening, the emperor was invited to sit in his tent and watch with square curtains and candles. Emperor Wu was so happy that he couldn't put it down. This love story in Hanshu is regarded as the earliest origin of shadow play.

Shadow play was first born in the Western Han Dynasty two thousand years ago, also known as sheepskin play, commonly known as the first shadow play and donkey shadow play. Originated in Shaanxi, China, and flourished in Hebei in Qing Dynasty. Five solid colors, such as red, yellow, cyan, green and black, are mainly used for coloring. In China, many local operas are derived from shadow play, and the performance principles and artistic means adopted by shadow play also play a leading role in the invention of films and the development of art films. Nowadays, China's shadow play is being collected by museums all over the world, and it is also a good gift for the China government to communicate with leaders of other countries.

Wangkui Shadow Play is also called "Shadow Play", "Light Shadow Play" and "Earth Shadow Play", and some areas are called "Monkey Shadow Play" and "Paper Shadow Play". It is a kind of drama that uses light to illuminate the silhouette of characters carved from animal skins or paper plates to perform stories. Traditional Chinese opera and aria mostly interact with local operas, which are manipulated by artists and sung with music.

It is said that Chinese shadow play art was introduced to Asia and Europe countries such as Persia (Iran), Arabia, Turkey, Siam (Thailand), Myanmar, Malay Archipelago, Japan, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia from the Yuan Dynasty in the13rd century. From a global perspective, Goethe, Chaplin and other world celebrities in the18th century spoke highly of China's shadow play art, which can be said to be a folk art with a long history and wide spread in China.

From the Qing Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the art of Chinese shadow play reached its peak. Many shadow puppeteers have inherited their father's career and passed it on from generation to generation. No matter from the aspects of shadow play modeling, acting singing and popular fields, it has reached the peak of history. At that time, many Wang gentry in the official residence were proud to invite famous teachers to engrave films, store exquisite film boxes and raise private film classes. Shadow play classes abound in folk rural towns, and it is not surprising that there are twenty or thirty shadow play classes in one township and one city. Whether it is a holiday, a bumper harvest, praying for the gods, or a wedding banquet to celebrate the birthday, it is indispensable to sing a shadow. Even this drama (series) will stay up all night or last for ten and a half months. A temple fair can be played by several film groups, which is very lively, and its prosperity can be known from the old-fashioned shadow play.

However, the development of Chinese shadow play art is not smooth sailing, it has experienced ups and downs. In the late Qing Dynasty, some local officials were afraid of gathering people in the dark places of shadow play, so they banned shadow play and even arrested shadow play artists. Shadow puppeteers also participated in the Anbaili Uprising in the late Qing Dynasty, and were confiscated on charges of "bandits in Deng Xuan". Before and after the Japanese invasion, due to social unrest and years of war, people lived in poverty, which led to the decline of thousands of households in the shadow play industry.

After 1949, the remaining shadow play classes and artists all over the country began to become active again. Since 1955, shadow play performances have been organized at national, provincial and municipal levels, and delegations have been sent abroad for visits and performances for cultural and artistic exchanges, which have achieved good results. However, during the Cultural Revolution, the art of shadow play was unfortunately broken by capitalism again, and it was greatly damaged from then on.

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Shadow play performance scene has a history of 1000 years since it was recorded in writing. According to legend, it existed in the Ming Dynasty. In the third year of Chen Wu (65,438+0,508), Zheng De held a hundred-drama conference in Beijing, and shadow play participated in the performance.

In addition, shadow play spread from Lanzhou and Huating to Zhuozhou, Hebei, then to the western and northern suburbs of Beijing, and then to the cities, forming two factions. Shadow play was very popular in Beijing in Qing Dynasty. In addition to being welcomed by farmers and citizens, he also entered the court. During the Kangxi period, there were eight officials in charge of film and television in Prince Li's mansion. During the Jiaqing period, during festivals, shadow puppetry classes also performed at home. At that time, the Beijing Shadow Play Troupe performed puppets during the day and sang shadow plays in the hall at night. Many Peking Opera actors also participated in the performance of the Shadow Troupe.

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Shadow Play Book Beijing Western Shadow Play School, also known as Beijing Western Shadow Play School, is the earliest urban shadow play with capital characteristics in Beijing and the representative and mainstream of Beijing Shadow Play.

According to the available information, Beijing shadow play began in Liao and Jin Dynasties more than 900 years ago. At that time, the art of shadow play in the Central Plains and the Northern Song Dynasty was mature. Nai Deyong's "Ji Sheng Wa She Zhong Ji" said: "All movies ... are originally carved with ordinary paper and then covered with colored leather. His story is almost the same as that in history books, almost half true and half false. The righteous engrave the right side, the wicked engrave the ugly side, and the cover is also a drama in the eyes of the common people. " Wu's "Meng Liang Jiyi" notes: "There is more shadow play. At the beginning of Bianjing in Yuan Dynasty, they carved cymbals with plain paper. Since then, they have carved various shapes with sheepskin for color decoration, and these shapes will not be damaged ... "

After hundreds of years of development and progress, Beijing Western Shadow Play has inherited and retained the essence and characteristics of Shaanxi Shadow Play, Henan Jiangsu and Zhejiang Shadow Play and Luanzhou Northeast Shadow Play, and formed a Beijing Shadow Play with Beijing flavor. Its main artistic features are exquisite, vivid, changeable and perspective.

After the rescue restoration, Xiaweidian shadow play has entered the scientific protection series of the museum. On the basis of protecting precious cultural heritage, it also retains rare intangible cultural heritage such as shadow play carving technology and performance skills and a large number of professional materials.

Shadow play art is the originator of today's film and television art, which originated in China and is one of the earliest operas in China. According to historical records, shadow play began in the pre-Qin period, flourished in the Han Dynasty, flourished in the Song Dynasty, and spread to West Asia and Europe in the Yuan Dynasty with a long history. Xiaoyi is one of the birthplaces of Chinese shadow play and an important branch of Chinese shadow play. Named after the popular filial piety in Shanxi Province. According to historical research, xiaoyi shadow play has a history of 2400 years. According to historical records, during the Spring and Autumn Period, from 445 BC to 396 BC, Xia Zi, Confucius' favorite student, gave lectures in Xiaoyi. In order to attract more people to listen to his speech, he used the form of "shadow music" to gather people to give lectures at night. Because Xia Zi studied under Confucius, he can also "play the piano and play music", give lectures in the form of film music, and entertain education with music, so that "teaching, playing, film and music" can be integrated into one, becoming a perfect film form of "film, music and teaching". Lectures in summer are loved by local people, who have learned the skills of performing shadow play music. Over time, the form of shadow music teaching has become a shadow play in the local area, which is the earliest filial piety shadow play.

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original ecology

As shadow play is a folk art, the situation varies from place to place, and the production materials also depend on the use of animal skins in local shadow play in hua county. Cowhide, sheepskin, donkey skin and pig skin are widely used in China, among which cowhide is the most widely used material in China market at present.

The production process of shadow play is as follows: firstly, the sheepskin, donkey skin or other animal skins are depilated and bled, then the leather is treated with drugs to make it thin and translucent, coated with tung oil, and then carved into the required figures. Head, limbs, trunk, etc. The leather man's is independent, but it is connected into a whole with lines, and the actor manipulates it with bars to move it. Leather people are painted in various colors to express the good, evil, beauty and ugliness of the characters. When carving, we usually use male carvings, and some also use female carvings. The carving is meticulous and the knife method is changeable. Painting and dyeing are also very particular. Women's hair accessories and costumes are mostly patterned with flowers, clouds and phoenix, while men are mostly patterned with dragons, tigers, water and clouds. Generally, loyal and kind people are divided into five parts, and villains are divided into seven parts. Character modeling, like drama characters, is full of ugly characters. The height of shadow play is 55 cm, and the height of shadow play is only about 10 cm. Behind the translucent white cloth, the actors skillfully manipulated the activities of the leather man close to the curtain, accompanied by rap and bands, and vividly performed the story. In particular, performing folk fairy tales and martial arts films, the ancients were able to walk in clouds and make all kinds of difficult movements, which were unpredictable, which was difficult for other dramas to do, so they were deeply loved by the audience, especially children.

digitization

Lingyuan shadow play is a pure folk art, although there were 120 professional shadow play groups in the city, but at present, due to the impact of modern culture and the death of old artists, the shadow play in hua county has caused the lack of successors of Lingyuan shadow play art, so it is urgent to rescue and protect Lingyuan shadow play.

On the white screen of the shadow play, although all the characters are dancing, their music and songs can make people feel ups and downs. Happiness can make people comfortable, and sadness can make people cry, which is very touching.

Shadow play also requires high performance skills. Performers should not only be able to control the movements of three or four shadow puppeteers by themselves, but also closely cooperate with the music on the field, giving consideration to narration and singing. If you want to practice excellent skills in shadow play performance, you not only need the master to teach by example, but also need him to study hard and accumulate a lot of practical performance experience. Therefore, it is not easy to train actors or even finally form a shadow play troupe. Because of this, there are only a handful of shadow play troupes in China, and they are all concentrated in mountainous areas and rural areas where cultural life is relatively poor. Obviously, this way of performance and communication channels can't let shadow play enter the city or even the world.

In contrast, digital shadow play animation can overcome the above limitations. It not only truly reproduces the principle of shadow play, but also is quite convenient to make and can be modified at will according to the needs of the audience. We can break the heavy feeling of shadow play as a traditional art and give it many modern pop elements. We can use all kinds of long mirror, short mirror and montage techniques in movies in animation, and we can use shadow play to interpret modern stories. The most important thing is that we can make the shadow play (not just the shadow play itself) spread all over the world and be accepted by more and more people through modern network technology. All this does not require the producer to have too many carving and performance skills, but only enough enthusiasm and creativity. This is the original intention of making shadow play into digital animation today, and we also believe that this expression can give new life and vitality to traditional shadow play.

technicalization

The production of shadow play is extremely complicated, and there are many technological skills from the selection of materials to the formation of shadow play. The traditional manufacturing process can be divided into eight basic steps: leather selection, leather making, drawing, manuscript passing, carving, painting, sweating and ironing, and sewing. The artistic creativity of shadow play draws lessons from the techniques and styles of silk paintings, stone reliefs, brick reliefs and temple murals in the Tang and Song Dynasties in China. Generally choose the cowhide of Qinchuan, about six years old.

There are two processing methods of cowhide: one is "clean skin" and the other is "gray skin". The production process of clean leather is to soak cowhide in clean cold water for two or three days (depending on the specific conditions of air temperature, cowhide and water), and then take it out and scrape it with a knife: the first step is to scrape the cow hair, the second step is to scrape the meat residue of Lippi, and the third step is to gradually shave and scrape Lippi. Soak in clear water every time you scrape, until you scrape the skin thin and shiny for the fourth time. When scraping, you must pay attention to make the skin uniform in thickness, and the strength of your hands should be light and steady to avoid damaging your skin. After scraping, support it on a wooden frame and dry it in the shade.

The sculptor breaks the scraped cowhide into pieces, moistens it with a wet cloth, and then uses a special push plate to push and knead it one by one with a little oil juice to make the cowhide smoother and reduce the shrinkage of the leather, and then draws patterns. The rational use of finished leather before painting is also a meticulous work. Thin and translucent finished skin should be used for head, chest and abdomen. Thick black finished leather can be used for legs and other general props. This can not only save raw materials, but also improve the quality of shadow play. At the same time, it also makes the figures in shadow play form a top-down posture, which is stable and dominant when picking and standing. Drawing is to copy and draw the outlines and design patterns of each part on the surface of the leather with a steel needle pen, which is called "over-draft", and then put the leather on jujube or pear board for carving.

Shadow play HD wallpaper carving knife artists are very particular about it. Generally, there are eleven or two knives, and there are also more than thirty knives. Only by sharpening the knife can we see the depth of the artist's skill. Cutters have different widths, such as bevel knives, flat knives, round knives, triangular knives and flower knives. The division of labor is very particular, requiring proficiency in the different use methods of various tools. According to traditional experience, when carving linear patterns, you should use a flat knife; Push with a flat knife when carving a straight pattern; For the circular patterns on the sleeve head and the edge of the coat of traditional clothing, it is necessary to chisel with a chisel; Some zigzag patterns must be carved with a sharp knife (that is, a bevel knife). The formula of the artist's carving is as follows: pierce the cherry blossoms with a flat knife, push the swastika with a flat knife, chisel the sleeve head with a knife and carve flowers with a sharp knife.

Although the patterns and patterns carved by the same tool are the same, there are also standardized formulas. Only by the ingenious arrangement of the sculptor, the change of the blade, the use of yin carving and yang carving, the alternation of yin and yang, and the complementarity of light and shade can different ordinary shadow figures be carved. The basic technique of lettering in hua county shadow play is pushing the knife, that is, the right hand holds the knife on the length of the character, and the left hand pushes the knife to run lettering. Skillful artists push and transport freely, the tool path is clear and smooth, the curve is beautiful and the confrontation is rigorous. Scribe lines can be divided into dashed lines and solid lines, and can also be divided into dark lines and drawn lines. The dotted line is intaglio, that is, the modeling line is hollowed out, which is the line method in shadow play. The dark line is drawn with a knife, which does not penetrate the skin and is mostly at the movable joint. Use a pen instead of drawing lines to show the details of an object.

After the shadow carving, I began to paint, and the old artist was very particular about color. Most minerals and plants such as copper, cinnabar, plantain and litchi are used to produce red, green and apricot colors. Processing method: First, put the prepared solid color into a slightly larger wine glass, put a few pieces of transparent leather glue made of fine leather, and then put the cup on a special lamp holder, light the alcohol lamp at the bottom, so that the glue colors can be dissolved into porridge and coated on shadow people while it is hot. Although there are not many kinds of colors, old artists are good at color matching, and the change of dew makes the color effect extremely gorgeous. Dehydration and perspiration after coloring shadow play is the key process. Its purpose is to make the painted color be eaten into cowhide at a proper high temperature, and to volatilize the water left in cowhide. There are many ways to dehydrate and sweat. Some use thin boards to clamp the shadow play part and press it under the mat of the hot kang. Some also wrap the shadow play with plain cloth and iron the shadow play with a soldering iron or an electric iron. Another old-fashioned way is to build a herringbone with adobe or bricks, and heat it with wheat straw below to flatten the shadow play and make it dehydrate and sweat.

Shadow play characters are the main body of shadow play, and the structure is quite ingenious. In order to be flexible, a complete shadow figure generally has a head, chest, abdomen, legs, arms, elbows and hands from head to toe, which are eleven parts in total. Head-the head includes face, hat, beard and neck, and the lower end is wedge-shaped. When performing, it is inserted into the bayonet on the upper part of the chest and taken out for safekeeping when not in use. Chest-the upper part is equipped with a bayonet inserted into the head of a shadow play. There are two arms nailed to the same point on the upper side of the chest. Each arm is divided into two sections, and the lower arm is connected with one hand.

Shadow play abdomen-abdomen is connected with chest, abdomen is connected with legs, legs and feet are a whole, including boots and shoes. Every joint of a shadow play character should be carved with a roulette-shaped hinge, which is called "Hua Lun" or "empty flower", while the old artists call it "bone seam" to avoid excessive ghosting in the overlapping parts of limbs. The point connecting the suture is called the "bone eye". The choice of bone eye is related to the aesthetic feeling of the shadow man. If you choose properly, you will be full of energy. On the contrary, it will look wobbly and dying. After the bone eye is selected, it is combined with the pivot pin carved from cowhide or the line made of thin cowhide strips, and eleven main components are assembled into a complete shadow play.

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Shadow Play (5 pieces) [2] China has a vast territory, and shadow plays in different places have their own characteristics, but the production procedures of shadow plays are mostly the same, usually involving eight processes, such as skin selection, leather making, drawing, manuscript submission, lettering, painting, ironing and sewing, and more than 3,000 knives are carved by hand. This is a complicated and wonderful process.

The first step is skin selection.

The raw materials of shadow play vary from place to place. For example, in the production of shadow play in Longdong, young black bull cowhide is generally used, which is moderate in thickness, firm and flexible, and green and transparent.

Step two, do the skin.

There are many ways to make skin on the head of Xiantao shadow play. Taking Shaanxi shadow play as an example, there are usually two processing methods for its raw material-cowhide: "clean leather" and "gray leather". The production process of "clean skin" is to soak the selected cowhide in clean cold water for two or three days, take it out and scrape it with a knife for four times, soaking it in clear water every time until the skin is scraped thin and shiny by Seiko for the fourth time. After scraping, support it on a wooden frame and dry it in the shade. You can do shadow play when it is clean and transparent. "Gray skin" is also called "soft scraping". When soaking leather, chemicals such as calcium oxide (lime), sodium sulfide (caustic soda), sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate, etc. are prepared into water, and the cowhide is soaked and scraped repeatedly. The leather scraped by this method is similar to glass and is more suitable for carving.

The third step is to draw a draft.

When making shadow play, there are special drawings called "sample spectrum", and these design drawings are passed down from generation to generation.

The fourth step is over-drafting

The sculptor breaks the scraped leather into pieces, moistens it with a wet cloth, and then uses a special pusher to rub it one by one with a little oil juice to make the cowhide smoother and reduce the shrinkage of the leather, and then draws patterns. The rational use of finished leather before painting is also a meticulous work. Thin and translucent finished skin should be used for head, chest and abdomen. Thick black finished leather can be used for legs and other general props. This can not only save raw materials, but also improve the quality of shadow play. At the same time, it also makes the characters of shadow play more important than others, and can be slow and steady when picking and standing, taking advantage of their hands. The next step is tracking mode. The outline and design pattern of each component are copied and drawn on the leather with a steel needle, which is called "over-draft", and then the leather is engraved on jujube or pear boards.

The fifth step is carving.

There are usually eleven, two or even more than thirty meat cutters. Knives have different widths, such as oblique knives (sharp knives), flat knives, round knives, triangular knives and flower knives. And the division of labor is very particular. Artists need to be proficient in different ways of using various knives. According to traditional experience, when carving linear patterns, you should use a flat knife; Push with a flat knife when carving a straight pattern; For the circular patterns on the sleeve head and the edge of the coat of traditional clothing, it is necessary to chisel them off with a chisel; Some zigzag patterns must be carved with a bevel knife. The formula of the artist's carving is as follows: pierce the cherry blossoms with a flat knife, push the swastika with a flat knife, chisel the sleeve head with a knife and carve flowers with a sharp knife. Scribe lines can be divided into dashed lines and solid lines, and can also be divided into dark lines and drawn lines. The dotted line is intaglio, that is, the modeling line is hollowed out, which is the line method in shadow play. The solid line keeps the outline of the figure and digs out the rest, which is a positive engraving and is mostly used for white faces with ugly faces. All white objects are carved with positive pictures. Carve intermittent hollow lines along both sides of the outline, which are mostly used to carve landscape buildings. The dark line is drawn with a knife, which does not penetrate the skin and is mostly at the movable joint. Use a pen instead of drawing lines to show the details of an object. There is a formula for carving shadow play, and the procedure is as follows: carving face-first carving head hat, then carving face, then carving eyebrows, and then carving nose tip. Carve the pattern of clothing-first draw ten thousand characters in four directions and tie the four sides into strips. Snowflakes draw vertically first, and then cross left and right. Throw your teeth out and pick them into snowflakes. Carved armor-yellow to armor, first punch a hole, pick up a fork and prick the herringbone triangle. Carving architectural decoration-hollow peach blossoms, plum blossoms and hexagonal turtles in the snow, all in Shui Ge.

Mianyang shadow play on CCTV, the sixth step of painting.

After the shadow play was carved, it was painted. The old artist is very particular about color. Most of them use mineral plants such as copper, vermilion and Pollan to produce red, big green and apricot yellow. The method of coloring is also different. Taking Shaanxi Shadow Play as an example, the method of coloring is to put the prepared solid color into a slightly larger wine glass, put a few pieces of transparent leather glue boiled with fine skin, then put the cup on a special lamp holder, light the alcohol lamp below, so that the glue color can be blended into the porridge and coated on the shadow play people while it is hot. Although there are not many kinds of colors, the old artists are good at matching colors, and the change of shading makes the color effect extremely gorgeous.

Step 7: Sweat and iron

Dehydration and perspiration after coloring shadow play is the key process. Its purpose is to make the painted color be eaten into cowhide at a proper high temperature, and to volatilize the water left in cowhide. There are many ways to dehydrate and sweat. Some use thin boards to clamp the shadow play part and press it under the mat of the hot kang. Some also wrap the shadow play with plain cloth and iron it with an iron or an electric iron; In addition, there is an indigenous method, which is to build a herringbone with adobe or bricks, and heat it with wheat straw below to flatten the shadow play and make it dehydrated and sweaty. The key to the success of dehydration and sweating lies in mastering the temperature and temperature. In the past, the local artists' method of mastering temperature was called "flicking their fingers in some water", that is, dipping their fingers in water or dripping saliva on ironing tools, observing the changes of water and judging the temperature. It depends not only on the change of foam size at the water outlet, but also on the speed of water evaporation. The required temperature is generally around 70 degrees Celsius. When the temperature is right, the leather will dehydrate and sweat smoothly, the moisture in the skin will evaporate and the color will be eaten into the skin. Shadow play is delicious in color and does not fade for a long time, and the adhesive can also dissolve and close the pores of leather, so that shadow play will never warp and deform. If the temperature is too high, the skin will shrink into a ball and the process will be scrapped; If the temperature is not enough, the rubber color can't dissolve into the skin, and the water in the skin is difficult to be exhausted, which leads to the dim color of the shadow figures, which will be deformed after a long time.

Step 8: It's over.

Shadow play props In order to make the shadow play flexible, a complete shadow play character usually has eleven parts from head to toe, including head, chest, abdomen, legs, arms, elbows and hands. Head-the head includes face, hat, beard and neck, and the lower end is a wedge, which is inserted into the bayonet on the upper part of the chest when performing and taken down for safekeeping when not in use. Chest-the place where the upper part is equipped with a bayonet and inserted into the head of the shadow play. There are two arms nailed to the same point on the upper side of the chest, which are divided into upper and lower arms, and there are hands connected under the forearm. Abdomen-the upper part of the abdomen is connected with the chest, the lower part is connected with the legs, and the legs and feet are a whole (including boots and shoes). Every joint of the shadow play characters should be carved with a wheel-shaped hinge (called "bone seam" by old artists) to avoid too many ghosts in the overlapping parts of limbs. The point where the suture line is connected is called "bone eye". The choice of bone eye is related to the aesthetic feeling of the shadow man. If you choose the right one, you will be full of energy; if you choose the wrong one, you will look wobbly and dying. After the bone eye is selected, it is combined with the pivot pin carved from cowhide or the line made of thin cowhide strips, and eleven main components are assembled into a complete shadow figure. In order to meet the needs of performance, three bamboo sticks should be installed as joysticks, that is, labels. The figures in the literary and art circles installed a sign on the front of the chest, which was connected by wire, so that the filmmakers could reverse their movements, and then installed a sign on each hand to make it easier for both hands to dance. The badges of martial arts figures are located in the upper part of the chest (that is, the upper part of the back shoulder), which is convenient for martial arts and enables shadow play to make various postures such as running, standing, sitting, lying down, lying down, rolling, climbing and fighting.

Edit the overview of shadow play in this paragraph.

Because shadow play is widely spread in China, artists have formed different schools in the long-term evolution of different regions, such as Sichuan shadow play, Hubei shadow play, Hunan shadow play, Beijing shadow play, Tangshan shadow play, Shandong shadow play, Shanxi shadow play, Qinghai shadow play, Ningxia shadow play, Shaanxi shadow play, and other local shadow plays with different styles. The musical vocals and rhythms of shadow play around the country absorbed the essence of local opera, folk art, folk songs and minor music system, and formed many colorful schools. There are Mianyang shadow play, Tangshan shadow play, Jinan shadow play, Xiaoyi shadow play, Fuzhou shadow play, Haining shadow play, Lufeng shadow play, Huaxian shadow play, Huayin old tune, Agong tune, Xianban tune, Huanxian Taoist shadow play, Lingyuan shadow play and so on.

Although the voices of shadow play in Hebei, Beijing, Northeast China and Shandong all originated from Laoting in Luanzhou, East Hebei, their respective voices were nourished by Peking Opera, gongs and drums, bangzi and folk songs, forming different schools. Smooth flat tones, gorgeous and gorgeous tones, and sad and sad tones are all available. Among them, the choking singing method in Luanhe River area in Tang Dynasty is very unique.

In other places, such as Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and other places, shadow play music and singing also have local characteristics.

Hubei shadow play

Hubei shadow play can be divided into two categories: the door-god spectrum (large-scale shadow play) and the Wei spectrum (small-scale shadow play): the door-god spectrum is mainly concentrated in Mianyang (now Xiantao), Yunmeng, Yingcheng and parts of Huangpi, Xiaogan and Hanchuan counties in Jianghan Plain; "Weipu" shadow play is distributed in Zhuxi, Zhushan, Gucheng, Baokang, Yuan 'an, Nanzhang, Xiangyang and Suizhou in northern and northwestern Hubei. Its shape and style are similar to those of Shaanxi-Henan shadow play, which is the result of the exchange and integration of folk culture in Shaanxi, Henan and Hubei. Hubei Mianyang shadow play

The "door-god spectrum" (big shadow play) in Jianghan Plain is about 2 feet 2 inches (70 to 80 centimeters) high, which represents the mainstream of Hubei shadow play. It is four inches higher than Sichuan and Shaanxi and two inches higher than eastern Hubei. Its large scale makes it more clear visually. Jianghan Plain is located in the hinterland of Jingchu, bordering Hanshui River in the north and Yangtze River in the south. This is the birthplace of Jingchu culture, which is rich in Chu culture. Ancient bronze, bamboo and wood hard carving and leather, Mianyang paper-cutting and other soft carving techniques prepared a good prerequisite for the birth of shadow play. It is said that during Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty, there were shadow play classes in Feng Ba Town and Zhongfeng Town of Zhuxi. There are two kinds of shadow play in northwest Hubei: Xige and Hange. "West Brother" is a small movie, which sings the tune of "Mountain and Yellow" and belongs to Shaanxi Film Department. "Han Song" has a great shadow, singing local high-pitched tunes, which should belong to Jianghan Plain.