In 224 AD, the Persian aristocrat Aldahir destroyed the kingdom of rest and established the Sassanian Dynasty of the Persian Empire. Sassanbos inherited the tradition of solidarity with Rome and launched a tit-for-tat struggle with Rome on the borders of Armenia, Asia and Syria.
In 23 1 year, Ardashir I sent a letter to Severus, the Roman emperor, demanding that the Roman army withdraw from Asia, and the 400-year-long Roman-Persian war officially began. In 232, Sassanbos fought against Rome, defeated the Roman army and won Armenia through a peace treaty. In 260, Sapol I fought against the Roman army, defeated the Roman army and captured the Roman emperor Valerian.
Until now, there is still a cliff stone carving near Passepolis to commemorate this victory, which shows Valeriana kneeling on a huge relief to saddle Sapol in the world. After this war, Sasan once occupied Capadocia in northeast Asia. However, during the period of the kingdom of rest, the dispute between Sassanian dynasty and Rome was like a tug-of-war. Roman emperors Diocletian and Constantine both led expeditions to Persia, but neither achieved remarkable results.
In 286, Rome incited the Armenian uprising, and Sasan was forced to retreat, and later lost the land west of the Tigris River. After 375 years, the Roman Empire was busy with the invasion of Germanic barbarians such as Goths, and Persia was unable to continue to challenge Rome because of the invasion of Huns. In 476, the Roman Empire was destroyed by barbarians, and the Eastern Roman Empire continued to occupy the Balkans, Asia Minor, Armenia, Syria, Palestine, Upper Mesopotamia, Egypt, Libya and other regions with Constantinople as its capital. This is a great empire spanning three continents.
In 487, Kobad I of Sassanbos came to power. He was overjoyed and dreamed of reappearing the glory of his distant ancestors. He commanded the alliance of Persians, Huns and Arabs to seize Upper Mesopotamia and Armenia from the Byzantine Empire. In 502, the allied forces besieged Amitabha city again, and after 80 days of fierce fighting, they captured the city, and then successively defeated the counterattack of the Byzantine army.
In 505, the two sides made peace, and Byzantium recovered the city of Amida at the price of 1 1,000 Jin of gold. The two sides maintained their original borders and lived in peace for 20 years. In 527, the Byzantine emperor Justinian I died, and his nephew Justinian succeeded him, namely the famous Justinian I. In order to restore the territory of the former Roman Empire, he carried out reforms at home, strengthened centralization, and actively expanded the dispatch of troops to the east and west. His conquest of the East reopened the Roman-Persian War. In the following 100 years, there were five large-scale wars for hegemony between Byzantium and Sassanbos.
The first war: 528-53 1 year.
In 527, Justinian I, who had just succeeded to the throne, appointed 22-year-old Belisario as the Grand Marshal of the Crusades. In 528, Persia pre-empted and ordered the general Zakis to lead 30,000 troops to launch a fierce attack on the Byzantine army. In 529, Nyabis defeated the Byzantine army in the first battle and went straight to Dara, a strategic town on the Mesopotamian plain. In the Battle of Dara in 530, the Persian army was completely defeated. Later, many attacks from the Syrian desert also failed under Belisario's clever counterattack. In 53 1 year, Persia defeated Belize's army in the Battle of Caglini. In 532, the two sides made peace, and Byzantium withdrew its troops from Dara City and paid 1 1,000 Jin of gold to Persia.
The second war: 540-545.
In 540, Kusru I led an army to set off from Taixi Peak, the capital, and launched a surprise attack on the defense line of the Byzantine Euphrates River, successively capturing Hilapolis and Calchi, and heading straight for Antioch, the Syrian capital. After fierce fighting, Persia occupied the city and burned and looted it.
In 543, taking advantage of the Byzantine infighting, Kusru I invaded Armenia and wiped out 30,000 Byzantine troops who came to attack. In 544, Kusru personally marched into Mesopotamia again, and besieged the capital city of Nedesa for several months, but failed to retreat. In 545, the two sides concluded a five-year armistice agreement, and Byzantium recovered all the territory occupied by Persia and paid a ransom of 2,000 pounds of gold.
The Third War: 549-562.
In 547, Kusru I led 80,000 troops into the kingdom of Korz and captured the Petra fortress of the Byzantine army.
In 549, at the invitation of the Coles, Justinian I sent troops to attack the Petra fortress. After three years of intermittent attacks, Byzantine troops recaptured Petra fortress, and Persian troops suffered heavy casualties. After this war, the two sides fought a tug-of-war in the foothills of the Caucasus for another six years. Byzantium won first and then lost, and Persian troops won one after another.
In 555, in the first world war at the mouth of the fascist river, the Byzantine army launched a counterattack against the Persian army in the last battle, easily defeating the enemy, annihilating more than 65,438+100,000 people and winning a total victory. In 562, the two sides made peace again, and Persia gave up its territorial claim to Korz. Byzantium pays 6.5438+0.8 million pounds of gold to Persia every year, valid for 50 years.
The fourth war: 571-591year.
In 57 1 year, Justinian II stopped paying an annuity to Persia, and Kusrou I led an army to attack Dala city in the name of the enemy's breach of contract. After five months of fighting, he broke into the city. After demanding 40,000 pounds of gold, Persia retreated. In 589, there was civil strife in Persia, and the Byzantine emperor Morris sent 70,000 troops to help Kusru II seize the throne. In 59 1 year, the Byzantine army defeated the Persian army on the Euphrates River, killed the usurper, captured Taixifeng, and helped Kusru II ascend to the throne of Persia. Persia ceded most of Armenia and half of Iberia to Byzantium and concluded a "permanent peace agreement".
The fifth war: 603-63 1 year.
Khosrau II took advantage of Byzantine civil strife to send troops to the west in 606, and the war broke out again. After nine months of fighting, Persian troops occupied the city of Dara 'a. In 608, two armies of Persia marched westward, one army captured Capadocia, Bicinea and Karachi, and the other army captured the west side of Karl, threatening Constantinople together with Avars and Slavs. At this time, the Byzantine Civil War was in full swing. Persian troops are coming in. He occupied Syria in 609, Antioch in 6 1 1 and Jerusalem in 6 13, and plundered it.
In 6 16, Shah balaz led the Persian army to invade Egypt and capture Alexandria, and conquered the whole of Egypt in 6 19. At the same time, another army went to Asia Minor and reached the Bosphorus, threatening Constantinople again. At this point, the Persian territory reached its acme, and the power of Sassanian dynasty reached an unprecedented peak. In 6 17, Persian troops captured Kasi city again and joined forces with barbarians to attack Constantinople.
In 620, Shah Bales came to Cassie from Egypt to participate in the siege of Constantinople (Battle of Constantinople). After the sea offensive was frustrated, the two sides reached an armistice agreement. Taking advantage of the truce, the Byzantine emperor Chirac made various preparations. In 622, he led a great army to avoid the direct enemy and landed unexpectedly in Isus Port of Asia Minor by warship. The Persian army rushed to Isus, and the army was defeated by the Persian army (the Battle of Isus). It recovered lost ground through attack and occupied Colt, Armenia and Medea. In 625, Chirac slightly pacified the west of Asia Minor. From 626 to 627, the two sides continued to fight.
In 628, there was a coup in Persia. 63 1 year, Kobad II made peace with Byzantium: Persia returned the Byzantine territory occupied by successive dynasties, released prisoners of war, returned the "Holy Cross" stolen from Jerusalem, returned all the property stolen from Byzantium, and repaid the military expenses for several years. Persia has nothing.