Decorative paper-cuts are pasted on the windows. Generally speaking, in the north, most farmers' windows are wooden lattice windows, vertical grids, squares or geometric grids, and a layer of white "leather paper" is attached to them. On holidays, the paper for window grilles is replaced and new window grilles are affixed, indicating that the old ones have been dismantled and the new ones are welcome. The forms of window grilles are various freely adaptable patterns such as corner flowers, folding flowers, animals, flowers and figures at the four corners of the decorative pane, as well as continuous sets of opera or legendary story window grilles. In short, panes of different shapes are arranged in different ways. There is a special arrangement, that is, window grilles between panes, which Shandong folks call "crossing the window".
Xihua
Wedding and festive fashion point all kinds of utensils and supplies and paper-cut indoor furnishings. Paper-cutting is generally placed on daily necessities such as tea sets, soap boxes and pots. Some are posted on the toilet mirror. Most of the themes of love flower patterns emphasize the meaning of auspiciousness and happiness. The color is bright red. Shapes and styles are round, square, diamond, peach, pomegranate and so on. , and is equipped with various auspicious patterns such as dragons and phoenixes, mandarin ducks, magpies, flowers and plants, peonies, etc. There is a method of "flowers in flowers" in composition and layout.
Fireworks, fireworks
Paper-cuts are pasted on cakes, noodles, eggs and other gifts. It is called "cake flower" and "fruit flower" in Chaozhou, Guangdong, and "circle potted flower" in Pingyang, Zhejiang. The theme of fireworks mostly adopts auspicious and festive patterns. In Shandong, paper-cuts are pasted on "Happy Eggs" to celebrate the birth of children, or eggs are dyed red to reveal white patterns. In rural areas of Fujian, tortoise patterns are given to each other as a symbol of longevity. There are turtle-shaped cakes and turtle-shaped paper cuts.
Xie Hua
Paper-cut is used as the embroidery pattern of cloth shoe uppers. There are generally three forms: one is cut into small flowers or embroidered on the toes, which is called "toe flower"; The other is to cut them into crescent shapes according to the shape of the uppers, which is called "toe flowers"; And the third kind extends from both ends of the toe flower to the upper, which is called "shoe flower". There is also a kind called "sole flower", which was used for "longevity shoes" in the old days. Or embroidered on the bottom of cloth socks. The layout of shoe flowers is generally sparse, and the themes are flowers and birds. Some shoe flowers are partially cut without hollowing out, which is called "dark knife", which is the basis for changing the needle color in embroidery.
Door tip
Also known as "hanging money", "hanging money", "red money", "happy money", "door color" and "fasting butterfly". Generally used on the lintel or the second beam in the hall. Its style is mostly pennant-shaped, with a big head and a wide side and a tassel under it. Most of them are carved with red paper, but there are also other colors or colors. Most of the patterns are geometric patterns or embedded with figures, flowers, dragons and phoenixes, and auspicious characters, such as "Celebrating the world", "National Peace and Security", "Good weather", "Happy Ever After", "Magpie Climbing Plums", "Happiness, Auspiciousness, Longevity, Happiness, Richness and Prosperity" and so on. When posting, whether it is a word or a paragraph, it is hung in sets. Usually put up five. Sticking the doormat not only has the unexpected effect of printing spring and getting rid of the old, but also has the significance of praying for good luck and exorcism.
Bean fragrant flower
Color paper-cut is mainly used for decoration in folk activities such as offering sacrifices to ancestors and gods. In the old days, incense was always burned when offering sacrifices, and incense was generally made into thin strips, called "line incense"; There are also thick strips coiled into various patterns, such as seal script, formerly known as "Xiangyin". This kind of seal must be covered with a bucket-shaped base and supported by bamboo sticks. Color paper-cut is randomly placed on the base and bracket, which is called "Dou Xiang Hua". There are auspicious patterns such as figures and immortals (such as the Eight Immortals, Hehe, Shouxing) on the theme of fighting fragrant flowers. Most of them are carved with wax paper, each set is about ten pieces.
Paper-cut flower
A format of paper-cutting. It has a circular pattern, and it is evenly distributed all around. This decorative format can especially show its superiority in paper-cutting, because paper can be folded, for example, twice, three times and four times diagonally, so that flowers with even sides can be cut out. The earliest paper-cut objects in China, the paper-cuts unearthed in Xinjiang during the Northern Dynasties, are all in the form of group flowers, such as "group flowers are birds", "group flowers are monkeys", "octagonal group flowers", "group flowers are gold and silver patterns" and "group flowers are chrysanthemum patterns". It can be seen that the group flower format is the oldest format in paper-cutting.
Paper-cut banner
Paper-cutting is used to cut flags in folk activities. For example, in the folk Double Ninth Festival, colored paper is cut into banners and inserted on the Double Ninth Cake, which is very beautiful. In the Song Dynasty, there was an ancient custom in Zhejiang. If there were patients, witches held paper-cut dragon and tiger flags to ward off evil spirits and eliminate disasters. In the funeral, the "flower banners" used for the funeral are also cut out of ordinary paper. The paper-cut flower banner is related to the banner held by the Buddha who leads the way in Buddhism; In addition, there are paper-cut "evocation paper strips" and "sparse" hanging on the beam of the Hall of Prayer in fast food (similar in shape to banners) to commemorate the anniversary of the deceased. Ruichang paper-cutting
Ruichang folk paper-cutting has a long history. According to the research of related scholars in many aspects, it is unanimously believed that it originated from the Han Dynasty in China. When "paper" didn't appear, the art of "cutting" already existed, but it was only manifested as decorations such as silk cutting, brocade cutting, metal cutting and foil cutting. When Ruichang paper appeared, Ruichang folk paper-cut came into being, which should be 65438+.
Folk paper-cutting art belongs to fleeting art, and the reason why it can spread and evolve for such a long time is mainly achieved by "inheritance", that is, the older generation passed on some folk cultural concepts and artistic symbols (i.e. patterns) in paper-cutting and their own innovations and experiences in paper-cutting creation to the next generation, which may be their own or others', and passed on from generation to generation without any return. Its inheritance channel is completed through rural working women.
As a folk art, Ruichang paper-cut has survived for thousands of years with human beings. Today, it is mainly supported by various folk customs. And the social worship in the vast rural areas of Ruichang. Ruichang is known as "three miles and one rural style, five miles and one human feeling". Therefore, Ruichang paper-cutting has always been regarded as an artistic treasure by the working people since ancient times. For a long time, it has been used to express their good wishes, such as "pray for disaster, pray for longevity, pray for wealth", and express their celebration of festivals, reverence for ancestors, good wishes for marriage and birthday, deep condolences for deceased relatives, pursuit of future ideals and so on. It can be seen that it involves a wide range of applications and has already penetrated into all areas of people's daily life, with extremely rich and colorful connotations. Its wide application develops with various folk customs.
First, the custom of New Year's Day: Chinese New Year, that is, the most important festival in the Lunar New Year and traditional folk festivals. A large number of festivals have led to the wide application of folk paper-cutting. Every household is decorated with lanterns, and the living room in the hall is cut with paper flowers. Most people use paper-cut patterns such as "plum blossom, bamboo chrysanthemum, lotus root, golden rooster crowing, fish leaping over the dragon gate" to express their good wishes for good luck, all the best, peace in spring and happiness in the four seasons in the new year.
Marriage custom: According to Ruichang's old marriage custom, the matchmaker will inevitably find opportunities for the woman to show the man the talent of paper-cutting and embroidery first. After the game, the woman will take the initiative to give the man a pair of embroidered socks or cloth sandals as a token of love. In Ruichang, there is a folk song: Good music burns good wine, good rice forges good rice, you need a clever sister to ask for relatives, and Linglong can arrange flowers. Paper-cut embroidery commonly used in marriage includes "butterfly playing with golden melons, magpies picking plums, cowherd and weaver girl, auspicious dragons and phoenixes, Yuanyang playing with water, Guanyin sending children away, golden couple, Liu Kaibaizi", etc. I hope to live in harmony for a hundred years, grow old together, have an early baby and have many children.
3. Birthday custom: Birthday celebration has always been very popular in Ruichang. From birth, a person begins to celebrate his birth, the full moon, his first birthday, his tenth birthday, and then his thirtieth birthday, and there will be an anniversary every ten years. Every birthday celebration, the clothes, hats, shoes, birthday hall and birthday tent of the "birthday girl" are decorated with paper-cut works. The main contents of paper-cut embroidery are: Kirin sending the child, crane sharing spring, pine crane prolonging life, long life over Nanshan, long life with wealth and longevity.
Fourth, funeral customs. The death of an old man is a "white wedding" in Ruichang custom. Doing this kind of happy event involves a lot, not only affecting the whole village, but also often disturbing three relatives and six relatives and friends before their death. The layout of the mourning hall, the production of cranes in the mourning hall, the clothes and hats of the deceased and various symbolic funerary objects. , have contributed to the wide application of paper-cut works.
Witchcraft custom: In the history of Ruichang, it was once a place where witchcraft prevailed, and witchcraft activities continued until the mid-1950s. Witchcraft activities are aimed at various major diseases, and the fundamental reason is that medicine was underdeveloped in the past. Wizards instruct artists to cut out some "paper men, paper boats, crown blocks" or "catching ghosts, tigers climbing mountains, lions picking balls, and the goddess of smallpox" with paper in advance, and then while chanting, wizards perform important techniques with the help of related paper-cut works, so as to achieve the so-called exorcism for diseases and turn evil into good.
6. Farming custom: Among many farming activities, they are generally pure production activities, but two activities in Ruichang are closely related to paper cutting.
First, in the season of picking new tea, almost every female villager goes up the mountain to pick tea. On this day, they will focus on dressing themselves up and "fully armed" with their refined paper-cut embroidery costumes. For this kind of low-intensity physical labor, the girls in the village regard it as a rare social and entertainment opportunity, talking, playing and singing with each other. At this time, if a man passes by, he will "provoke" with singing or laughter, and deliberately show his most beautiful side to win the appreciation of men.
The second is transplanting rice. Ruichang has a saying: "Adults look forward to transplanting rice and children look forward to the New Year", which shows the weight of transplanting rice in farmers' hearts. Intercropping fields in rural areas takes the form of mutual assistance, which is similar to picking tea, but it is only a man's business. At this time, if there are female villagers passing by, men will make fun of them by transplanting rice seedlings. When the seedlings are open, some paper-cut flowers must be inserted at the edge of the field to celebrate.
In Ruichang, "craftsmanship" is generally respected by people, and the craftsmanship of paper-cut artists is not linked to money, so the reputation of paper-cut artists is even more unusual and is loved by people. Because of this, in the vast rural areas, paper-cutting and embroidery naturally become "compulsory courses" for unmarried girls. It is particularly worth mentioning that there is an unwritten habit in rural marriage. Generally, there are two criteria for men to choose a spouse, one is rough work and the other is fine work. Rough work means that women must have healthy bodies and be able to do farm work. Another workman is good at paper-cutting and embroidery, which is regarded as the standard to evaluate the IQ of young women. Otherwise, it can only be regarded as a second-class woman. It is impossible for a second-class woman to marry a good husband and choose a good husband. These are also important reasons for the prosperity of Ruichang folk paper-cutting. It is precisely because the inheritance of paper-cutting comes from the family and is carried out by individuals, therefore, there is no pedigree and no evidence to check.
There are no special rules for the paper that paper-cutting artists often use. Paper-cutting, which is generally used for embroidery or other crafts, mostly uses a little paper, and accounting paper is more common in the old society. The paper-cut works directly used for celebrations, various sacrificial ceremonies, funerals and other activities generally use black paper, red paper, white paper and blue paper as needed.
There are two kinds of cutting tools. First, ordinary female paper-cutting artists only use an ordinary pair of scissors, while male professional pickers use different knives. They usually ask blacksmiths to make several chisels, which are similar to round knives and triangular knives in wood carving knives, and they only carve patterns by knocking.
Pixian paper-cutting
The popular paper-cutting in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, features Pixian County. There are two kinds: engraved paper is colored stationery, and waxed paper is used for color matching; Except for the artist's shoes, most paper-cuts are window grilles. The themes of window grilles are labor scenes, poultry, cattle and sheep, folklore, historical stories, peach blossoms, flowers, fish and insects, dragons and phoenixes, etc.
Gaomi paper-cutting
Paper-cutting art in Gaomi, Shandong Province. From the doors and windows and the roof of the farmhouse to the cabinets and wardrobes, there are paper-cut decorations. Generally, the production is straight-cut, without making a draft, and it is characterized by the combination of sawtooth pattern and straight line to form an image.
Foshan paper-cutting
Folk paper-cutting in Foshan, Guangdong. It spread in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Because its paper-cutting production method adopts cutting, engraving, chiseling, printing, writing and lining, it can be divided into solid color paper-cutting, copper lining, copper writing, paper writing, golden flower writing and silver writing. His works are very particular about cutting and carving, and he often cuts and carves on paper or special copper foil or tin foil with a knife or scissors. In particular, the copper writing material is the most distinctive, which combines painting, sculpture, writing and other techniques to make the works vigorous and magnificent. Foshan paper-cut was also used as the manuscript of architecture and furniture carving more than 100 years ago, and then used for interior decoration. Sticking on lintels and columns, it is also used for decoration such as sacrifice, binding, spending money and setting off firecrackers.
Taijiang paper-cutting
Paper-cutting of Miao nationality in Taijiang, Guizhou. Embroidery patterns such as sleeve flowers, waist flowers and hat flowers are the most common. Although there are dragons and phoenixes, peonies and so on. Their model is very different from that of the Han nationality. In particular, the stitching of sleeve flowers makes people feel the characteristics of seeing the fine in the rough.
Luanzhoumai
There are two meanings. A shadow play in Luanxian County, Hebei Province, is said to have flourished in the early Ming Dynasty, but the earliest literature records only see Luanzhou Zhi in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty. Locals call it "Laoting Shadow" instead of "Luanzhou Shadow", which may be called "Laoting Tune" to sing. One refers to Shandong shadow play. Shandong Shadow Play is also said to have been introduced from Hebei, and its singing is mostly Qin Liu accent. Its carvings are rough and simple, and its scripts are myths and legends and local historical stories.
Ansai paper-cutting
Paper-cutting spread in Ansai area in northern Yan 'an, Shaanxi Province. There are various forms, such as window flower, door painting, kang flower, hanging curtain flower, kiln top flower, table skirt flower, pillow flower, shoe flower, brand flower, belly flower and so on. There are several contents. One is to beautify the environment during the Spring Festival. There are many auspicious themes, such as birds, flowers, cows, sheep, pigs and dogs, lions and tigers. The second is to decorate the wedding bridal chamber, such as pomegranate peony and birds in pairs; Third, it is used to make embroidery and cloth toys, with many pairs of pomegranate, peach, tiger doll and other patterns; Fourth, it is used for superstitious etiquette, such as the kitchen god, the god of wealth, and the paper man used for evocation.
Longdong paper-cut
Paper-cut art in Qingyang and Pingliang, Gansu. Longdong paper-cutting has a long history and its style is rough and exaggerated. The paper-cutting in Zhengning, Ningxian, Heshui, Qingyang, Huachi and Huanxian in the east is simple and elegant. The styles of Xifeng and Zhenyuan in the middle are beautiful and neat; Pingliang, Jingchuan, Chongxin, Huating and Zhuanglang in the upper reaches of Jinghe River in the west are relatively simple and lively. There are many birds and animals, folk stories, opera figures, flowers in four seasons and so on. As far as its forms are concerned, there are door flowers, Kang kiln flowers, kiln top flowers, corsage flowers, grain storage flowers, lantern flowers, wedding flowers, hanging curtain flowers, fireworks, birthday flowers, embroidery patterns and so on.
Fushan paper-cut
Fushan, Shanxi has the reputation of "the hometown of paper cutting". Its paper-cuts are all over the county and popular in the southwest of the mountain. Its forms are window grilles, fireworks and so on. The most distinctive feature is that twelve months of "bridge flowers" are connected in series to celebrate children's birthdays. Fushan paper-cut is widely used in embroidery patterns of clothes, pillows, skirts, purses, shoes, hats and handkerchiefs in daily life, as well as paper banners, gold and silver mountains, bridges and horses, battle flags and so on needed for funeral, sacrifice and blessing. It is also used to print, cut and paste patterns of farm curtains, around dining tables, chairs, bedspreads, bedding and cloth.
Binzhou paper-cut
Paper-cutting is popular in Huimin area of Lubei, Shandong Province. Most of them are window grilles or embroidery patterns. The style is rougher than Jiaodong. Symmetrical (folding-cutting) graphics in paper-cutting are very distinctive. The representative authors of paper-cutting are Zhao Qiuchun, Zhao Hengying, Ren, Zhang Jine.
Yuxian paper-cutting
Paper-cutting in Yuxian County, Hebei Province has a history of 200 years. Good at window grilles, "the sky is high and the clouds are light" can be said to be the earliest form of window grilles, that is, painting and coloring mica sheets for decoration. Later, the woodcut watermark window grilles in Wuqiang County, Hebei Province were introduced, which absorbed its color characteristics and imitated the transparent effect of "bright sky", replacing cutting with engraving, forming the unique style of Yuxian paper-cutting. Yuxian paper-cutting is mainly based on "intaglio engraving" and "stippling", so there is a saying of "three division of labor and seven dyeing". Themes are mostly taken from opera characters, with auspicious images such as flowers, birds, fish, insects, birds and beasts.
Nanjing paper-cut
According to historical records, paper was popular among the people in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province in the Ming Dynasty. Among them, flowers and bean fragrant flowers are famous all over the world. In the past, Nanjing people decorated boxes, cabinets, quilts, pillows and other dowries with all kinds of wedding flowers cut from red paper. The theme of the pattern is to fill flowers, leaves and other auspicious patterns according to the needs and specific paper-cut shapes. It can be said that there are flowers in the flowers, questions in the questions, details in the rough, and spirits in the clumsy. There are operas, historical stories, folklore, auspicious patterns, flowers and so on. Color matching is generally composed of seven colors of wax paper, such as gold and red, pink, green, blue, orange, light yellow and black, and the effect is very strong. In Nanjing paper-cutting, most flowers are cut with scissors except fragrant flowers and door tags.
Shanxi paper cutting
The genre of Shanxi folk paper-cutting is adapted to local folk customs and actual needs. The most common is window grilles, the size of which depends on the shape of the pane. For example, the window formats in the northwest of the mountain are diamond, round and polygonal, and the window grilles vary with the windows. They are small, ingenious and full of childlike interest. The big ones are "group flowers" with four corners, six corners and eight corners, which are elegant and generous. In Xinzhou area, when celebrating the Spring Festival or holding a wedding, it is necessary to post "full window flowers", that is, cut off persimmons, ruyi, peony, bergamot, lotus, osmanthus, sheng, etc., and wish the newly married wife wonderful workmanship, early birth and happiness.
Generally speaking, the style of Shanxi folk paper-cutting has the characteristics of rough expansion, grandeur, simplicity and simplicity in the northern region. However, due to the similarity of regional environment, living customs and aesthetic concepts, paper-cutting varies from place to place. For example, the paper-cuts in southern Shanxi, Jinzhong, southeastern Shanxi, northwestern Shanxi and Lvliang mountainous areas are mostly monochrome paper-cuts, with simple and rough styles. Dyed paper-cuts popular in Yanbei area are elegant and magnificent, especially "Guangling window grilles". "Guangling window grilles" are famous for their lifelike modeling, exquisite carving and gorgeous colors. Its raw material is a piece of white rice paper, and its tools are several oblique-edged carving knives of different sizes. The procedure is to carve out the finished paper-cut products with a knife and then dye them. Folk craftsmen attach great importance to knife carving and coloring skills. They can carve many finished products in just a few minutes with simple tools, mainly negative carving, supplemented by positive carving. When coloring, use good white wine to color, and add a small amount of alum in darker places, which can not only make the painted colors bright and moist, but also ensure the long-term preservation of paper-cuts. Guangling paper-cut has won a reputation for its exquisite skills, and now it has been sold to France, the United States, Japan, Poland and other countries, becoming a cherished work of art by overseas friends.
People compare life to an evergreen tree. Then, we say that the art under scissors is flowers and fruits on evergreen trees. Folk paper-cutting is rooted in the people, spread among the people, original and simple, and always exudes the fragrance of art.
Liuqing Yang
Yangliuqing paper-cutting has a long history, and it enriches itself by learning from other art categories. For example, in recent years, paper-cutting has appeared in the form of traditional Chinese painting, including main hall, banner, horizontal batch, general rule and fan face. The content includes flowers and birds, insects, people, landscapes, Facebook and so on. There are also paper-cuts created by artists. Similar to the New Year pictures without losing the interest of paper-cutting, it makes people feel familiar and novel. Especially in the case that the custom of traditional New Year pictures is gradually declining, paper-cutting artists carve people's favorite Yangliuqing New Year pictures into paper-cuts such as door gods, pottery fish and dolls. Traditional New Year pictures are often not accepted by some new families. After this art form is carved into exquisite paper-cuts, it can not only be accepted by young people, but also be deeply loved. The flowers embroidered by Yangliuqing people all come from paper-cut patterns.
These patterns include door curtains, curtains, wall cloths (fences), pillowcases, etc. And flower pockets for clothes and children's wear, commonly known as "flowers in flowers", and some people cover birthday noodles and peaches with pre-paper such as Fushou, commonly known as "rice flowers". A few decades ago, Yangliuqing's Gaojiahua appearance was well known and was called "high-flowered appearance".
Qingyang renjia
Qingyang folk paper-cut craft composition style is rich and active, not bound by any theme. It creatively organizes many images to make them coherent and complete. This method of taking things horizontally strengthens the decoration, space, three-dimensional sense and structure of paper-cutting. In manual paper-cutting, the foreground and background of the object to be cut appear on the same plane, and the images are not covered or overlapped, so that we can not only see the object in front of us, but also see the object behind us completely, which embodies a strong decorative style.
Common techniques of Qingyang folk paper-cutting technology;
1. Orthographic engraving: give priority to lines, keep the lines of modeling, cut off other parts, connect the lines, keep the shape, cut off other parts, and be orthographic.