In the early years of the Republic of China, on the basis of the original "tightness, slowness, sadness and grabbing the board", the five generations created "lifting the board", "duality", "overlapping the board" and "cutting the board", and further subdivided the board grabbing into slow and tight grabbing. Thus greatly enriched the version of Xiangyuan Drum Book. His disciples Hou Yicheng and Dong Caiyuan successfully combined Shangdang Bangzi, Shangdang Gongzi and Xiangyuan Yangge into a drum book, which formed the characteristic that Xiangyuan Drum Book can freely clip and sing other operas. At the same time, Dong Caiyuan set a precedent for one person to play a full set of percussion music.
With the development of drum lyrics, another rap form of "discerning people" appeared quietly. According to Song Shuanghuan, the fifth generation descendant of Liudiao in the Directory of xiang yuan Liudiao Masters and Apprentices, during the Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, Tian Wei, a discerning yangko artist in Fu Shan Village of Xiangyuan County, combined with the local popular minor "Yinggeliu", formed a fixed singing method called Liudiao, and began to rap the upper and lower sentences repeatedly.
In the early years of the Republic of China, the accompaniment instrument of "Six Tones" was changed from Hu, and there were crying boards, grabbing boards and tightening boards in the vocals. At the same time, it began to communicate and integrate with the drum words sung by the blind, and the "discerning people" and blind artists learned from each other, gradually forming today's "Xiangyuan Drum Book". At this time, the contents of drum books are both "sacred books" and "wishing books", as well as folk stories and legends, which are long, and some can be said to be fifteen to twenty days. Because of the inconvenience of the blind, there are few books showing the scenes of war and fighting, and most of them reflect the themes of "treachery of loyal ministers" and "talented people and beautiful women". The form of rap is: the number of bands has increased to more than five. One person sat in the middle of the band, playing a full set of percussion instruments, accompanied by literary and music instruments: one person played Huang Er (Yangko, Drum Book), Qin Le (Bangzi) and Banhu (Luozi), while the other two played Tribal Tiger, Sanxian, Yueqin, Erhu and Xiaohu respectively. There are many types of vocals, such as board, word, tight board, adagio, overlapping board, cutting board, adagio, tight board and crying board. Qupai is mainly based on the basic Qupai of Goer's Ci, which is a complex with other operas. Narrative lyric, can express dramatic conflicts, sing more, say less. Percussionist is the lead singer, and the accompanist plays one or two roles according to the roles in the bibliography, which roughly divides the occupations of life, Dan and ugliness. During this period, the plate and singing form of Xiangyuan Drum Book were basically finalized and began to develop initially. However, the social status of blind artists is still very low, which is called "the third line".
Baiyin age
1937, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, and after the Eighth Route Army entered Taihang Mountain, Xiangyuan drum writing began to enter a period of great development. On the one hand, under the guidance of the * * * Production Party in China, the blind abandoned the divination theory of "divine book" and began to write new books with the theme of "propagating progressive thoughts" and "propagating the line, principles and policies of the * * * Production Party in China", which were performed in Taihang Mountain area. -This change in social function has made Xiang Yuan Gu Shu quickly become one of the most influential and popular rap songs in Taihang Mountain area. At the same time, Xiangyuan drum book began to keep up with the theme of the times in creative thinking, and this creative tradition has been passed down to this day.
On the other hand, with the establishment and development of professional groups led by the government, the number of corresponding folk diaspora artists and folk class clubs has also increased rapidly, forming a phenomenon of dual-track development.
The transformation of social functions
1. The disintegration of "Huang San Club" and the establishment of "blind propaganda team"-organizational changes.
According to the Chronology of Drum Writing Events in xiang yuan: 65,438+0,938,65,438+0 compiled by Teacher Wang Dechang, Xiangyuan County Anti-Japanese Democratic Government established the first patriotic propaganda group for the blind in xiang yuan, and then set up a number of progressive blind folk art propaganda organizations such as the patriotic propaganda team for the blind and the Five Counties Quyi Federation in Taihang Mountain area, which convened and absorbed a large number of blind folk artists. In addition, Taitai. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/945, the Huang San Society of xiang yuan was dissolved, and the "Patriotic Propaganda Team for the Blind in Xiangyuan County" (hereinafter referred to as "Blind Propaganda Team") was established, mainly to publicize the ideological line, principles and policies of the China * * production party and carry out publicity activities in line with the situation. The propaganda team consists of several groups, each with 5-8 people. Usually, only one group stays behind, and other groups perform village by village by region. The local village head arranges food and accommodation in the farmer's home, and returns to the team to concentrate on studying at the end of the year or when there are new books. During this period, Xiangyuan Drum Book has been highly developed in tune, qupai, plate structure, creative theme and reference to sister art, and has been widely spread in Taihang Mountain area, expanding its influence.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the patriotic propaganda team for the blind in Xiangyuan County continued to be retained, and all its members were registered as urban residents and enjoyed the supply. At this point, Xiangyuan drum calligraphy began to develop faster and newer in the form of government professional groups.
2. Keep up with the theme of the times-creative breakthrough innovation
1In July, 953, the literary and art circles began a major rectification movement, and the blind propaganda team organized all members to study, and put forward the slogan "Our propaganda team does not engage in duplicity, sings socialism loudly, and secretly engages in feudal superstition". Since then, publicizing the line, principles and policies of China's * * * production party has become the main task of Xiangyuan Drum Calligraphy and Blind Propaganda Team, and "keeping up with the theme of the times" has become a tradition of its artists' creation.
Innovation and prosperity
1. Xiangyuan Quju —— The first transplant of Xiangyuan Drum Book
At the beginning of 1959, Xiangyuan county government restricted the inheritance and development of rap art in view of the fact that xiang yuan drum calligraphy was always confined to the scope of blind rap, and many blind artists were old and lacked successors. So I decided to start Xiangyuan Quyi training class, recruit young men and women with good appearance and sound conditions, hire famous local artists and grassroots musicians as teachers and guides, and began the transplantation of Xiangyuan drum books. 1960, Quyi Troupe was established and renamed as "Xiangyuan Quju". Shanxi Provincial Department of Culture and Shanxi Music Association listed Xiangyuan Quyi Troupe as the key troupe in the province. However, with the reorganization of 1962 Shanxi Literature and Art Group, xiang yuan Quyi Group was dissolved. Some actors of Quyi Troupe were transferred to the county Yangko Team and Quyi Team (Quyi Team is the "Blind Propaganda Team"). According to Wang Junchuan, a blind artist of Quyi Team, the "Blind Propaganda Team" was renamed Quyi Propaganda Team on 1957. 1962 shortly after the dissolution of the Quyi Team, the Quyi Team was also dissolved, and all the players, including the blind, moved back to the countryside, and the performance was organized by the village commune. ), part of it is my own way out (mostly going to folk rap).
The establishment of xiang yuan Quyi Troupe is a good exploration of the reform of drum calligraphy in xiang yuan. Although it didn't exist for a long time, it greatly promoted the development of Xiangyuan drum calligraphy. During the training process, local famous artists and grassroots musicians carried out comprehensive and bold innovations in lyrics, singing, music and performance on the basis of inheriting the tradition, which greatly enriched and improved the content and expression of Xiangyuan Drum Book. According to teacher Wang Dechang, who was then the instructor of Quyi training class, "At that time, the repertoire was very popular with the masses, and it was almost a fire."
Although the Quyi Troupe was finally dissolved, from another development perspective: after they became rich in rural areas, they further expanded the influence of Xiangyuan drum writing and trained a large number of audiences through organizing performances and performances by village communities.
At the same time, they performed in class with a few local drummers scattered among the people, and exchanged and studied with each other, which greatly improved the overall artistic level of Xiangyuan drummers. And laid the foundation for the development of Xiangyuan after drum writing.
Present situation of Quyi team
(1) organizational structure. Following the tradition at the beginning of the team building, there is a captain, two vice captains and an accountant. The propaganda team consists of several groups, each with 5-8 people. Usually, only one group of Quyi teams stay in the city to perform. Other groups are divided into regions according to the realization, and the performances are divided into villages and households, which are changed once a year.
(2) personnel flow. The number of employees and groups is decreasing year by year, and the age group is gradually increasing.
Degree of social respect
In terms of time, the Quyi team was more respected before the 1990s than after the 1990s. From the point of view of the group, the elderly respect Quyi actors more than the young. Wang Junchuan, the former business leader of Quyi Team and a famous local old artist, said: Before 1980s, people called it "propaganda team" and "Quyi Team"; From the 1980s to the early 1990s, most people still called it this way. Some people called it a "blind storyteller" and others called it a "blind man". Today, people who are called "blind storytellers" or even "blind" are mostly young people. In the 1980s, the attitude of the leaders of the county party committee towards the Quyi team made the situation of the Quyi team better.
Quyi players' understanding of their own present situation
1. Because the blind are physically disabled, they can only make a living by learning books. At the same time, the life requirements of the blind are not high, and they can be passed down in the Quyi team for a long time, so that they can be passed down all the time. But now people not only listen to books, but also read "storytelling", that is, they like to read storytelling.
In terms of technical skills, there is not enough money to rehearse, so people are even more reluctant to listen to drum books.
Nowadays, young people have never instilled drum music into their ears since they were young, so there is a problem of social education environment.
4. There are no apprentices, because the Quyi team can't give economic security and the drummer is not respected. For example, Li: 1994, a dozen little girls in the Quyi team took them to the countryside to perform, and some cadres abused us and gave us a dirty look, which we could not see. But the little girls can't stand it, and besides, they can't make much money.
Some solutions put forward by Quyi players according to their own situation
1. On the one hand, the Quyi team continues to retain blind people to rap; On the other hand, recruit a group of visionary people to take the stage to develop drum books in Xiang and Yuan Dynasties. -the last point was tried in the history of the development of drum calligraphy in Xiangyuan, and the effect was very good.
2. Incorporate the Quyi players into the state establishment or provide office expenses.