1884, an Englishman, Edward butler, added a power device to his bicycle and made a tricycle powered by kerosene. 1885, the German "father of automobiles" made a three-wheeled motorcycle driven by a single-cylinder air gasoline engine. On August 29th of the same year, he obtained a patent for this invention. Therefore, Daimler is recognized by the world as the inventor of motorcycles. Daimler's first motorcycle was driven by a four-stroke internal combustion engine. The working pit of the cylinder is 264 cubic centimeters. At 700 revolutions per minute, the power can reach 0.5 horsepower and the speed can reach 65,438+02 kilometers per hour. The car is made of wood, the rear wheel is driven by a belt, and there are auxiliary support wheels on both sides. In view of Daimler's irreplaceable historical position, after his death, the Wudenberg branch of the German Engineer Association erected his monument in Sheutat Square, where he drove his first motorcycle.
2. A brief history of motorcycle development
Since 1885, Daimler in Germany invented and manufactured the world's first motorcycle powered by gasoline engine, the development of motorcycles has experienced the vicissitudes of 100 years.
The original motorcycle, a real model existing in Munich Science and Technology Museum, Germany, is the world's first motorcycle patented by Daimler in Germany on August 29th, 1885.
100 years ago, the gasoline engine at that time was still in a low-level and naive state, and the vehicle manufacturing at that time was still in the stage of carriage technology. Primitive motorcycles are quite different from modern motorcycles in appearance, structure and performance. The original motorcycle frame was made of wood. Judging from the wood grain, it is made by carpenters and the wheels are also made of wood. The outer layer of the wheel is covered with a layer of iron. There are several square wooden frames in the middle and lower part of the frame, on which the engine is placed. There are small support wheels on both sides of the wooden frame to prevent it from toppling when it is still. Therefore, the car actually landed on four wheels. The engine cooled by a single-cylinder fan drives the rear wheel forward through two-stage reduction transmission of belt and gear. The car seat is saddle-shaped and covered with leather. The working volume of engine cylinder is 264mL, and the maximum power is 0.37kW(700r/min), which is only 1/5 of that of modern simple motorcycle. Speed 12km, not much faster than walking. Because there were no buffers such as springs at that time, this kind of car was called "bone shaking car". As you can imagine, driving on the stone street in the19th century is worse than execution. Although the original motorcycle was so simple, since then, motorcycles have been constantly changed and improved. 100 years ago, hundreds of millions of descendants of modern motorcycles have emerged.
Compared with German motorcycles, American motorcycles, among which Harry Davidson Company is world-famous. 1903 1 (the earliest commercial motorcycle in the United States) produced by Harley company in the United States, the working volume of engine cylinder is 409mL, the power is 2.94kW, and the bicycle frame is adopted. Motorcycle is a product of the times, and it is a model that reflects the level of science and technology at that time, that is, motorcycles at different stages are marked with the development of science and technology in different times. The original motorcycle could not be used because the technology at that time could not meet the most basic parts needed for its normal operation, so it could only be put in the laboratory. 19 from the 1990s to the early 20th century, early motorcycles began to have practical value by adopting new inventions and technologies at that time, such as pneumatic rubber tires, ball bearings, clutches and transmissions, front suspension damping systems, spring seats, etc. Mass production in the factory and become a commodity. This is the second generation motorcycle, which is called commodity motorcycle. For example, 19 12 X -8A single-cylinder motorcycle produced by Harley Company in the United States. At that time, the transmission and transmission system had not been solved, only the belt was used to drive the big pulley attached to the rear wheel, and the rear brake shoe was pulled by the handle to brake. At that time, the problem of the rear shock absorber was not solved, and the front shock absorber had a simple shock absorber attached to the front fork.
After 1930s, with the continuous progress of science and technology, motorcycle production adopted rear suspension damping system, mechanical ignition system, drum mechanical braking device, chain drive and so on. , make the motorcycle climb to a new level, gradually mature and widely used in transportation, competition and military. This is the third stage of the motorcycle-the mature stage. From 65438 to 0936, American Harley Company has been able to manufacture high-level motorcycles. The car uses a V-type twin-cylinder engine, 1000mL, OHV, 27.93kW, and the top speed150 km/h/h.
The development of motorcycles is like a step. The higher the development, the higher the level. The original motorcycle of 1885 is placed on the ground on the first floor, and the second floor is the first batch of motorcycles produced in the world. This is 1000 motorcycle and bicycle with two cylinders and four-stroke engines imported from Germany in/894. The third floor is a popular racing car in the 1930s. At this time, the motorcycle already has practical functions. The fourth floor is a modern luxury motorcycle after the 1970s. The figure not only shows the four stages of motorcycle development, but also configures the different clothes of vehicle drivers in the four stages.
After 1970s, motorcycle production adopted electronic ignition technology, electric start, disc brake, streamlined body guard, etc. In 1990s, it also adopted exhaust gas purification technology and ABS anti-lock braking device, making motorcycle an advanced motor vehicle with beautiful appearance, superior performance, convenient use and agility, and one of the important symbols of contemporary earth civilization. Especially for luxury motorcycles with large displacement, advanced automobile technology is transplanted to motorcycles, which makes motorcycles reach the perfect state. The development of motorcycles has entered the fourth stage-the heyday stage. First, the United States
The United States is one of the earliest countries to manufacture motorcycles. The famous companies are Harley-Davidson and Indian.
Harley-Davidson motorcycles have become a symbol of a nostalgic era. 1907, Harley-Davidson company manufactured the first V-type twin-cylinder engine, which can provide twice the power for motorcycles compared with the traditional single-cylinder engine. This kind of engine has occupied a dominant position in the history of American motorcycle manufacturing for more than 80 years. In 1930s, the sales of Harley-Davidson motorcycles ranked first in the United States. In the 1940s, Harley-Davidson motorcycles were challenged by British motorcycles because they were lighter and faster. In the early 1960s, Japanese motorcycles with small displacement flooded into the American market. From 65438 to 0969, Harley merged with American machinery and foundry companies, and expanded the capital and resource market. At the end of 1980s, Harley-Davidson motorcycles were fully revived, and every motorcycle it produced was guaranteed in quality. The Indian company is a distant star. It used to be brilliant. 1899, the engineer Oscar Hyde built a motorized two-wheeled vehicle, which opened the motorcycle manufacturing history of Indian companies. For a time, Indian companies conquered buyers with bright colors and excellent performance, but were discouraged by several owners and some short-sighted investment behaviors. In the 1950s, they ended their historical mission.
The difference between Harley and BMW is that Harley is almost all metal and seems to have an eternal feeling. On the other hand, the plastic shell of BMW is similar to that of Japan. So you can see that many Americans drive a Harley from young to old.
Second, Japan.
Japan is undoubtedly the representative of modern industry in Asia, and so is the motorcycle manufacturing industry. Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha and Kawasaki are the four most famous motorcycle companies in Japan. Among them, Honda and Yamaha started their businesses by imitating Italian piaggio, German BMW and American Harley. Up to now, we can still see that many Honda models are exactly the same size and even details as these cars, which is enough to confuse the real with the fake. The only difference is that Yamaha has started to create independently or make changes in other people's creations, while Honda has been committed to imitating other people's shells.
The beginning of Japanese motorcycle manufacturing can be traced back to the beginning of19th century, but it really took shape after World War II. Due to the disaster of the war, Japan's finances were in chaos and public transportation was paralyzed. The market is in urgent need of cheap and convenient personal transportation. In this context, a number of companies came into being, such as Honda. Honda started exporting motorcycles overseas on 1959, followed by Suzuki, Yamaha and Kawasaki. At that time, the fierce competition among the four major companies in Japan's domestic market prompted companies to work hard on the design, manufacture and marketing of new models and quickly occupy the world market. At that time, the most successful British producer in the world was also standing still. By 196 1, Honda has become the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world.
Japanese motorcycles are characterized by beautiful appearance and comfortable driving. Some details, such as indicator light, transmission, electric starter, overhead camshaft engine, etc., are standard for Japanese motorcycles, even on cars with 125ml displacement, which can also bring surprises to buyers.
By 1969, Honda broke through the large motorcycle market that British manufacturers have been sticking to with a CB750, marking the arrival of the Japanese motorcycle era and providing motorcycles with appropriate configuration for the first market.
Japan has also made great efforts in the marketing strategy of motorcycles, and will always produce motorcycles according to the policies of some countries. For example, at that time, the standard in China was above 125cc, and Yamaha, Honda and Suzuki actively cooperated, while Kawasaki, who has always been self-righteous, always liked to have a big platoon, which also caused the misunderstanding that "a big platoon is a good car, and a good car is bought by Kawasaki".
Third, Germany
Germany is the birthplace of motorcycles, and BMW is the most famous company.
When BMW was founded, it only produced aircraft engines, as evidenced by the famous blue and white propeller pattern. 192 1 year, BMW began to produce motorcycle twin-cylinder engines; 1923, BMW aircraft designer Marcos freese unveiled the prelude of motorcycle production. The 500ml engine is installed in the frame, and the cylinder extends to both sides. This simple and effective design scheme has been used to this day. BMW motorcycles are famous for their excellent manufacturing technology and high price. There is a market rule in the field of automobile sales. Whether a car sells well depends on the German reaction to it. This rule also applies to the motorcycle market. BMW enjoys a world-renowned reputation for its extraordinary quality, and its motorcycles have been selected by national guest etiquette teams in many countries.
BMW is characterized by many high-tech electronic products. No wonder Honda Jinyi wants to copy them.
Fourth, China.
195 1 in August, China officially began to trial-produce motorcycles by itself. At that time, China People's Liberation Army No.6 Beijing Automobile Manufacturing and Distribution Factory completed the trial production of five heavy military motorcycles, which were named Jinggangshan brand by the Central Military Commission. The top speed of the car can reach 1 10 km. By 1953, the annual output of Jinggangshan brand two-wheeled motorcycle exceeded 1000. The appearance of Jinggangshan brand motorcycle marks a new era of motorcycle industry in China.
In recent years, China's motorcycle industry has developed rapidly. In terms of product output, the annual output increased from 49,000 vehicles in 1.980 to 970,000 vehicles in 1.990. Up to now, China has become the country with the largest motorcycle production in the world, and motorcycles have become an important part of China's national economy pillar industry automobile industry.
In 2006, the production and sales of motorcycle industry in China increased significantly, reaching a new record high. The total production of motorcycles in the whole year was 21443,500 vehicles, an increase of 3,676,300 vehicles or 20.69% over the previous year. The cumulative sales volume reached 2,654,38+0,266,700 vehicles, an increase of 35,265,438+0,774,565,438 vehicles over the previous year, with a year-on-year increase of 65,438+09.85%. The comprehensive index of economic benefits has been significantly improved, and the booming production and sales have driven the rapid growth of economic benefits. In 2006, the main business income of 105 motorcycle manufacturers nationwide was 816.29 million yuan, an increase of 15.59% over the previous year, and an increase of1/0.008 million yuan; Accumulated profits of 2.475 billion yuan; An increase of 49.8 1% over the previous year, an increase of 823 million yuan.
After half a century of ups and downs, China motorcycle industry has formed a relatively complete production, development and marketing system, with a considerable number of independent intellectual property rights and a number of brand-name products covering the market. Especially since the reform and opening up, the motorcycle industry has risen rapidly. Through the arduous course of starting, development, integration and reorganization, ups and downs, and through the hard work of the motorcycle industry front, China has now become one of the largest motorcycle producers in the world.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Italy
Italy's heavy industry, light industry and tourism are all developed, and of course motorcycles are also developed. However, due to the low education level and taste of our people, many European and American brands are not recognized by Chinese people. In addition, Italy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. For China people who judge their brands by the size of their factories, their cognition is definitely very little.
The movie "Roman Holiday" from 65438 to 0946 swept the world, and the romantic love story infected everyone and spread to this day. Hepburn's scooter is Vespa from piaggio, also known as VESPA or Wasp. Unlike Japanese motorcycle pedals, which are made of plastic shells, they are all steel plates, so they have high durability. You can see VESPA in the forties and fifties. At present, 50 million vehicles have been sold worldwide. There are 3 million vehicles in India, 6,543.8+0,000 in Viet Nam and less than 654.38+0 in China. At present, piaggio cooperates with Zongshen in China.
Now, piaggio has bought most motorcycle manufacturers in Europe, including many brands such as Apria, Derby, Gillette and Gucci. Most parts of French motorcycles are made in piaggio.
Ducati, a luxury in motorcycles, is known as the unbreakable Ducati.
Malaguti, a heavy locomotive, pays equal attention to both quality and quality, and can be as famous as agusta below.
MV agusta, nicknamed Lamborghini in motorcycle and Ferrari in two wheels, is currently cooperating with Lifan.
Bomber, have you seen Spider-Man's car? That's bombardier.
Like piaggio, Itachi in the Czech Republic also produced all-steel scooters.
In addition, agusta produces helicopters, while piaggio and Bombardier produce private jets.
There are still many motorcycle brands in Italy. Unlike Japanese motorcycles, Italian motorcycles are excellent, durable, not easy to break down and perfectly designed. Compared with Japanese motorcycles that only imitate assembly (few Japanese motorcycles are designed, but many are assembled), Italian motorcycles can only gain a foothold if they want to be known by Chinese people.
Of course, Italian motorcycles pose the greatest threat to Japanese motorcycle dealers. After a hundred years of wind and rain, motorcycles are developing in a newer, faster and safer direction.
Modern motorcycle industry has introduced a large number of advanced technologies. For example, the FLHRC- 1 motorcycle launched by Harley-Davidson Company in 1998 adopted the world-class automobile engine technology-fuel injection device, which not only improved the power, but also met the environmental protection needs of contemporary society and became the forerunner of motorcycles in 2 1 century. The application of high and new technologies such as optical communication electronic control system, radar ranging automatic control system, electronic map navigation system and acoustic wave electronic silencing system in some concept motorcycles has made modern motorcycles more perfect and more powerful.