196 1 At the meeting of CMEA held in February, the draft basic principles of socialist international division of labor were formulated and adopted. Then,1June, 962, at the workers' representative meeting of the * * * production party held in Moscow, the basic principles of socialist international division of labor were formally adopted, and the party was a member of CMEA. The document stipulates that CMEA member countries "must closely form a unified system" and "must gradually level off the level of economic development". The document also stipulates the basic direction for some important production departments to implement international division of labor.
1in April, 1969, the 23rd special meeting of CMEA put forward the policy of "economic integration" for the first time, and decided to formulate specific measures to "further develop economic, scientific and technological cooperation among member countries". After more than two years' discussion, the Comprehensive Outline of Further Deepening and Perfecting Cooperation and Developing Socialist Economic Integration among CMEA Member States was formally adopted at the 25th meeting of CMEA held in July. 197 1. The comprehensive outline stipulates that the integration of production, science and technology, foreign trade, money and finance will be realized in stages within 15~20 years. It stipulates the main ways and means to strengthen economic integration: conducting bilateral and multilateral consultations on basic issues of economic policy and strengthening bilateral and multilateral cooperation in planning; Expand international production specialization and production science and technology cooperation in a planned way; Expand mutual trade in a planned way and improve the effect of mutual trade; Expand direct links between ministries, competent departments and other state organs of member States; Developing existing and establishing new international economic organizations; Constantly improve the legal principles of economic and technological cooperation.
From June 1984 to June 12 ~ 14, the cmea held a summit meeting. The meeting summarized the achievements made by CMEA since its 23rd special meeting (summit) in 1969, and fully affirmed the policy of economic integration. The meeting decided to further improve and develop the comprehensive outline of economic integration. The meeting adopted a statement on the basic principles of further developing and deepening the economic, scientific and technological cooperation among CMEA member countries. The "Statement" puts forward that the most important task of the member countries of CMEA in economic cooperation at this stage is to accelerate the economic transformation to an intensive road and improve economic benefits by improving the social production structure and making better use of the potential of science and technology; Ensure the further development of social production; Improve the technical level and quality of products, speed up product upgrading and develop export potential; The allocation of productive forces is more reasonable; Accelerate the process of gradually balancing the economic development levels of CMEA member countries, especially the process of gradually balancing the economic development levels of Vietnam, Cuba, Mongolia and CMEA European member countries. The fundamental purpose of the meeting resolution is to accelerate the economic integration of CMEA member countries.
For more than 30 years, the cooperation among CMEA member countries has been mainly achieved through coordinating national economic planning, scientific and technological cooperation, production specialization and cooperation, joint construction projects, foreign trade and monetary, financial and credit cooperation.
Coordinate the national economic plan. This is the basis of realizing the comprehensive outline of CMEA, the most important way of economic cooperation among CMEA members, and the main measure to deepen the international division of labor and economic integration. The contents of coordination mainly include: consulting the basic issues of economic policy; To forecast major economic and technological projects; Coordinate the long-term production plans of major sectors of the national economy; Five-year plan for coordinating the national economy; Exchange experiences of member countries in improving national economic planning and management systems. In order to make the coordination plan more closely, starting from 1966, CMEA changed the practice of coordination plan, that is, the original member countries first formulated their own plans and then coordinated, and then CMEA first coordinated plans, and then each country formulated its own plans, and made bilateral and multilateral agreements on the basis of coordination. 1986 ~1the 36th meeting of cmea held in June, 1990, when discussing the coordination outline of the national economic plan, asked cmea members to "further deepen cooperation" and promote "economic integration", and asked Vietnam, Cuba and Mongolia to "extensively participate in the international socialist division of labor". 1It was clearly stipulated at the summit meeting of CMEA held in June, 1984 that coordinating the national economic plan should focus on solving the priority tasks, namely, first, coordinating the basic direction of socialist international division of labor and specialization; Measures to increase the common supply of the most important commodities; The basic proportion and structure of mutual trade; Production cooperation projects.
Scientific and technological cooperation. In the comprehensive outline of CMEA member countries to further deepen and improve cooperation and develop socialist economic integration, the main contents of scientific and technological cooperation are specifically stipulated, that is, to consult each other on the basic issues of scientific and technological policies and make a scientific and technological forecast of 10 to 15; The countries concerned are planning research on some important scientific and technological issues; Cooperation in scientific and technological research; Coordinating scientific and technological research; Exchange scientific and technological achievements and experiences; Strengthen cooperation in scientific and technological information, inventions and patent undertakings; Train scientific and technological cadres, etc. According to the scientific and technological tasks put forward in the Comprehensive Outline, 1972, the Committee for Scientific and Technological Cooperation of CMEA submitted to the Executive Committee of CMEA the 1972~ 1975 and beyond. With the development of scientific and technological revolution, the mutual penetration between science and technology and production has been strengthened day by day. Later, the Committee for Scientific and Technological Cooperation of CMEA formulated the basic principles of scientific and technological cooperation among CMEA countries in1976 ~1980 ~1990. By 198 1, 205 scientific and technological cooperation agreements and contracts have been signed among member countries, and 3,000 organizations have participated in the cooperation.
Specialization of production, cooperation with * * * to build joint projects. These are all carried out according to the coordination plan of CMEA. The production of specialization and cooperation means that CMEA members undertake certain production tasks according to their own economic base, technical strength and specialties, and get the support of other members in the process of product development and production, and finally provide products to CMEA countries. This can not only make use of the advantages of various countries, but also help to improve the quality of products. In the 1970s, production specialization and cooperation were mainly concentrated in machinery manufacturing, radio and electronics industry, chemical industry, metallurgy, atomic energy and microprocessor, which determined the structure of the national economy, especially in machinery manufacturing. By the early 1980s, CMEA member countries had signed 65,438+0,300 bilateral and multilateral production specialization and cooperation agreements. At the 42nd meeting of CMEA held in June 1986+0 1, according to the requirements of the Comprehensive Outline of Long-term Scientific and Technological Cooperation of CMEA Countries before 2000, the key points of production specialization and cooperation in the new stage are: establishing direct links between science and production among economic organizations of CMEA member countries; On the basis of economic accounting, the countries concerned have established international institutions such as joint ventures, joint companies, enterprises, design institutes and scientific research institutions.
* * * The joint construction project was mainly developed after the mid-1970s, and it is an important aspect of mutual economic assistance among countries of CMEA. According to1980, which was adopted at the 29th meeting of CMEA in 1975, the former Soviet Union and CMEA countries jointly invested in 10 projects, including 8 projects in the former Soviet Union, with an investment of nearly 9 billion rubles, and the former Soviet Union and East European countries. 1979 In April, the Soviet Union, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland also signed an agreement in principle on the construction of an atomic power station in the former Soviet Union, as well as an agreement on the transmission line from the station to Leshev, Poland, and the construction of a Leshev substation. The total investment of this project is1500 million rubles. At the 37th meeting of CMEA held in June of 1983, a multilateral agreement was signed to jointly build a mineral processing joint enterprise in Krivorozhye, the former Soviet Union.
Foreign trade. In addition to signing bilateral trade agreements every year, CMEA member countries also sign long-term trade agreements on the basis of coordinating their own economic development plans. The Standing Committee of Foreign Trade of CMEA, established in 1956, is an institution specializing in foreign trade issues within the scope of CMEA. With the development of mutual cooperation, the mutual trade volume of CMEA has greatly increased.
Monetary, financial and credit cooperation. This is also an important part of the economic integration of CMEA. The former Soviet Union believed that the development of economic ties among CMEA members must "closely combine coordinated planning with the use of commodity and currency relations". 1962 17In February, according to the decision of the meeting of CMEA17, the CMEA monetary and financial standing committee was established. At its 1 8th meeting, cmea adopted the proposal of the meeting of the first secretary and heads of government of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, a member of cmea, held in July, 1963, and established an international economic cooperation bank, which was officially opened on June 1964 and/kloc-0. Its main task is to handle settlement business and provide short-term loans between member States. The legal capital of the bank is initially determined to be 300 million transfer rubles. After Cuba and Vietnam were accepted as members of the Bank for International Economic Cooperation in 1974 and 1977 respectively, the legal capital increased by 5.3 million transfer rubles. During the period of 1970~ 1982, the bank provided loans of about 78 billion roubles to member countries. The annual interest rate of loans provided by banks by transferring rubles is 1.5%~4%, and loans provided by Vietnam, Cuba and Mongolia are usually given preferential treatment, with an annual interest rate of about 0.5%~2%. The principle of banking activities is that no matter what the share of each country in the legal capital is, when voting on banking activities, a country has only one vote, and any decision can only take effect if it is unanimously adopted.
CMEA has economic cooperative relations or contacts with many countries and international institutions. 1964 In September, CMEA signed an agreement with Yugoslavia on Yugoslavia's participation in the work of some institutions of CMEA. Finland, Iraq, Mexico, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Afghanistan and other countries have also signed economic and technical cooperation agreements with CMEA. CMEA and the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency; United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; International Labour Organization; World Health Organization; World Intellectual Property Organization; Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; United Nations Industrial Development Organization; Organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme are linked. 1974, the United Nations General Assembly decided to grant the CMEA observer status.
CMEA also has contacts with organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization, the Arab Industrial Development Center, and the Latin American Economic System, and has negotiated with European economic entities to establish formal relations.