One of the prosperous times. Yang Zhong, the father of Yang Jian, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, was once named "the successor to the country" by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Emperor Wendi of Sui attacked this title, and after taking the title, the title was Sui, but he was afraid of bad luck and changed it to Sui.
Emperor Wendi, Emperor Gao, Emperor Shi Zuming, Emperor Shi Zonggong and Emperor Da Sui were handed down as three generations of emperors. The prosperity of the Sui Dynasty was unprecedented in China and even in the history of the world. At this time, the Chinese empire was peaceful, economically prosperous, culturally prosperous, socially stable, with a sharp hukou, rapid land reclamation, sufficient savings, strong and profitable, powerful and vast territory. The vastness and grandeur of the territory of the Great Sui Dynasty surpassed that of previous dynasties. According to Zi Jian, there were 190 counties, 1,255 counties and 8.9 million households in the world. It is 9300 li long from east to west and 148 15 li long from north to south. The prosperity of the past dynasties is extremely high. " This period is the heyday of China's culture, politics, economy and diplomacy, and China is the most powerful country in the world. At that time, East Asian neighbors, including Silla, Bohai Sea and Japan, were also deeply influenced by it in political system and culture. This dynasty was also one of the dynasties in which Japan paid tribute to China.
In 58 1 year, Emperor Da Sui accepted the abdication of the Northern Zhou Dynasty on Jiazi Day in February, 58 1 year, and established the Da Sui Dynasty, with Chang 'an as the capital at first, Daxing City as the capital, and Luoyang as the capital, and implemented the capital system of Xi Jing Chang 'an and Tokyo Luoyang. In 589, he conquered the south and wiped out the last dynasty of the Southern Dynasties, the Chen Dynasty, which had been separated from the South for a long time. Unify China.
Rule of opening the emperor
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The Tang Dynasty (6 18 ~ 907) is recognized as one of the most powerful times in China.
Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty in 6 18, with its capital in Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi). In its heyday, the desert of Central Asia was also ruled by it in the 7th century. In 690, Wu Zetian changed the country name "Tang" to "Zhou" and moved the capital to Luoyang, known as the capital of the gods, which was called Wu Zhou in history, also known as "Da Zhou". It was not until 705 that Tang Zhongzong Li Xian regained the title of Datang. The Tang Dynasty gradually declined after the Anshi Rebellion in the 14th year of Tianbao (755), and Zhu Wen, king of Liang Dynasty, usurped the throne and perished in the 4th year of Tianbao (907). The Tang Dynasty experienced 2/kloc-0 emperors (including Wu Zetian) ***289 years. Tang made brilliant achievements in culture, politics, economy and diplomacy, and was the most powerful country in the world at that time.
An Shi Rebellion in 755-763 A.D.
The territory of Tang Dynasty after An Shi Rebellion
After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty changed to Tianbao in Yuan Dynasty, he was full of ambition and decided to indulge himself. From then on, he never asked about state affairs again. After accepting Yang Yuhuan as the imperial concubine, she became more addicted to debauchery. Tang Xuanzong appointed Li, who was notorious for his "duplicity", as prime minister, and he was in office for eighteen years, which made the political affairs corrupt. After Li's death, he took Yang as his portrait. During this period, eunuchs began to intervene, and Gao Lishi's power was hot. Tang Xuanzong was overjoyed. Because of this, border generals often provoke wars against foreigners to win credit. At that time, because the military system was changed from the official military system to the recruitment system, our time was combined with soldiers in military towns, and there was a situation in which frontier fortress generals joined the army exclusively. Among them, An Lushan, the semi-final of the conference, is the most famous. Armed to the teeth, An Lushan took advantage of the political corruption and military emptiness in the Tang Dynasty to launch a rebellion with Shi Siming in November of the 14th year of Tianbao (755), which was called "An Shi Rebellion" in history. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to Chengdu, and Prince Hengli proclaimed himself emperor in Lingwu for the sake of Tang Suzong, and made Emperor Xuanzong the emperor's father. An Lushan claimed to be the Great Yan Emperor, with the title of Wu Sheng. It took eight years for the rebellion to be put down.
Yuanhe zhongxing
Huichang zhongxing
Inner-Party Struggle in Niu Li.
[Edit this paragraph] The battle with the northern kings
At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, after Kublai Khan consolidated his rule in the Central Plains, he immediately began to restore Khan's political control over the kings of the western regions. After he ordered Wokuo Terrace, Wang Hai made a pilgrimage. In six years, the Queen of Haidu, Bala and Shu Chi, Munger Timur, united against Khan and Ilihan Abaqa. In the eighth year of Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan ordered Namuhan, the prince of Beiping, to leave the town of Ali Muli. In thirteen years, Namuhan and his followers rebelled against Wang Xiliji (Meng Gezi). In August, Bo Yan led the Yuan Army to break through Erhai Lake. In twenty-four years, the vassal king headed by Naiyan rebelled in Liaodong. Kublai Khan scratched his face. In twenty-six years, Haidu and Chagatai Uighur Rusi Khan dispatched troops to defeat Namuhan and Guerra (the grandson of Kublai Khan), the clan kings at the edge of the town, and entered the forest. Kublai Khan led the army to make a personal expedition for the last time, and returned to the forest, leaving Bo Yan to guard. In the first month of the thirty-first year of Zhiyuan, Kublai Khan died in Dadu, and the temple was famous for its ancestors. His grandson timur ascended the throne for success. From the first year of Dade (1297) to four years, the Yuan Army confronted Haidu and Duwa many times in the north. Haidu wins first and then loses. After the injury, he and Du Wa withdrew from Lingbei and died in autumn and winter this year.
[Edit this paragraph] Chengzong "Persistence"
Yuan Chengzong was appointed as the ancestor of the old minister and went on strike against Japan and Annan. His internal affairs were based on Kublai Khan's rule, and the country was relatively stable, so he was called the king of perseverance. In the fifth year of Dade, the Yuan court sent Liu Shen to invade the eight hundred daughter countries in the southwest (now northern Thailand and other places). Yuan army harassed all the way. Song Longji, a local official, dispatched troops to send Liu Wei, a female local official, to the poor valley, and the people in eastern Yunnan rose up. In November, Liu was summoned to the city. In the spring of seven years, Snake Festival and Song Longji were captured and killed one after another, and the division of the Southern Expedition was also dismissed. In the eighth year of Dade, Yuan Ting made an appointment with Duwa and Wokuotai Urus Khan Chaba (son of Haidu). Although Khan maintained the integrity of Lingbei Province, he was forced to admit the fact that Urus of Chagatai controlled the area west of Hami.
[Edit this paragraph] "Wu Ren Giving and Receiving" and the Change of Nanpo
Chengzong fell ill every year in his later years, and Queen Bruhan came to power. At the beginning of the eleventh year of Dade, he became a pawn, and Bruhan, the left prime minister Ahutai and others sought to establish Ananda, the king of Anxi, who was guarding Hexi, as emperor. Right-hand Prime Minister Hara Hassan secretly sent a special envoy to meet with Wang Haishan in Huaining, North China, and Li, who was driven out of Beijing by Bruhan, in South China. On March 2nd, Li Ba of Ba Li, Ai Yu lured Ananda, punished Ahutai and others, and greeted Haishan Imperial Seal in the north. Seamount is a mercy seat, which is for Yuan Wuzong. Haishan appointed cronies, improper government decrees and chaotic state affairs. In the first month of my senior year, Wu Zong died. The Crown Prince loves Ba Li Li Bada, which is located in Dadu, Yuan Renzong. Deeply influenced by China culture, he took active measures to reform the government and bureaucracy. In the second year of Qing dynasty (13 13), the imperial examination system was restored; Yan Youchu, Yuan Ting also sent people to Henan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places to inspect underground fields and verify taxes. Renzong was too soft on Zong Qixun and kept making concessions under the pressure of the king. He also violated the oath of succession to Wu Zongzi and made his son Desbarax the Crown Prince. In the seventh year of Yanyou, Injong died and Shobadra succeeded to the throne, namely Yuan Yingzong. Yingzong is determined, thinking and doing something, and is determined to reform. The court summoned retired ministers with experience in governing the country, which was superior to their ranks; Act as a helper and earn a helper; Promulgate the "universal system" to change the chaotic phenomenon of different government decrees and different punishments for the same crime; Cut off redundant staff, save floating fees, reduce taxes and fees, and ease rural power. In August of the third year of Zhi Zhi (1323), Yingzong returned from Shangdu to Dinanpo (northeast of Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia) and died of iron loss. In September, Sun Ye timur (Ganma Lizi) acceded to the throne. The following year, it was renamed Taiding, which was called Taiding Emperor in history.
[Edit this paragraph] The battle between the two capitals and Yin timur's authoritarianism.
During the reign of Emperor Taiding, the benefits and luxuries given to the nobles by the Yuan court made the country's financial resources dry up and the bureaucracy more corrupt. He Zhi died in Shangdu in July of the first year (1328). In August, since staying in Dadu, Xin Yan timur (the son of Chuang Wu) welcomed the second son of since into Beijing. In the same month, Liang Wangchan (nephew of Emperor Taiding) was appointed as the youngest Crown Prince of Emperor Taiding, Araghi Ba, located in Shangdu, changed to a natural place and attacked Dadu in various ways. In September, Tu timur set up Dadu, changed the calendar to Yuan Dynasty, and announced that his eldest brother would die. Going back to the north will immediately give way. Liaodong, Guanshan and Sichuan and Sichuan have set out to respond to the capital. The war between the two capitals developed into a large-scale civil war. In the second year of the calendar (1329), the first month, and the world? He Lin in the north, that is, the throne, is for Yuan Mingzong, and then set off for the south. Mingzong recruited many cronies to work in provinces, hospitals and Taiwan Province. In August, Mingzong died of poisoning. In mid-August, Tu timur once again said that the emperor was located in Shangdu, which was Yuan Wenzong. After the restoration of timur in the Yuan Dynasty, Yan timur was the only prime minister and the president of the world. At the beginning of Wenzong's accession to the throne, Zhang Kui Pavilion was set up, in which Confucian scholars were gathered as consultants, and an art and literature supervisor was set up to translate Confucian books and print classics in Mongolian. In the second year of Shunzhi (133 1), Shi Jing Grand Ceremony was written. In August of the third year of Shunzhi, Wenzong died. A testamentary edict made the son of Mingzong emperor. Yan timur named Lin Yi, the second son of Ming Sect, as Emperor Yuan Ningzong in the testamentary edict. Ningzong died a month later. Yan timur, at the insistence of the literate Sect, was forced to see off the eldest son of the Ming Sect in exile in Jingjiang (now Guilin, Guangxi) and return to Beijing. In June of the fourth year of Shunzhi, Tuohuan Timur was located in Shangdu, known as Yuan Shundi in history.
In the eighth year of Zhiyuan (127 1), the White Pagoda of Dashengshou Temple (now the White Pagoda of Miaoying Temple in Beijing) was built in Dadu.
Hua Shu Lian Juan Cao ka
After the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, the whole country was unified and the economic exchanges between the North and the South were further expanded. Most of the grain and other materials needed by the north (mainly metropolis) are supplied by Jiangnan. Jiangnan materials mainly rely on the canal to transport to the north, so Kublai Khan sometimes discussed reopening the canal and opening another sea route. The excavation of canals and the development of shipping have played an important role in the development of commerce, the supply and prosperity of most cities, the smooth traffic between north and south, the expansion of shipbuilding industry between government and people and the improvement of navigation technology. Land transportation is also very developed, and there are post stations and express shops all over the country, which is conducive to the development of domestic transportation and the economic and cultural ties of various ethnic groups and regions in China.
[Edit this paragraph] Yuan Dynasty culture
Series this paragraph] foreign relations
The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the development of foreign relations in the history of China. Due to the expansion of the ruling area of the Yuan Dynasty, the former frontier was completely swept away. The Yuan government allowed and encouraged businessmen from all over the world to do business or engage in international trade in China, so many businessmen from all over the world came to China. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty adopted an inclusive policy towards various religions and cultures, which was also conducive to the cultural exchange between the East and the West.
Relations with the northwest vassal states Qincha khanate and Yili khanate were nominally vassal states of the Yuan Dynasty, recognized Khan as the patriarch, and frequently hired envoys to the DPRK. In the Yuan Dynasty, many Persian and Arab nationalities in Ili Khan entered the Yuan Dynasty as officials, businessmen, doctors and craftsmen, while many officials, literati and craftsmen stayed in Ili Khan, and the economic and cultural exchanges reached an unprecedented scale.
The relationship with Asian countries is established in South Korea, with the King of South Korea as the prime minister, and its original political institutions and systems are still preserved. China's merchant ships often travel to and from North Korea, or trade with Japan through North Korea. Techniques such as cotton planting and gunpowder weapons were introduced to North Korea in the Yuan Dynasty. The famous Japanese monk who lived in China in Yuan Dynasty had a great influence on Japanese Buddhist thought, system and literature. There are also many Japanese monks who come to Yuan to study. After the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Song Dynasty, envoys sent letters to Southeast Asian countries to come to Korea, asking them to exchange views and do whatever they wanted. However, Kublai Khan tried to conquer other countries by force, but he met with stubborn resistance from other countries. After Yuan Chengzong ascended the throne, the traditional economic and cultural ties between China and Southeast Asian countries gradually recovered. Yuan's contacts with India were mainly by sea. Mabar and Gulan in the southern Indian Peninsula are the only places where the Persian Gulf leads to China, and there are more merchant ships than other countries. During the Yuan Dynasty, China and India exchanged envoys dozens of times. The contacts between Yuan and Arabian Peninsula were also more frequent than the previous generation. At that time, many pilgrims from the Western Regions lived in Mecca, Yuan Ting.
In the past five years (130 1), relations with African countries were excellent. Yuan Chengzong sent envoys to Mahadashu (now Mogadishu) to collect lions and leopards. He also sent a special envoy to Diogir (possibly Tangier in Morocco). Wang Dayuan, a native of the Yuan Dynasty, went to sea with merchant ships and also arrived in Africa, Zambia and other countries.
Relations with European countries With the smooth traffic between east and west and Europeans' understanding of the East, there are more and more European businessmen, envoys and priests from the East. 1275, Kyle Poirot arrived in Shangdu. Since then, Kyle Poirot has lived in China for 17 years and traveled to many places. His travel notes had a great influence on later Europeans' understanding of China. 1287, Ilihan sent Laban SOMA to European countries, which was the first time for China people to visit European countries. After the horse-sweeping mission, the Pope sent a priest, Mont Govino, to preach in the East in 1289, and stayed in metropolis in 1294 until his death in 1328. The Pope also sent priests to Yuan Ting many times.
Economic and Cultural Exchanges The traffic between China and the West was developed in the Yuan Dynasty, which promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between China and other countries. China's major scientific inventions, such as printing and gunpowder weapons manufacturing technology, all spread to the West during this period. The achievements of astronomy and medicine, which Persia and Arabia called developed, were also introduced into China in large quantities. During the Yuan Dynasty, many people from the western regions lived in China. Syrian Ngai-Sie is proficient in ephemeris and medicine. After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, he was in charge of ephemeris and medicine in the western regions. Various western medicines and medical methods were imported into China. As early as Genghis Khan's time, Persian and Arabic calendars were introduced to China. When Kublai Khan lived in San Francisco, Jamalidin, a Persian, was called from the East to take charge of the ephemeris of the Western Regions. In the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1267), he wrote a calendar and produced a set of documents and images of the western regions. Persian, Arabic astronomical calendars, mathematics, medicine, history and geography books were introduced to China in the Yuan Dynasty, and there were more than 100 books kept by the Secretariat alone, including Euclid's geometric works.