One of the longest-lived countries in the world, the average life expectancy of male and female citizens is 73 and 80 years respectively. The elderly over 65 account for 14% of the national population, and the elderly over 85 account for 1.3%. Due to the special natural conditions in Finland, the population distribution between the north and the south is extremely unbalanced. The southern part is densely populated, with every square kilometer 100 people along the coast of the Gulf of Finland; The north is scarce, Lapland has only two people per square kilometer, and there are many areas with less than one person per square kilometer.
Finns account for 93.5% of the population, Swedes account for 6.2%, and there are a small number of Lapland, Gypsies and Germans. And Jews.
Language and religion
Throughout history, Finland has always had two parallel languages. 19 19 The Constitution stipulates that Finnish and Swedish are "the national languages of the Republic of China".
Lutheranism accounts for 92% of the residents, while the other sect is Orthodox, accounting for 1.7% of the total population, and the non-religious population accounts for 5.8%.
folk custom
For Finland in northern Europe, people are familiar with three words: Santa Claus, sauna and Nokia.
According to historical legends, Finland was the first hometown to welcome Santa Claus to live in peace. 1927, Finsu determined that the "Ershan" in Rabbi Province was the border between the two countries and the Arctic Ocean. Marcus, the king of Finnish children's stories, got inspiration from it. He told a story on the radio that Santa Claus and 20 thousand reindeer lived on this "Ear Mountain". It is because of the "ears" that Santa Claus can hear the voices of all the children in the world in the Arctic. His infectious romantic reasoning has been recognized by the world. Since then, the "Ear Mountain" in the story has become the hometown of Santa Claus.
Sauna Sauna started in Finland and has a history of thousands of years. There are 6.5438+0.92 million people in China's population of more than 5 million (June 2003), and 3-4 people share a bathroom on average. The bathroom is a log cabin. The cabin is sealed all around. There is a big iron furnace full of stones. When you take a bath, you burn stones with wood, and water is poured on the stones. Suddenly, steam filled the whole room, and the room temperature was as high as 39 ~ 50℃. The swimmer came in naked and soon sweated. The swimmer was exposed to steam, relaxed and carefree. Bathers beat their bodies with birch branches with leaves, which makes them sweat thoroughly, promotes blood circulation and is good for health. Finns snuggled in their mothers' arms when they were almost children, and have been fumigated by saunas. "Sauna" has become a place for Finns to communicate with each other, and it is the true national quintessence of Finland.
Women's Social Status In Europe, Finnish women were the first to get the right to vote. They enjoy exactly the same rights as men in social status and career achievements. Women account for 65,438+0/3 of the members of Parliament, and the proportion of women party member in political parties varies from 30% to 70%. Half of the civil servants in this country are women. Women's participation in economic life has promoted economic success, and the employment rate of women has reached 55%, the highest in the world. A considerable number of women are engaged in technical occupations.
Lapland people's wedding etiquette is that young people get engaged in June+10, 5438, and get married on the day of the market the following year, so that after the wedding ceremony, a wedding banquet is held to entertain guests. People attending the party give money or reindeer to the bride and groom according to their ability. The bride's bride price is changed to reindeer. The bride and groom will start their new life with the reindeer herd or the money they receive.
On the wedding day, the bride and groom exchange wedding rings. Like the Finns, the bride will get a ring when she is engaged. Every memorable day after marriage, the husband will give his wife a ring.
March 15 is the deer festival of Lapland people. The deer race festival is divided into deer driving competition and rope routine competition. Deer racing: A reindeer rider with a reins rides a deer racing. The lake is a runway, 2 kilometers away. It's difficult to get horses in the deer race. This is an excellent exercise to exercise people's courage and cultivate reindeer skills. Rope matching routine: erect the target in the court and throw lassos at the target from a certain distance. Skilled craftsmen can accurately capture the target.
Midsummer Festival June 24th is a midsummer festival celebrated by people all over Finland. This day has the longest day and the shortest night, which is a good time to enjoy the "day". On this day, the sun can be seen day and night in northern Finland, which is called "Eternal Day". Even in the southern Baltic Sea, it is not dusk until 10 at night. According to Finnish customs, this festival is as important as Christmas. On this day every year, the whole country rejoices, flags are hoisted everywhere, shops are closed, and employees go to various activities such as singing and dancing to celebrate the festival.
National flowers-lily of the valley, hydrangea.
history
The country name comes from Germanic language, which means seeking or nomadic. First of all, Finns call themselves "Somi", which means the country of lakes and swamps.
/kloc-Before 0/2 century, Finland was in the primitive commune stage. 1 155 began to belong to Sweden. In the Russian-Swiss War from 1808 to 1909, Sweden was defeated and Finland became the Russian Grand Duchy. 19 17 12.6 declared an independent republic. After the Sufen War from 1939 to 1940, the unequal Sufen Peace Treaty was signed. 1947 signed the Paris Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union and other countries, ceded land and paid reparations. Finland became a member of the European Union.
On March 1 2000, Tarja Halonen, the first female president in Finnish history, took office. She was elected with 5 1.6% of the vote in the general election on February 6 of the same year.
Masayoshi
According to the Constitution of July 19 19, the legislative power is formulated by the Parliament and the President. 1999 after the constitutional amendment, some rights of the president were weakened.
The highest legislative and power organ of parliament is a unicameral system. The term of office is four years.
The Prime Minister and government ministers are appointed by the President. On April 15, 2003, Yettenmaiki Annelli, the first female prime minister in Finnish history, officially took office. However, he resigned in June because of a "political scandal", ending the situation that the first woman in Europe served as both president and prime minister.
The judiciary adopts a dual judicial system, with the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court as the highest judicial organs. Procuratorial organs are procuratorates at all levels.
Tsukiji
In the ranking of global national economic competitiveness in 2003/2004, Finland ranked first (ranked second in the previous year). Finland's economic pillars are forests, metals and high-tech industries. Since 1980s, the development of high technology has been regarded as a basic national policy. Its representative is Nokia.
Economic development has entered the world's advanced ranks, and national income has reached the world's high income level. Since 1993, Finland's real GDP has increased by nearly 5% every year. At present, the per capita GDP has reached 26,800 euros. A country with high welfare, high wages and high burden.
Finns in the forestry sector call themselves "green coffers". Forestry has become a major pillar of the national economy. Finland's forest factory output accounts for 5% of the world's total output, and it is the third largest paper and paperboard exporter in the world, accounting for 25% of the world's exports, and the fourth largest pulp exporter in the world. There are 440,000 private forest owners in China. Upm Huichuan Group, the largest forest industrial enterprise with a history of more than 100 years, is one of the top 500 enterprises in the world, and its strategic goal is to become a leading forest industrial company in the world.
Metal industry metallurgical industry technology has always been in the leading position in the world, and it is the only country in the world that can produce complete sets of forest industry equipment.
Nokia's electronic information technology industry can produce world-class products ranging from optical cables to large computer communication network equipment, and some products have entered the international market. In 2003-2004, Finland ranked third in the list of "global information technology competitiveness".
Nokia is the most fruitful electronic Conncen in the world, and its headquarters is located in a small town named Nokia in the southwest of Finland, with the same name as the river. Its development has turned the Finnish economy around. Founded in 1865, Nokia has been engaged in the paper and chemical industries for a long time. Rubber, cable and other traditional industries. He switched to telecommunications in the 1960s, and developed high-paying technology and information technology (IT) industries in the 1980s and 1990s. 1984 produced the world's first mobile phone, but it looks like a suitcase. Four years later, the "City Man" mobile phone car phone came out and became the prototype of a real mobile phone. 1992 Nokia 100 series became a member of the first generation mobile phone family in the world. 1993 "Nokia 100 1" is the world's first pocket mobile phone with GSM technology. At the end of 1990s, Nokia became a world-class enterprise, with sales reaching 30 billion euros (year), exceeding 20% of GDP, and product exports accounting for 4% of national exports and 2/3 of the stock market value, which is the locomotive of Finnish economy.
Cultural economy
education
According to the law of 1958, eight-year compulsory education is implemented, while nine-year compulsory free education (six years in primary school and three years in junior high school) is actually implemented. The Comprehensive Compulsory Education Law was promulgated in 1970, and was implemented nationwide in early 1980.
Secondary education in Finland is divided into high school education and vocational education. Finland implements freedom of education and allows the establishment of private schools with state funding.
In recent years, higher education in Finland has become popular. Helsinki University is the oldest university in Finland, which was founded in 1640 and has a history of more than 360 years. It is the largest university in northern Europe today.
Literary studies
Oral literature appeared in the13rd century, and its symbol is the legendary story-hymn "The Death of Bishop Henry". By the16th century, oral literature had further developed, and many folk songs reflecting people's life and labor were produced.
65438+In the 1930s, Finnish literature began a new stage, and a bright pearl, the Finnish national epic Ka Laivaara (the country of heroes), was born. Edited by Elias Lanlott, an outstanding Finnish folk writer (1802 ~ 1844), with the efforts of 10 years and the support of the Finnish Literature Society, people call Lanlott "Homer of Finland".
19 At the end of the 20th century, neo-romanticism quietly appeared in Finnish literary world. Its main representative is the poet and literary critic enoch Reynolds (1878 ~ 1926).
The most famous writer, Sloan Pei (1888 ~ 1964), 1939 won the Nobel Prize.
After the Second World War, a large number of literary works describing the war appeared. In 1950s and 1960s, Finnish poetry, especially lyric poetry, was influenced by the West, and modernism appeared. Many writers continue to use realistic methods to create. For example, the famous writer Paavo Lintala (1930 ~) is a prolific realist writer. In the 1960s, he created many works reflecting important events in Finland's modern history, such as Children, My Grandmother and Marshal, and Reconnaissance Captain.
Shu Mei
The art of painting originated in18th century, and its main representative figures are the most famous.
The most prolific church decoration artist Michel Toperius (1734 ~1821year) and landscape painter Elias Martin (1739 ~1818 year). /kloc-there are two most famous artists in the 0/9th century, Gustav feinberg (1784 ~ 1833) and robert will Heim ekman (1808 ~ 1873). Their works are characterized by nationalism, and their works have been criticized.
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, three very important representatives showed their talents on the Finnish art stage. They are: Ejderfelt, Djarf Baker and Garland Carrera. /kloc-In the 1990s of 0/9, Ejderfelt became the main "master of art" in Finland because his works embodied the spirit of nationalism, and won the recognition of Finnish art in France.
In 1930s, Finnish art circles were very active and many new art groups were established. Many art exhibitions are held in the newly-built Helsinki Art Hall. 1935 "Free Painting School" was established, and a new gallery of modern artists was established. In order to promote the development of fine arts in the future, the Fine Arts Foundation was established.
Shicheng
Helsinki has a history of more than 400 years as the capital. Located in a long and narrow peninsula extending to the Gulf of Finland, surrounded by the Baltic Sea on three sides. The population is 555,000, including the satellite cities of Espoo, Wanta and Kauning, with a total population of 6,543.8+0,000. It covers an area of 680 square kilometers. There are 3 15 islands with a water area of 50 1 km2.
The political, economic and cultural center of Finland is also the largest port in Finland. Helsinki deserves to be the capital of "the country of thousands of lakes" and "the kingdom of forests", with lakes all over the streets. Many lakes have different shapes and shine like "blue eyes". Around Helsinki, lush and endless forests extend from all directions to the urban area, and the streets are green, just like a girl's head "shining with golden green hair." The bronze statue of Amanda, the goddess of the sea, built in the early 20th century is one of the symbols of Helsinki. The neoclassical building complex located in the Senate Square in the city center was built after Helsinki became the capital of Finland in 18 12. It is the essence of Finnish architectural art, and the square in the center of the building complex has more than 7000 square meters. The main building is a milky cathedral with a light green bell tower at the top, which is a symbol of Helsinki. The Finnish building on the bank of Deleux Bay is a multifunctional building with modern style. Adjacent to it is the tranquil National Grand Theatre.
Summer in Helsinki is particularly long, with 20 hours of sunshine a day. Therefore, people call Helsinki "the capital where the sun never sets".
Helsinki is the largest industrial center in Finland and the largest foreign trade port in China, accounting for about 50% of the turnover of foreign trade goods.
Helsinki is known as the "University Town", where there is the largest university in northern Europe-Helsinki University, as well as the famous Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki School of Economics and Management, National Academy of Sciences, various museums (63), libraries (57), concert halls (65,438+00) and opera houses. Architectural art is world-famous. Mannahan Avenue is a cultural center with beautiful buildings and cultural facilities. Sibelius park in the city is a major attraction in Helsinki.
Helsinki is covered with snow for five months a year, and there are many white buildings in the urban area, so it is called "Nordic White Capital".
Turku is the oldest city in Finland. Turku is the third largest city in Finland and the capital of Turku-Boli province. It is a commercial center developed from a fortress built by Swedes. 1525, King Gustav Vasha of Sweden granted Turku the city right. /kloc-It became a Finnish park in the middle of 0/6th century, and later became the capital of the grand park. Since14th century, Turku has become a national foreign trade center.
An important industrial center and transportation center in Finland. Turku has inherited the fine tradition of the ancient trade center, and is still the second largest foreign trade port in Finland and an important cultural center in Finland after Helsinki.
travel
Two thirds of the country is covered by forests, and lush trees and lawns can be seen everywhere; Interspersed in the green forest are hundreds of thousands of lakes and many islands, which constitute a unique landscape. "The country of thousands of lakes" really lives up to its reputation. From Helsinki to the west, you can fly or train to Turku, the capital of the ancient capital Turku, and then transfer to Marion Hamina, the town of Oran Islands, where the Maritime Museum is located. To the central lake area, you can fly to the cultural center, Weiyuqulai, the capital of China-Finland province, and Ku Oppio, the capital of Kuo province, which is located on the lake Kara. To the north, when you reach the Arctic Circle, you can fly to Ilova on Lake Inari, which is only 100 kilometers away from the Finnish border, then transfer to a bus to visit the natural scenery of the Arctic, and finally reach the unique Arctic village.
June to September is the best season for traveling every year. When you come to Finland this season, you can see the rare spectacle of "extreme day" in the world, and you can also see the happy scene of people celebrating "Midsummer Festival".
The ancient city of Ma Lao is located in the ancient city of Ma Lao (the old city) along the Baltic Sea in southwest Finland. Built in 1442, covering an area of 28 hectares. Except for a few buildings built of stone in the Middle Ages, most of the buildings in the city are wooden houses, which is the most complete and largest "wooden city" in Northern Europe. The city still maintains the medieval style, with narrow roads and simple architectural style. There are more than 200 antique shops in the city. 199 1, which is listed as a "world cultural heritage" by UNESCO.
The Maritime Museum is located in Marian Hamina, Ahvennama Islands. The colorful exhibits in the museum opened the eyes of visitors. There is also an ocean-going sailboat "Pomeira" moored on the dock outside the museum. This is the last ocean-going sailboat in the world.
Newly-built tourist attractions in Arctic Village. Santa's new home was founded under the inspiration of American President Mrs. Ross. After World War II, she visited Finland and Amy in Rovani, the capital of the northern rabbi province. The city was razed to the ground in the war, and there were no beautiful scenic spots to please this distinguished guest. Passing through the Arctic Circle in the suburbs of the city suddenly made the owner use his quick wits, so he built a hut with an area of only 65,438+00 square meters in the Arctic Circle with 66 33' 07 "north latitude and 25 50' 565,438+0" east longitude for Mrs. Roosevelt to stop and enjoy the polar scenery. The guests are quite interested in this. This cabin is the prototype of the Arctic Village.
The Finns saw that this wonderful and considerable geographical position in the world had great attraction to foreigners, so they began to build the Arctic Village. In the 1960s, map signs marked with polar circles were set up, and commodities selling polar tourist souvenirs and postal outlets specially accepting Santa Claus' mail were successively built. Today, there is an Arctic commemorative plaque written in four languages at the entrance of Arctic villages and towns. There are many beautiful and wonderful natural scenery in Arctic Village. Here in summer, you can watch the unforgettable midnight sun; When you come here in winter, you can see the rare northern lights in the world in the clear sky where you can't see the sun day and night. The "Santa Claus Hometown Project" adds icing on the cake to the Arctic customs and makes tourists linger. Among them, "Santa Claus Workshop" is the most fascinating. There is a Santa Claus office in the corner of the "workshop" in case Santa Claus meets children and big guests here. Santa's assistants are a group of "fairy children" wearing pointy red hats, commonly known as "elves". They are busy dealing with emails and phone calls from all over the world all day.