China's bamboo dragonfly and Italian Leonardo da Vinci's helicopter sketches provided inspiration for the invention of modern helicopters and pointed out the correct thinking direction. They are recognized as the starting point of the history of helicopter development.
Bamboo dragonfly, also known as flying snail and "China gyro", is a strange invention of our ancestors. Some people think that there were bamboo dragonflies in China in 400 BC, and another conservative estimate is that it was in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1400). This kind of folk toy called bamboo dragonfly has been passed down to this day.
Although modern helicopters are thousands of times more complicated than bamboo dragonflies, their flight principles are similar to those of bamboo dragonflies. The rotor of modern helicopter is like the blade of bamboo dragonfly, the rotor shaft is like the thin bamboo pole of bamboo dragonfly, and the engine that drives the rotor is like the hand that rubs the bamboo pole hard. The leaves of bamboo dragonfly are blunt at the front and sharp at the back, and the upper surface is relatively round and the lower surface is relatively straight. When the airflow passes through the upper surface of the circular arch, the speed is fast and the pressure is small; When the airflow passes through the flat lower surface, its velocity is slow and its pressure is high. Therefore, a pressure difference is formed between the upper surface and the lower surface, and an upward lift force is generated. When the lift is greater than its own weight, the bamboo dragonfly will fly. Helicopter rotors generate lift for the same reason as bamboo dragonflies.
The Encyclopedia Britannica records that this kind of "helicopter toy" named "China Gyro" was introduced to Europe in the middle of15th century, that is, before Leonardo da Vinci drew the helicopter design with propeller and rotor.
The ninth volume of The Concise Encyclopedia of Britain wrote: "Helicopter is one of the earliest flying ideas of human beings. For many years, people have always thought that Dada first put forward this idea. Finch, but now we all know that China made helicopter toys earlier than medieval Europeans. "
A painting by Leonardo da Vinci in Italy
Italian Leonardo da Vinci put forward the idea of helicopter in 1483 and drew a sketch.
At the end of 19, an imaginary picture of a helicopter drawn by Leonardo da Vinci in 1475 was found in Milan Library, Italy. This is a huge spiral body, made of pulped linen, which looks like a huge screw. It is powered by a spring, and when it reaches a certain speed, it will take the body into the air. The driver stands on the chassis and pulls the wire rope to change the flight direction. Westerners say this is the earliest blueprint for helicopter design.
Man's first helicopter
1August 907, Frenchman Paul? Kearney developed a full-scale manned helicopter, which was successfully tested in June of the same year 165438+ 10/3. This helicopter is called "the first human helicopter". The helicopter named "Flying Bicycle" not only left the ground 0.3 meters by its own power, but also flew vertically for 20 seconds, realizing free flight.
The helicopter developed by paul cornu has two rotors, the main structure is a V-shaped steel pipe, and the fuselage is composed of a V-shaped steel pipe and six star-shaped blades, which are reinforced with steel cables to increase the rigidity of the frame structure. The 24 horsepower Aetna engine and the operator's seat are installed in the middle of the V-shaped frame. The fuselage is 6.20 meters long and weighs 260 kilograms. A pair of rotors with a diameter of 6 meters are installed at both ends of the V-shaped frame, and each rotor has two blades.
[Edit this paragraph] The world's first helicopter with a successful test flight.
1938, Hannah Reich, a German girl, performed a perfect flight show in Berlin Stadium with a twin-rotor helicopter. This helicopter is considered by the helicopter industry to be the first successful helicopter in the world.
1936, after improving the early helicopters in many ways, Fokker Company of Germany publicly demonstrated its own FW-6 1 helicopter. 1 year later, this helicopter created many world records. This is a large twin-rotor tandem helicopter with a fuselage similar to that of a fixed-wing aircraft, but without a fixed wing. Its two rotors are supported on the upper right and left by two groups of thick metal frames respectively, and the two rotors are horizontally installed on the top of the bracket. The plane shape of the blade is sharp, and it is connected with the hub through flapping hinge and dragging hinge. The automatic tilter is used to tilt the rotor rotation plane for longitudinal control, and the yaw control is realized by tilting the two rotors in different directions. The total pitch of rotor blades is fixed, and the rotor tension is changed by changing the rotor speed. Use rudder and horizontal tail to increase stability. FW6 1 Rotor hub is equipped with a periodic pitch changing device, which can change the blade pitch during the rotor rotation. There is also a pitch control lever, which can change the inclination of the rotor surface and realize the flight direction control. FW6 1 ensures its maneuvering flight through this set of periodic range-changing devices and joysticks. The diameter of the rotor of the plane is 7 meters. The power unit is a piston engine with power 140 horsepower. This is the first helicopter with normal maneuverability in the world. The speed of the aircraft is 100 ~ 120km, the range is 200km, and the takeoff weight is 953kg.
Second, please tell us about the development of helicopters in China. 1955, with the approval of the central military commission, the former Soviet-made Mi -4 transport helicopter was introduced to form a helicopter flight brigade.
In order to speed up the development of domestic helicopters, China decided to introduce Mi -4 production line at 1956, named Zhi -5. 1958 and 1959 domestic straight -5 and its supporting aviation piston engines were successfully trial-produced by Harbin Aircraft Factory and Dongan Engine Factory respectively, and were put into mass production and delivered to the army one after another.
By the time the production line stopped in 1979, * * * had produced 558 aircraft, most of which were delivered to the air force except for a small amount of export aid. In the sixties and seventies of last century, in order to promote the continued development of our military helicopters, relevant departments inside and outside the military tried to take improvement measures and develop new helicopters to replace the backward technology Zhi -5.
1986101On October 3rd, China Luhang was formally established. Zhi -9: At that time, there was a domestic SA365N dolphin helicopter and its supporting turboshaft engine production line, which was named Zhi -9.
Luhang decided to take Zhi -9 as the benchmark platform, put forward the tactical and technical indicators and operational requirements of the armed helicopter according to the operational characteristics, and named it Zhi -9 armed helicopter, which was jointly developed by dozens of factories and research institutes in the aviation industry and weapons industry. The development and construction of land and aviation weapons has taken the first step.
Zhi-11:1991was established in 2000, and its design was finalized in 2000. HC 120: It was jointly developed by China Harbin Aviation Industry Corporation, Eurocopter and Singapore Science and Technology Aerospace Corporation, with Chinese holding 25% of the shares. The final assembly began in 2004. Zhi -8: Naval shore-based anti-submarine helicopter based on French Super Hornet.
After Mi-17: 1989, the supply of Black Hawk parts was interrupted due to the American blockade. In order to break through the American blockade, it was decided to introduce Mi-17. 1990 the first batch of rice-17 contract rice-17 1 contracted import 1992. From 1992, Luhang began to import rice from Ulan-Ude Aviation Factory-1765438.
Other helicopters: Mi-8m-17B-5m-17B-7SA342L1Little Antelope SA3 19 Lark Ⅲ AS350b1Squirrel.
Third, the history of aircraft development began with the Wright brothers' first powered flight in 1903, and it only took more than 70 years for humans to break through the stratosphere and enter outer space.
Today, no surface in the world can escape the peep of satellites. Da Vinci's dreams and ideas have come true.
Man is a warlike creature. It took only eight years to realize the beautiful dream of flying freely in the air and letting death go to heaven. The first real air battle was three years later.
With the progress of science and technology, steam engines, motors, internal combustion engines and other power devices have come out one after another, and the power source of balloons has been solved. Therefore, people have carried out a comprehensive study on flying balloon-airship.
1852, French engineer Giffard made a study. In September of the same year, Giffard made its first test flight and achieved success.
After many tests, it is found that there are many problems in the flexible airship, and the airbag of the airship is not only difficult to keep the shape unchanged, but also easy to be damaged. So, someone tried to fix an annular keel in the airbag and succeeded.
This is a semi-rigid airship. Later, a flying enthusiast in Germany made an external bracket for the airship airbag with wooden materials, and fixed the airbag in the bracket to keep its shape, thus making a rigid airship.
This improvement not only completely solves the problem of keeping the shape of the airbag, but also facilitates the control of the airship. This structure has gradually become the standard style of future airships.
1At the end of 885, German engineers Ben Ci and Daimler jointly invented a practical gasoline engine, which provided mankind with a power plant with greater thrust. Since then, the development of aircraft has become faster and faster.
1898, Zeppelin, Germany designed and manufactured the rigid airship for the first time. This airship uses a complete skeleton to keep the shape of the airbag, and uses a piston engine as the power, so it has good flight performance and heavy load.
1900, Zeppelin successfully flew over Lake Constance in his huge rigid airship, causing a sensation. 1903, the French Lebodi brothers built the world's first truly practical airship.
This airship flew 6 1. 1.02 that year. Since then, the development of balloons and airships has entered a peak period, and they have been widely used in military and transportation fields.
Militarily, Germany, France, Russia, Britain and other countries have successively set up airship troops to introduce airships into the battlefield. For example, in the Italian-Turkish war of 19 1 1, Italy used three airships for reconnaissance and bombing of Turkey for the first time. 1965438+On August 5, 2004, German supplies Berlin airship bombed the French fortress city of Liege on a large scale; A year later, the Germans sent five LZ-38 led zeppelin planes across the English Channel to bomb London. Seven people were killed and more than 30 people were injured, which caused the "Led Zeppelin" panic among the British.
In terms of transportation, on June 28th, 19 10, Germany established a regular airship air route between Frankfurt and Dü sseldorf. The LZ-7 led zeppelin, which can carry 24 passengers and 12 aircrew, flies at a speed of over 70km per hour.
19 12, it took led zeppelin 20 days to fly around the world for the first time. 1903 12 17, the Wright brothers conducted the first continuous flight test of power and maneuver in human history.
In the test, the plane successfully flew about 260 meters. The media widely reported the breakthrough of the Wright brothers.
However, this success has not attracted the attention and recognition of the United States and the public. European countries can hardly believe this.
Nine days after the Wright brothers successfully flew, a plane developed by Langley crashed in the test flight, which further affected the promotion of the plane. Americans generally criticize the development of airplanes as a waste of taxpayers' money.
The Wright brothers were disappointed that their efforts for several years were not recognized, and even wanted to say goodbye to the plane at one time. After a period of calm thinking, the Wright brothers are determined to continue the development work.
They firmly believe that their achievements will be fairly evaluated sooner or later. In order not to arouse public criticism, the Wright brothers kept the development work a secret.
1905, they built a plane that could stay in the air for more than half an hour. The Wright brothers intend to send the plane to the United States, but the authorities still ignore their achievements.
In desperation, the Wright brothers had to temporarily suspend their research on airplanes. Driven by the achievements of the Wright brothers, the aviation industry in Europe, especially in France, made great progress in 1909.
In August this year, a grand flight was held in Reims, France, and European pilots successively created various flight records. However, what shocked the world strongly was the French pilot Louis Blériot.
He successfully flew the plane across the English Channel and landed on the land of Great Britain. This incident not only left a deep impression on the world public, but also surprised the British people: they realized some sudden danger.
With the development of aircraft, they have a hunch that it is impossible to guarantee national security by relying solely on maritime defense forces in the future. With the continuous development of aviation industry, military authorities in various countries have realized the development prospect of aviation gas in the military field, and major European countries have also begun to collect various aircraft for the army.
But at this time, the plane is mainly used for reconnaissance, and the development of the plane is mostly carried out by private people, so the progress is quite slow. In Germany, people's interest mainly focused on the huge led zeppelin, because public donations made Led Zeppelin continue to engage in research and development as a pioneer of the airship, and finally proved the practical value of this airship to the Germans.
In the other two aviation powers, France and Britain, aircraft began to receive more attention. However, the soldiers can't wait to use this new weapon in the war.
Although there are still many problems with airplanes at this time, and even often bring some disastrous consequences, soldiers with dangerous careers can't care so much. Therefore, this plane made its debut in the Italian-Turkish war.
By the outbreak of the First World War, although aviation was still in a rather naive period, aircraft had already shown its extraordinary role and broad development prospects in practice. The weapons and equipment on the plane gradually developed from pistols and grenades to machine guns and bombs.
The next war.
Four. One of the most important inventions in the 20th century is the birth of the airplane.
Since ancient times, human beings have dreamed of flying in space like birds. The kite invented by China people more than 2,000 years ago, although it can't take people into space, can be called the originator of the plane.
At the beginning of this century, there were two brothers in America, who made great contributions to the history of aircraft development in the world. They are the Wright brothers. At that time, most people thought that it was absolutely impossible for an airplane to fly by its own power, but the Wright brothers did not believe this conclusion. From 1900 to 1902, the two brothers made more than 1000 gliding test flights, and finally in 1903, they built the first manned aircraft "Flyer" 1.
Therefore, they won the honorary award of 1909 from the US Congress. In the same year, they established Wright Aircraft Company.
This is a great success in the history of aircraft development. 1903 17 February 17, the Wright brothers made their first continuous, dynamic and maneuverable flight 10 10 February 10 February, at an exhibition in Paris, France, a plane
The pilot was thrown out of the burning cabin. However, this plane has aroused great concern.
Because it uses a new engine. The designer is the pilot himself, a Romanian named Henry koanda, who graduated from the French Higher Technical School.
The engine he designed is a 50-horsepower engine, in which the fan pushes the air backward, and at the same time, an afterburner is added to make the gas fully expand in the tail nozzle, thus increasing the reverse thrust. This is the earliest jet engine.
In the late 1930s, the maximum horizontal flight speed of piston-driven propeller aircraft reached 700 kilometers per hour, and it was close to the sound speed when diving. The problem of sound barrier is increasingly prominent.
The former Soviet Union, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy and other countries have vigorously carried out the research work of jet engines. Aoan, a German designer, was the first person to successfully develop a new engine.
1934 Aoan obtained the patent of centrifugal turbojet engine. 1939 On August 27th, Aoan made a He- 178 jet with his engine.
After the jet engine was developed, scientists further made the plane fly over the sound barrier. 10 years later, this work was finally completed by Americans. 194710 June 14, in Sangerfield, California, USA, Bell Company tested a plane that could break through the sound barrier.
In the morning 10, a huge B-29 bomber took off, and a small plane with a strange shape hung under the cabin. This small plane was named X- 1 rocket plane.
The X- 1 aircraft is equipped with four rocket engines with a total thrust of 2,700kg, and the fuel used is dangerous liquid hydrogen and alcohol. When the B-29 bomber descended from the air, its four rocket engines ignited one after another, and the sound was like thunder.
28 seconds after the aircraft engine starts 1 min, Mach number reaches 1? 0, the plane reached the speed of sound. At this time, the fuel of X- 1 aircraft is running out, and the speed becomes faster, reaching Mach number 1? 06, the height at this time is 13000m.
Although the test flight was successful, this record was not recognized because the X- 1 aircraft did not take off by its own power. The invention of the airplane has brought people new dissatisfaction with the benefit of the whole people.
The plane needs to run when it takes off, and it needs to build a corresponding runway and airport. This has brought a lot of inconvenience, so some people began to explore aircraft that can take off and land vertically, commonly known as helicopters.
1939 On September 4th, the world's first practical helicopter was born. That is the VS-300 helicopter successfully developed by Sikorsky Company, an American engineer. Sikorsky was originally from Russia and moved to the United States on 1930. The VS-300 helicopter he made has 1 main rotor and 3 tail rotors. Later, after many test flights, the 3-tail rotor was changed to 1, and this practical helicopter became the originator of modern helicopters.
After the birth of VS-300 helicopter, the first combat helicopter in the world, it had a great influence, especially since 1950s, the manufacturing technology of helicopter developed rapidly. Before the mid-1950s, the power plant of helicopter was in the period of piston engine, and then it entered the period of jet turbine shaft.
The rotor material structure technology has also gone through several stages; In the 1940s-1950s, it was a metal-wood wing mixed structure, in the 1950s-1960s, it was a metal structure, in the 1960s-1970s, it was a glass fiber structure, and it developed into a new composite structure after the 1970s. In the 1920s, airplanes began to carry passengers. At the beginning of World War II, the United States began to convert a large number of transport planes into passenger planes.
Since the 1960s, some large transport planes and supersonic transport planes have appeared in the world, and turbofan engines have gradually become popular. The famous ones are An -22 and Il-76 produced by the former Soviet Union; American C- 14 1, C-5A, Boeing-747; Airbus in France and so on.
Supersonic transport aircraft include Concorde jointly developed by Britain and France and Tu-144 of the former Soviet Union. However, the development of supersonic passenger aircraft is not optimistic.
The price of Concorde was too high, which affected the benefit, so it was discontinued in the 1980s. Tu-144 in the former Soviet Union was grounded in the 1980s for the same reason.
The first civil aircraft since the invention of the airplane, the airplane has increasingly become an indispensable means of transportation for modern civilization. It profoundly changes and affects people's lives.
Due to the invention of the airplane, the time for human beings to travel around the world has been greatly shortened. The first round-the-world trip was completed in16th century.
At that time, the Portuguese Magellan led a fleet from Spain, which took three years to cross the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, circle the earth and return to Spain. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, it took a Frenchman 43 days to travel around the world by train.
After the invention of the airplane, people made another round-the-world trip at 1949. A B-50 bomber flew 37,700 kilometers around the earth in just 94 hours after four beautiful aerial refueling.
It's better to be strong than not. After the supersonic plane appeared, people flew higher and faster.
1979, spector, an Englishman, flew 36,900 kilometers and circled the earth in only 14 hours and 6 minutes. In less than a day, you can fly to every corner of the earth. Isn't this a miracle for people who lived before the 20th century? Airbus A330-200 is very complicated.