Development course of transportation
The carriage was originally a horse-drawn two-wheeled carriage. In the19th century, there appeared a four-wheeled carriage or a four-wheeled carriage, the speed of which was several times higher than the original.
Around 2000 BC, several tribes on the grassland near the Black Sea brought horses to Grice. In the Euphrates valley, horses were used to pull carts with wheels, which had spokes instead of being made of a whole piece of wood like the early wheels. This kind of wheel is light and easy to operate.
In the following 1000 years, this kind of carriage used for long-distance transportation became the main means of transportation in the world. Of course, these carriages are not only used for pulling goods, but also for carrying people on long-distance trips. Four-wheeled wagons transport people from one place to another quickly, which makes people really feel the convenience brought by wagons. The advantage of a four-wheeled vehicle is its heavy load and smooth running. The disadvantage is that wagons need relatively flat roads. In its heyday, the Roman Empire had a good 80,000-kilometer flat road, which made this kind of carriage popular. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the road collapsed after centuries of disrepair. At this time, the most practical is a two-wheeled vehicle, because it can travel on rugged terrain.
At first, the carriage was just a box with windows, suspended by a belt on the frame without spring plates, and the passengers sitting opposite had to endure constant shaking and jumping. In the following centuries, this means of transportation was replaced by a number of more sturdy, lighter, more beautiful and more efficient carriages. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the four-wheeled public * * * post coach undertook almost all the long-distance passenger transport tasks, which brought prosperity to land travel, and the exquisite private carriage became a symbol of royal status. The most luxurious British royal carriage was built for the King of Qiao Shi in 1763, which is called? The most gorgeous carriage in history? . However, the speed of the carriage is still unsatisfactory. A mail truck traveled 376 kilometers on the best expressway at that time, and it took 23 and a half hours at the earliest.
People hope to invent a power machine that is more durable and stronger than horses, so that the wheels can turn faster. At the same time, it is also necessary to have a smoother and more reliable road surface for four-wheeled vehicles to walk on. Soon, in some parts of Britain and the United States, some imaginative people began to experiment with steam as power and steel as roads.
1904, the struggle between the four-wheeled horse-drawn post coach and the steam train finally failed, and the last famous post coach between Snoopa and Gough, a wealthy town in Nevada, USA, stopped. The golden age of carriage is over.
wheel
Until the19th century, the carriage was still a very important means of urban transportation. People like the elegance and poetry of horse-drawn carriages, and they like to take them and walk leisurely through country roads or old streets in cities to visit friends. With the appearance of trains and cars, the wheels turn faster and faster. In the 20th century, the speed of human movement has been dazzling, making the pace of life out of balance.
Looking back, human beings found that they could roll forward, which was an amazing creation. But who was the first person to invent the wheel and who was the first person to make a vehicle with wheels will never be known. In short, the wheel appeared, requiring unparalleled imagination.
Wheels bring mankind a new way of flowing, which is a leap from moving to rolling. The early wheel technology was not very exquisite, but it suddenly improved the ability of human beings to carry things on the ground. The earliest Samaritan who made wheels actually built a passive roller, which greatly reduced the surface friction when moving on the ground.
More importantly, the wheel established the first land transportation system, and the purpose of the wheel was only one, that is, to transport things from one place to another. The only difference is that the transportation is getting heavier and faster. This change is the development of the wheel.
China carriage
Domestic carriage manufacturer
There are many domestic carriage manufacturers, some win the favor of customers by quality and credibility, and some produce carriages at low prices without paying attention to quality. If it is a tourist area, it is more practical to find some quality manufacturers. As the old saying goes, a penny is worth a penny, and the quality and price of the product are equal. Cheap goods are not good, and good goods are not cheap.
History of carriage in China
Archaeological excavations in Anyang Yin Ruins show that China had already used two-wheeled carriages in the late Shang Dynasty. The origin of the carriage in China has always been a concerned but unresolved issue. In this regard, the academic community is arguing endlessly. What are the views of China scholars? The origin of China carriage? And others are holding it? Foreign theory? It is believed that China's wagons originated from the grasslands of Central Asia, West Asia or Eurasia.
China's ancient carriages were used for fighting. Generally, it is a single chariot (axle), two wheels, square cart (carriage), driving four horses or two horses. There are three soldiers in the car, the middle one is the driver, and the left and right are responsible for fighting. There are many kinds of cars, light cars, dull cars and electric cars. Chariots were first used in the Battle of Gan commanded by Wang. In the future, the scale of the war became larger and larger, and chariots became the main force of the war and the standard to measure a country's strength, which appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period? Land of thousands of times? 、? Land of thousands of riders? . In the Han dynasty, with the rise of cavalry, chariots gradually withdrew from the war stage. 1980, two large painted bronze carts were unearthed on the west side of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in Lintong, Shaanxi. The first car in front is a two-wheeled single-axle structure, and four horses are driven in front. The rail is a transverse rectangle with a width of 126 cm and a depth of 70 cm. There are fences on the front and sides, and there are doors for getting on and off at the back. A shield is placed on the right side of the vehicle, and a copper crossbow and arrow are hung in front of the vehicle. There is a round umbrella on the bus, and a bronze official statue with a height of 9 1 cm stands under the umbrella. Its name is Li Che, also called Rong Che and Gao Che. When riding, it stands on the car.
Western carriage
Carriage: A light carriage.
Open carriage: A two-wheeled covered carriage drawn by horses.
Caravan: A large covered carriage
Carriage: A carriage with two or four horses.
Cabin: A small carriage
Chariot:/kloc-an ancient two-wheeled chariot or light carriage in the 0/8th century.
Coach: A carriage with four horses.
Coupe: A four-wheeled carriage for two people.
Wagon: A four-wheeled carriage, usually drawn by more than two horses.
Carriage: A very simple carriage that provides back-to-back side seats for passengers.
travelling speed
The speed of the carriage depends on the speed of the horse. The better the horse, the faster the speed, generally nearly 20 kilometers an hour. Ordinary carriages are more than 200 kilometers a day. However, in case of emergency, if you change horses at the station and drive around the clock, you can run more than 1000 km in the fastest day. The running speed of a horse is about 20 kilometers, and the top speed is 60 kilometers per hour. It can run continuously 100 kilometers, worthy of the name? Horsepower
horse race
Equestrian events mainly include: four-wheeled carriage race and light driving race (two-wheeled carriage race). Horse-drawn carriage race is an international equestrian competition, which mainly includes three types of races: (1) driving adjustment test. It is a competition that aims at the dynamic appearance of horses, harnesses and vehicles, the posture of movements, the freedom and standardization of horse gait, the coordination, lightness and unity of movements, the impulse of the body, the driving mode of riders and the scheduling of horses and chariots. (2) Carriage Marathon. A race that aims at the endurance and adaptability of horses, the speed of horses and the ability of riders to command and mobilize. (3) Driving through an obstacle course. A race aimed at the technical level and competitive state of the rider and the adaptability and obedience of the horse after the marathon. The race between Class One and Class Three is held at the racecourse. (2) The second stage is carried out on the segmented road with natural and artificial obstacles. The light race is a speed race, in which the rider drives a two-wheeled light carriage on an oval track. The footwork used in the competition is the quick step or the opposite step.
Three carriages
? Troika? The original meaning refers to three horse-drawn cars.
Three carriages? Big three? Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin; The troika of the former Soviet Union refers to Chairman the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Government and Chairman of the Parliament; China's name? Three people? Party and government people's congresses. General reference? Three leaders?
The so-called European Union? Troika? , refers to the rotating presidency of the European Union, the European Commission and the incoming presidency. The headquarters of the European Union is located in Brussels, Belgium. The highest decision-making and executive body of the European Union is the Council of Ministers, whose chairman is rotated by representatives of all member States for a term of six months. The country it represents is often called. The rotating presidency of the European Union? . The permanent executive body of the European Union is Council of Europe. The European Commission is compose of 20 members, one of whom is that commission in charge of external relations. The European Union? Troika? The foreign minister refers to the foreign minister of the rotating presidency of the European Union, the Commissioner for External Relations of the European Commission or the representative in charge of foreign affairs of the European Union, and the foreign minister of the incoming presidency. The rotating presidency is Luxembourg, and the next presidency is Britain.
Coachman at sea
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, the capitalist economy in Europe developed greatly, and the trade between countries increased day by day. At that time, the trade channels between countries in the world were mainly at sea. Which country has a developed shipbuilding industry and the largest number of merchant ships with the largest tonnage, can control East-West trade, dominate the ocean and conduct overseas colonial plunder. At that time, the ship was like a carriage transported by land. The ship is a sea carriage, and which country has mastered the sea carriage is a sea driver. In the whole17th century, the Netherlands was the most powerful maritime hegemon in the world, so it was called? Coachman at sea. At its peak, the Dutch navy almost surpassed the British and French navies 1 times. They cruise the world's oceans, protect their merchant ships and engage in overseas colonial plunder. In Asia, 1595, the Dutch bypassed the Cape of Good Hope for the first time and arrived in India and Java.
Soon, the Dutch fleet defeated the Portuguese fleet twice in Java and Malacca Strait, constantly pursued and robbed China merchant ships, and monopolized the eastern trade. 1602, the Netherlands established the East India Company to control the trade in this area and once occupied Penghu and Taiwan Province Province in China.
In America, the Netherlands established the West India Company in 162 1 to control the trade between northwest Africa and America, and occupied the colonies in North America.
In Africa, the Netherlands built forts and colonies in the east-west traffic arteries and the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, and opened up plantations there to ensure the supply of fresh water and food for passing ships.