After peach was introduced into foreign countries from China, great changes have taken place after domestication and improvement, which greatly enriched the original variety characteristics and variety resources. Judging from the current peach cultivation industry, the varieties of the United States and Japan have great influence on peach cultivation in the world. Such as Argentina, Chile, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Spain, Yugoslavia and other major peach producing countries, 93% of its walnut varieties come from the United States.

1. United States of America

Although the history of peach cultivation in the United States is only over 300 years, its variety selection has made great achievements. Especially 1850, since the introduction of Shanghai peach to Georgia, many famous varieties have been selected from their descendants. Up to now, most varieties have benefited from China Velcro, that is, Shanghai peach and other varieties. Peach breeding in the United States pursues red skin, yellow meat, hard solute and core removal. At the same time, the United States also leads the world in nectarine variety breeding, so nectarine cultivation develops very rapidly, and it is predicted that nectarine will flourish in the world peach producing areas in the future. Take California, an important peach producing area in the United States, as an example. During the 25 years from 1955, the nectarine output increased by 8 times. American peach variety resources have an important influence on cultivation and breeding. The main varieties are listed in table 3-3-6 according to the order of maturity, which can be used for further introduction and research.

Table 3-3-6 Characteristics of Main Varieties of American Peach (American Agricultural Manual)

Table 3-3-6 Characteristics of Main Varieties of American Peach (American Agricultural Manual) (Continued)-1

2. Japan

Foreign peach varieties were introduced to Japan in various periods, and gradually domesticated and cultivated, forming different varieties suitable for summer and humid ecological conditions. In the early Meiji period, five nectarines were introduced from North America, 14 peaches and five nectarines were introduced from France, and Shanghai peaches, Tianjin peaches and flat peaches were also introduced from China. In the mid-Meiji period (1809— 1908), famous varieties such as Zaosheng Peach, Chuanshilang and Zaosheng Orange were discovered by selecting seedlings. During the period from Dazheng to Showa (191-1934), baifeng, Showa white peach and other 10 varieties were bred through cross breeding. Since 1930s, Japan has started planned large-scale breeding and bred many famous canned peach varieties, such as Star Peach, Guantao No.2, Guantao No.5, Guantao 12, Guantao 14 and so on. These varieties have had an important impact on the cultivation and breeding of peaches in China. Generally speaking, the introduction and research of Japanese peach varieties play an important role in peach cultivation and breeding in China because the ecological conditions in Japanese peach producing areas are similar to those in parts of Central China and South China.

(2) Main peach varieties in China.

Some important representative varieties of different peach varieties were introduced, which played an important role in production, cultivation or variety improvement, thus becoming valuable variety resources.

1. North China system

(1) Maypeach

It is an early-maturing variety widely cultivated in northern provinces of China, with large and beautiful fruit, early maturity (fruit ripened in Zhengzhou, Henan Province in mid-June), good quality and strong adaptability (not strict with soil requirements). Young trees grow strongly, enter the full fruit stage late, and the medium and short fruit branches bear the best fruit, with an average yield of 50- 100 kg per plant. In Beijing, the cold resistance is weak, and small fruit branches and flower buds are vulnerable to freezing injury. This variety can be used as the breeding parent of early-maturing peach.

(2) Weinan sweet peach

Produced in Xiaoyi and Dali areas of Weinan, Shaanxi Province, it matures from late July to early August. The fruit is large, generally weighing about 150g (longitudinal diameter 6.7cm, transverse diameter 6cm), nearly oblong, with narrow and deep stems, inconspicuous suture lines and slightly unequal sides; The background color of the peel is yellow-green, which turns pale yellow after maturity, and there are reddish fine spots on the sunny side; The pulp is white, juicy, very sweet and of high quality. The nucleus is small and separated.

(3) Tianjin water honey

1875 was introduced into Japan from China and was named by Japan. Later, it was introduced to all parts of China in the name of Tianjin Peach, and its origin was generally in Hebei or Beijing.

The growth potential is weak, the branches are very open, the new shoots grow moderately and the fruit branches are slender. The fruit is large, with an average single fruit weight of 180g, which can reach more than 300g at most. The fruit shape is oval, the fruit tip is convex, the suture line is shallow and obvious, and the top and depression of the fruit are ditch-shaped. The fruit has a green background with dark Xia Hong, red flesh, dark red top, hard flesh, less juice, more acidity, slightly astringent and poor quality. However, the fruit shape is large and the appearance is beautiful. It has matured since the beginning of July and is resistant to storage and transportation. The nucleus is large and separated.

(4) Shenzhou Peach

Originated in Shenxian County, Hebei Province, the local name is "Big Peach". There are two strains of red honey and white honey, which are one of the best peach varieties in North China.

Young trees grow vigorously, and it is easy to form 2-3 secondary branches, mainly bearing medium and short fruit branches. The fruit is very large, with an average of 180g and a maximum of 950g, nearly ovoid, with the top protruding like a bird's beak; The suture is deep and obvious; The depression is wide and deep; The peel is yellow-green, sometimes light purple-red on the sunny side, with a lot of hair; The flesh is yellow-white, red or white near the core, tender, juicy and extremely sweet, which is a high-quality raw food; Fruit is more resistant to storage and transportation. The nucleus is medium-sized and sticky.

The ability of cold resistance is weak, and flower buds are vulnerable to freezing injury. Poor resistance to pests and diseases. The local area matured in early September, belonging to the middle-late maturity type.

(5) Fei Chengtao

Originated in Feicheng, Shandong, hence the name. It is the most famous peach variety in North China, and the main producing area of this county is Shangli Village, Taoyuan Township.

The young trees are thriving and the branches are tall and straight. After the fruiting period, the branches gradually open. Generally, fruit trees have medium growth potential and weak branches. The yield per plant can reach 75- 100 kg in the middle stage of full fruit. In Feicheng area, the fruit ripens in early September.

The fruit is very large, generally weighing about 250g, and the largest can reach more than 500g, which is nearly round and the top is blunt and round; The suture is deep and obvious; Stems are deep and wide; The pericarp is yellow-green when it is first ripe, yellow-white when it is fully ripe, and sometimes slightly red to the sunny side; Thick skin, fully mature, easy to peel; The flesh is yellow and white, soft and juicy, with sweet taste, rich Momoka and high quality; Strong storage and transportation resistance. Viscous nucleus, dark red nucleus.

(6) Winter peach

Xue Tao, also known as Xue Tao, is the general name of extremely late-maturing varieties in China. It is distributed all over the north and south, and there are many strains, which are different. It usually expires at the end of 10. In the north, Mancheng, Yixian, Shangxian, Meixian and Fufeng in Hebei ripened at the latest, and the fruit was still hanging on the tree when the leaves fell and snowed in June and February of 5438, which was a rare peach variety in China.

Winter peach is generally hard in meat, poor in quality and strong in storage and transportation, and is a precious germplasm resource for cultivating late maturity and storage and transportation resistance.

2. Huazhong Peach Line (1) is an early-maturing Japanese peach variety, which is cultivated in Hangzhou and Shanghai. Early maturity, it is a type of early-maturing varieties with large fruit shape, beautiful appearance but light flavor. The fruit is medium and large, generally weighing 100- 120g, mostly rectangular, with a blunt top; When fully mature, the peel is milky white, and the top has erythema on the sunny side, which is beautiful in appearance; The pulp is milky white, soft and juicy, light and sweet, and the quality is above average. Semi-viscous core.

(2) Oranges are born early.

This variety is 19 10, which was bred by Ji Ze of Jushu County, Kanagawa Prefecture in Chuanshilang Peach. China was introduced before liberation.

The fruit is large, generally weighing 120- 150g, with neat size, full circle and symmetry; The top of the fruit is flat and slightly concave; The stem depression is deep and narrow, and the suture line is shallow but not obvious; Hairiness is long and sparse; Thick skin, green and white background, with blush; The pulp is milky white, with reddish spots around the middle layer and core, soft and juicy, with a little more fiber, sweet and sour taste, less aroma and better quality; Early maturity, mature in Hangzhou from late June to early July. The nucleus is big and sticky.

(3) Shanghai Shuimi

Originated in Shanghai, the origin is called white mango honey. This variety was introduced to Japan from China in 1875, and changed its name to Shanghai Shuimi because its original name was lost. This variety was called Shanghai Peach when it was introduced to Britain and China Bao when it was introduced to the United States. It has played a very important role in the improvement of peach varieties in the world, and many varieties contain the blood of this variety.

The tree body is thick or medium, the crown is open, the branches grow vigorously and the branches are medium in length. The fruit is oval or ovoid, and the average single fruit weight is160g; The top of the fruit is round and shallow; The stem is narrow and deep, and the suture line is shallow; The background color of the fruit surface is green and yellow, and it becomes light green and white when it is fully mature; The skin is thick and tough, with thick white hair; The pulp is white, reddish near the stone and sticky; The meat is delicate, sweet and sour, with little fiber and high quality. Medium ripe, mature from late July to early August in Hangzhou.

(4) Baifeng

It is a hybrid of white peach and orange in Kanagawa Agricultural Experimental Farm, Japan. It performs well all over the country and is an excellent variety with early maturity.

This tree has great potential, with half branches and high yield. The fruit is of medium size and generally weighs 120- 150g, and is spherical. The top of the fruit is round and the tip of the fruit is slightly concave; The peel is green and white to white, with a bright red halo on the sunny side, which is very beautiful; The meat is white and tender. Two or three days after harvest, it is soft and juicy, sweet and Momoka, with the highest quality. Viscous core

(5) Okubo

Japan has the most cultivated varieties, accounting for about 40% of the cultivated area of Japanese peaches, and it is a representative variety of medium-mature Japanese peaches. Widely cultivated in peach producing areas in northern China, it is both raw and processed.

The tree is weak, the branches are open, the top of the new shoot is easy to droop, the fruit is early, the fruit setting rate is high and the yield is high. The fruit is large, with an average weight of 150g, nearly round; The suture line is shallow, protruding on both sides, or protruding obviously on one side; The fruit can be almost completely covered with dark red spots; There is a lot of hair on the peel; The top end is flat and slightly concave, and the top end is recessed and slotted along the suture line; The pulp is white, crisp when it is just picked, and the juice is sweet; After a few days, the meat was soft, juicy, sweet and of good quality. Extranuclear, medium-sized nucleus.

(6) Okayama white

One of the main cultivated varieties in Japan, with large and beautiful fruit shape, excellent quality and high and stable yield, is a variety for both fresh food and processing. It is a medium-ripe type and matured in the first half of August in Beijing.

The tree has moderate potential, branches open, young trees are long, and fruit branches bear fruit; There is no pollen in the anther, so it is necessary to pollinate the tree. The fruit is large, generally weighing 150- 170 g, oblong or round; The top of the fruit is slightly concave, and some fruit vertices are slightly convex; Shallow suture; The fruit surface is yellow-white, slightly green, with bright red halo on the front and a few stripes in the middle; The pulp is milky white, slightly red on the sunny side, and purple around the core. When ripe, it is soft and juicy, sweet and of good quality. The adhesive core has strong storage and transportation resistance.

(7) High therapeutic value.

Also known as Yulu and Shuimi. As the most famous peach variety in China, Zhejiang Fenghua, Yinxian and Hangzhou have a long history of cultivation. This variety has strong local adaptability, strong disease resistance and low requirements for fertilizer and water conditions.

The tree body is strong, the branches are open, and the fruits are mainly long and medium branches, which are prolific. Medium-mature varieties, mature in Fenghua from the end of July to the beginning of August. The average fruit weight can reach 125g, but Xipu No.4 is the first choice, with an average fruit weight of 169g. The fruit shape is generally nearly ovoid, the top is obtuse and round, and the top is slightly concave; The suture is shallow and not obvious; The pericarp is yellow-green, and the little red dot is scattered from the top of the fruit to the whole fruit, with a red dot in the middle; Thick skin, hairy, easy to peel; The flesh is yellow-white, near-nuclear purple, soft and juicy, with rich Momoka and high quality. Viscous core

3. European peach system

(1) Initial Calendar Fu

(Early rivers)

1884 was introduced from France to Japan, and 1920 was introduced from Japan to China.

The tree is strong, with thick branches and long fruit branches. The stone is big, with an average weight of100-130g; The fruit shape is round or short oval, the top of the fruit is slightly sharp, and the suture line is deep and obvious; The background color of the peel is yellow-green, and it is reddish near the sun; Soft pulp, sweet taste and good quality. Poor storage and transportation resistance. It belongs to the middle-early maturing variety, which generally begins to mature in mid-July.

(2) Xinduanyang

(Amsterdam, June)

Native to the United States. The tree is vigorous, and the flower buds are mostly born at the tips of branches, with many single buds and few multiple buds. The average fruit weight is 90- 1 15g. The fruit is round, with a slightly wider back and a narrower abdomen. Its cross section is an irregular triangle with a flat top, a concave center and a convex top. The suture line is shallow, only the shoulder is obvious, and the depression is slightly deep; The fruit surface is yellow-green, with Xia Hong on the sunny side, which thickens when it matures and finally turns dark red; The pulp is green and white, green near the stone and red near the skin; Less fleshy fiber, medium juice and medium quality. Semi-viscous core. It belongs to the precocious type and generally matures from the end of June to the beginning of July.

4. yellow peach

(1) triumph

(triumph)

Also known as victory, native to the United States. This tree is strong, with upright branches and high yield. The fruit is irregular and medium-sized, with an average weight of110g; The background color of pericarp is yellow with dark red spots. When cooked, the color becomes thicker and the appearance is not good. The pulp is bright yellow, reddish near the core, soft, juicy, sweet and sour, and of high quality. It is a medium-early maturing variety outside the nucleus, and it began to mature in early July in North China. It belongs to the European breed group.

(2) Love is too white

(Chinese is close)

Originated in the United States, it was bred by the seedling progeny of 1870 Shanghai Shuimi (China), so it can also be considered that this variety belongs to the Central China variety group.

The tree is strong and the crown is open. The fruit is large, with an average weight of170g; The fruit shape is irregular oval, the fruit stalk is narrow and deep, the top is flat, the apex is slightly convex, and the suture line is shallow; The background color of the fruit surface is light green and yellow, and there is dark Xia Hong on the sunny side; The flesh is yellow, red near the core, dense, sticky and tough, with many fibers and medium juice; Sweet, slightly fragrant and of medium quality. It is a medium-mature variety, which matures in the middle and late August in North China.

(3) Big yellow peach

Originated in Chenggong, Yunnan. The fruit is large, with an average longitudinal and transverse diameter of 7.0cm×6.0cm and a weight of about147 g; The fruit is slightly oblong, the base is round and flat, the top is thin and sharp, the stem depression is wide and deep, and the suture line is shallow but not obvious; The background color of the fruit surface is brownish yellow with green, and the sunny surface is dark purple; The hair is thick and white; Thin skin, not easy to peel; The flesh is yellow butter, purple near the core, dense, medium juice, sweet taste, rich aroma and medium quality. It is a medium-mature variety and matured in Chenggong in mid-July.

(4) Stars

Japanese canned varieties are a hybrid of Yamashita × Sims. The tree is strong and straight, and its long, medium and short branches can bear fruit. The fruit is round and the top of the fruit is flat and symmetrical; The average fruit weight 150g, and the maximum fruit weight is 249g. The background color of the peel is orange-yellow, with a blush on the sunny side; The flesh is orange yellow, there is no red pigment in the meat, the meat is insoluble, the meat is delicate and elastic, the fiber is less, the taste is sweet and sour, with a slight aroma, and the processing quality is excellent.

(5) Honggang

(Redhaven)

All kinds of famous canned raw food in America. The fruit is of medium size, weighing130-170g, and spherical; The top is flat, and the sutures here are mostly deep grooves; The suture line in the middle of the fruiting body is shallow, with both sides symmetrical or one side protruding; The bottom is yellow-green, the sunny side is dark red, and there are many thick black-red flowing thin stripes; Pericarp less hairy; The flesh is light yellow, the flesh is soft and juicy, the taste is sweet and sour, and the quality of raw food is above average. The nucleus is small, semi-detached, and there is no red around the nuclear fossa.

(6) Golden Boy 7

(Baby Gold 7)

It is an excellent canned peach variety in the United States. The fruit is large and round, generally weighing 160- 180 g, with a flat top and a slightly concave top; The suture is shallow and symmetrical on both sides; The background color is apricot yellow, the fruit surface is mostly light dark red with more fluff; The pulp is orange yellow, juicy, almost insoluble, sweet and sour, and the quality of raw food is above or above; Canned products are sweet and sour, fragrant and of high quality. The nucleus is sticky and the pit is not red.

5. Flat peach

(1) Jiaqing

Originated in Fenghua, Zhejiang. The fruit is oblate, and the average single fruit weight is143g. ; Dingwa depression is extremely deep, the dry depression is wide and shallow, the suture line is shallow, and the left-right symmetry is slightly different; The fruit surface is yellow-green, with tiny red spots on the top; The pulp is milky white, reddish near the core, dense and soft, with little fiber, medium juice, sweet taste and good quality. It is a medium-mature variety.

(2) Flat peach with white awn

Also known as white mango honey, it is mainly produced in Yinxian, Fenghua, Hangzhou and other places in China, Zhejiang, and is the best variety in the flat peach variety group. The fruit is of medium size, with an average weight of 135g, flat, thick on one side and nearly round; The suture line is obviously prominent; The suture is deep, exceeding the top; The top of the fruit is deeply concave with obvious furrows; Stems are deep and wide; The background color is green and yellow, the color is red, and there is less fluff; The pulp is milky white, soft and juicy, sweet and sour, fragrant and of high quality. It is a medium-mature variety, which matures in the middle and late July.

(3) Sprinkle red flat peaches

A famous variety of flat peach is native to Hangzhou and Fenghua, Zhejiang. The fruit is medium and large, generally weighing 125g, oblate; Suture line is medium depth; The top of the fruit is concave, and the shape of the concave is round; Stems are deep and wide; The base color of the peel is green and yellow, the top is red, and the bottom is dark red, with inconspicuous yellow spots and much hair; Thick skin, edible without skin; The pulp is light green and white, and reddish near the stone; The meat is soft, juicy, rich in fiber, sweet and of high quality. Without the nucleus, the nucleus becomes smaller. It is a medium-mature variety, which matures in mid-July.

6. Nectarine (1) Golden Peach

(red gold)

It is a nectarine variety widely cultivated in the United States. The tree is stout and cold-resistant, but its resistance to brown rot and bacterial perforation is poor. The fruit is large, with a diameter of more than 6.9cm, and the fruit is spherical to oval; Fruit leather is vermilion or crimson, beautiful; The meat quality is firm and excellent; Yellow meat, solute. Extranuclear expiration of Buel Beta is 1-2 weeks earlier.

(2) Nectarine No.76, New Jersey

(NJN76)

This is an American variety. The fruit is large, the average weight is 1 16g, and the fruit can reach132g; . The fruit is oval, with a flat top and symmetrical halves; Suture is obvious, medium depth; The peel is full and bright red, shiny and beautiful in appearance; The pulp is orange-yellow, delicate, tough and insoluble; Moderate sweet and sour, slightly fragrant. This fruit ripens in late June.

(3) building nectarines

It's a Japanese variety. The plant has strong growth potential, high fruit setting rate and high yield. The fruit is large, the average fruit weight is 128g, and the maximum fruit weight is155g; ; The fruit is oval with a flat top; The suture is obvious and shallow; The background color of the peel is light yellow, and the fruit surface is dark red; The pulp is yellow and red near the stone; The pulp is a hard solute with a strong and slightly sour taste. It is a medium-mature variety, which usually matures in mid-July.

(4) Li Shou

(Legnand)

This is an American variety. The tree is strong and all kinds of fruit branches are good. The fruit is large, with average single fruit weight179g; The fruit is nearly round to oval with a flat top; The suture is obvious and shallow; The peel is full of crimson; The flesh is orange-yellow, hard, rich in flavor, sweet and sour. Storage and transportation resistance outside the core. It is a mid-late maturing variety, and its fruit matures from the end of July to the beginning of August.

(5) Kashgar yellow meat Li Guang

Originated in Kashgar, Xinjiang. The fruit is small and medium, with an average single fruit weight of 72g. The fruit is nearly round and the top is round and flat; Suture is obvious, medium depth; The peel is bright yellow, with bright red halo on the sunny side, and the appearance is good; The flesh is yellow, crisp when hard and ripe, refreshing when eaten raw, and hard solute after cooked, with strong taste and moderate sweetness and sourness. Extranuclear