First, the origin of the Habsburg dynasty
The Habsburg family originated in Aargau, northern Switzerland, and built the Eagle Castle (Habsburg Castle) in 1020. And gradually extended its influence to Austria and southern Germany today. Habsburg (Eagle Castle) was built by Weiner, Bishop of Strasbourg, and Count Radport in 1020 in today's Argonne, Switzerland. Werner I, the son of Radport, is called the Earl of Habsburg. 1273, Rudolf iv, son of Albert ii of Habsburg, was elected as the king of Germany (but was not crowned emperor). 1282 65438+On February 27th, Rudolph I seized the Austrian Principality occupied by Bohemian King Otoka II, and it was immediately owned by the Habsburg royal family. Rudolph I finally died in 129 1. Although the Habsburg family temporarily lost the throne, the southern Alsace and Braasch high territories in the empire were all included in the Habsburg family. /kloc-During the 0/4th century, the newly established Swiss Confederation continued to expand to the south of Germany, resulting in the Habsburg family losing the Eagle Castle established by their ancestors. From then on, the base of Habsburg dynasty moved from Eagle Castle in southern Switzerland to Vienna in Lower Austria, and the further development of Habsburg dynasty began.
Second, the development and heyday
1, Principality of Austria
After losing the holy Roman throne, the Habsburg family continued to hold the title of Duke of Austria. Successive Austrian dukes have continuously expanded the scope of the principality and divided it into several provinces. But these divisions eventually led to Austria's internal and external partition. 1379, Albert and Leopold, two dukes of Habsburg family, signed an agreement. Albert's descendants will own the inner Austrian principality, that is, today's central and eastern Austria, while Leopold's descendants will sit in the outer Austrian principality, and their ruling areas include today's western Austria, southern Alsace and southwestern Germany. Austria's internal and external partition did not end until 1490, when the Austrian Duke's family perished. Once again, the territory of the Habsburg family is in the hands of a duke.
2. Re-ascend the throne of Holy Rome
1422, albrecht V, Duke of Inner Austria, married Princess Elizabeth, the only daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor, Hungarian and Bohemian King sigismund, and was appointed as the heir of sigismund. 1437, sigismund died of illness. The following year, albrecht successively became king of Germany, Hungarian and Bohemia (Al Brecht II, uncrowned emperor). Since then, the Habsburg family has been holding the throne of the Holy Roman Empire (except during the period of 1742-1745) until the empire fell. But not long after, 1439, Al Brecht II was buried in the battlefield, leaving a posthumous son ladislaus. The Duke of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire were subsequently succeeded by Frederick III, cousin of Albrecht II, and Radislavs was born with the kings of Hungary and Bohemia (Laszlo V/Radislav I respectively). Unfortunately, the young Habsburg owner was killed soon, making the family lose the rule of Hungary and Bohemia. 1453165438+1On October 23rd, Emperor Frederick III of the Holy Roman Empire promoted the Austrian Principality to a grand duchy, which greatly improved the position of Habsburg dynasty and even Austria in Europe, and also provided a foundation for the further expansion of the dynasty, which gradually entered its heyday.
3. European countries with loose leaves
During the reign of Maximilian I (1493-15 19), the power of the Habsburg royal family was further enhanced through royal marriage. Maximilian I himself married duke of burgundy's only daughter, Princess Mary of Burgundy, on August 1477. This marriage will merge all the territories belonging to the Principality of Burgundy, from the south of France to the Netherlands, into the Habsburg royal domain. On 1496, the handsome Philip, the son of maximilian I, married Joanna, the crazy princess of the Crown Prince of Spain, and opened the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. However, Philip also gave his mother duke of burgundy's territory to the Spanish royal family, which laid the fuse for the war of succession to the Spanish throne. 152 1 On May 25th, 2008, Ferdinand I, grandson of the future holy Roman emperor Maximilian I, married Princess Anne of Bohemia. The following year, Ferdinand's sister, Princess Maria of Louis II, married the Hungarian and Bohemian kings. Bohemia), these two marriages laid the groundwork for Austria's annexation of Bohemia and Austria-Hungary in the future. Most of the children of maximilian I married foreign royalty, and the influence of Habsburg dynasty in Europe was greatly enhanced.
5. Charles V dominates Europe.
Maximilian I's carefully arranged political marriage made his grandson Charles V (Spanish name Carlos I) the overlord of Europe. 1506, Charlie's father, the handsome king Philip, died young. Charlie succeeded duke of burgundy and became the first ruler of Spain and Holland (today's Holland and Belgium). 15 16, Charlie's grandfather, King Ferdinand II of Spain, died of illness, so Charlie became King Carlos I of Spain. Since then, the whole of Spain, Sicily in southern Italy, Sardinia, the kingdom of Naples and the Spanish colonies in America have become the ruling areas of the Habsburg dynasty. 15 19, Charlie's grandfather, Emperor Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire, died of illness. Charles succeeded to the throne, became Charles V, and inherited the family's rule over Austria and Alsace. At this time, Charles V became the European monarch who ruled the most territory, but he continued to participate in the war, such as responding to the invasion of Protestants and the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Therefore, the internal affairs of the country ruled by Charles V are mostly handled by his agents. In Spain, the agent is his son Prince Philip, while in Austria, it is his brother Archduke Ferdinand. Although the territory of the Habsburg dynasty is the largest in Europe, the expansion of the empire continues.
6. Regain Hungarian Bohemia.
1526 On August 29th, Hungarian Bohemian King Louis II and Ottoman Turkish Sultan Suleiman I, the "king of miracles", fought a fierce battle in Mohac near Budapest, Hungary, which was called the first battle of Mohac in history. The Ottoman Turkish army defeated the Hungarian army, and Louis II died in battle. However, the Ottoman Turkish Empire did not occupy Hungary for a long time, but withdrew its troops in September. At this time, the brother of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, the Austrian Grand Duke Ferdinand, as the brother-in-law of Louis II, inherited the Hungarian and Bohemian thrones. Although Hungary had competitors, they were quickly suppressed. Since then, Hungary, Bohemia and Moravia have been under the Habsburg rule until 19 18. Silesia (now southern Poland) also temporarily became the territory of the Habsburg dynasty.
7. Separation of imperial dynasties
1556, Charles V felt old, so he decided to give the Spanish throne and the Austrian Grand Duke to his two agents, so that their respective descendants could inherit their own throne without passing it on to each other. From then on, the Habsburg dynasty was officially divided into Austrian branch and Spanish branch, and the situation that one person ruled the empire territory in Charles V period no longer appeared. Habsburg dynasty, a branch of Habsburg dynasty in Austria: Habsburg dynasty in Austria refers to the family that ruled Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and some principalities of Italy from 1556 to 1740 and held the holy Roman throne. Its predecessor was the Habsburg dynasty, which was later replaced by the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty.
1556, Emperor Carl V of the Holy Roman Empire ceded the position of Austrian Grand Duke to his brother Ferdinand I of Hungary and Bohemia, and made Ferdinand the heir to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. However, according to Charlie's will, Ferdinand and his descendants lost their right to inherit as king of Spain. This made Ferdinand the first monarch of the Habsburg dynasty in Austria.
Austrian war of succession to the throne
17 1310/On October 20th, charles vi was worried that he had no male descendants, and his younger brother and josef i had no male descendants, so he prepared the national will1713. The content of the testamentary edict is as follows: After charles vi's death, the positions of Austrian Grand Duke, Bohemian King, Hungarian King and Habsburg family leader were all inherited by his eldest son/daughter. As for the holy Roman throne, since women are not allowed to inherit it, if charles vi has no son, his eldest son-in-law will become the heir to the throne. The Herzog von Lothringen family is closely related to the Habsburg royal family. Ferdinand III, the Habsburg monarch, betrothed one of his daughters, Princess Eleanor, to Karl Leopold of Herzog von Lothringen at that time. After the birth of the eldest daughter Princess Maria Teresa, charles vi brought Herzog von Lothringen's second son Franz (whose eldest brother died unfortunately) to Vienna, grew up with Maria Teresa and got married on 1736. 1740, charles vi died. France, Spain, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony launched the war of succession to the Austrian throne on the grounds of not recognizing the national will 17 13. Maria Teresa and Flantz fought against other countries with the support of France's old enemies Britain and Holland. Prussia first invaded Silesia, the territory of Habsburg Empire, in 1740+02+06. Later, reinforcements from France, Bavaria and Saxony spread the war to Bohemia and parts of Italy. Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony tried their best to help Maria Teresa's cousin, King Charles of Bavaria, ascend to the holy Roman throne (Charles VII), which further aggravated the tension between the two sides. At the beginning of the war, the situation was very unfavorable to the Habsburg family. At the end of 1744, the whole of Silesia, Bohemia and most of Italy fell into the hands of the anti-Habsburg Coalition forces, and the Habsburg royal family lost the holy Roman throne, that is, lost the royal privilege attacked by German vassals. 1745 65438+1October 20th, Charles VII's death became a turning point in the entire Austrian war of succession to the throne. Prior to this, Saxony defected to support the Habsburg royal family, and sent representatives to meet with the representatives of Austria, Britain and the Netherlands in Warsaw on June 8+10/October 8, 65438, forming a four-nation alliance. Since then, the Habsburg royal family has gradually recovered lost ground. First of all, Britain launched a siege of French Fort Louis in North America on April 29, 1745, and captured the castle on June 6 of the same year, which contained the French forces. The conflict between the Netherlands and Britain in the West Indies and the coast of Latin America is a headache for Spain. Then on September 13 of the same year, Maria Teresa's husband Franz was elected as the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, which opened the Habsburg-Lorraine Dynasty. However, the anti-Habsburg alliance also had successful offensives, such as the French army's successful invasion of the Bay of Bengal and Austria and the Netherlands, which put both sides in a huge state. Russia's alliance with Austria and Sweden remained neutral, which made Prussia between Scylla and Charybdis turn to defense. At this time, Austria's Netherlands became the main battlefield. Although the French army commanded by Maurice Herzogtum Von Sachsen defeated the Austrian and British allied forces many times and captured Austria and Holland, it lost in the battles in northern Italy and at sea. Knowing that Russian reinforcements were about to arrive in Holland, the French army decided to make peace with Britain and Austria. Finally, the Anglo-Dutch law signed the Treaty of Aachen in 1748 10 and 18, which recognized the right of Emperor Franz, Queen Maria Teresa and their descendants to inherit the Habsburg family territory, but they had to cede the land to the anti-Habsburg allies.
Habsburg-Lorraine Dynasty:
Habsburg-Lorraine Dynasty refers to the family that ruled Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and some Italian principalities from 1740 to 1806, and ruled the Austrian Empire and the later Austria-Hungary Empire from 1804 to19/8.
1, origin
1740101on October 20th, the holy Roman emperor charles vi passed away. Charlie and his brother have no male descendants, so his eldest daughter, Princess maria theresia, inherited his Austrian Grand Duke, Bohemia and Hungarian throne. Although his son-in-law Herzog von Lothringen Franz lost the election of the Holy Roman Emperor, his nephew, Bavarian King Charles Albrecht, with the support of the anti-Habsburg alliance, ascended the throne of the Holy Roman Empire for Charles VII. The alliance immediately refused to recognize Princess maria theresia's right of inheritance and launched the Austrian war of succession to the throne.
1745 65438+1October 20th, Charles VII passed away. On September 13 of the same year, maria theresia's husband Franz was elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, which made the throne fall back into the hands of Habsburg family members. 1June 748+181October signed the Aachen Peace Treaty, which confirmed the inheritance rights of Emperor Franz, Queen maria theresia and their descendants to the Habsburg family territory. Since Franz was elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, his wife's surname has been added before his own, and their descendants have adopted the name "Habsburg-Lorraine". From then on, Austria entered the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, and Emperor Franz and Queen maria theresia became the founders of the dynasty. The monarchs in the early Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, such as Queen maria theresia, Franz I, Joseph II, etc., practiced "enlightened monarchs" and successfully implemented benevolent policies, which enabled the people in hereditary territories to recuperate and restore the economy. However, the French Revolution and its subsequent wave swept the Habsburg territory. 1789, the French Revolution broke out. Habsburg monarch, brother-in-law of the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and French King Louis XVI were overthrown. And his sister, Queen Marie Antoinette of France, were executed by France and the government. Coupled with the spread of * * * and ideological trend, Leopold II tried to unite with European monarchies and defend the French monarchies by force. 1792, Leopold II formally formed an alliance with Prussia and prepared to intervene in France by force. He died suddenly at this time, but his son, the Holy Roman Emperor Franz Ii, continued his policy and formed the first anti-French alliance with Prussia, Sa Ding, Britain, the Netherlands and Spain the following year. However, in 1797, the alliance collapsed because the Austrian army was defeated by the French Italian army led by Napoleon and forced to hold peace talks. 1799, the European powers took advantage of the opportunity of the French army to trap Napoleon's army in Egypt and launched the anti-French war again. This time Austria joined forces with Britain, Turkey and Russia to form the second anti-French alliance. However, at the end of the same year, Napoleon returned to China alone, launched a coup in Fog Moon, gained the military and political power in France, and became the first ruling party in France. At this time, Napoleon personally commanded the Italian army and turned back to deal with the anti-French countries. 1800 defeated the Habsburg Austrian army. The Habsburg royal family had to make peace with Napoleon and dissolve the anti-French alliance. In the announcement issued three weeks after the coup, Napoleon announced that the "Great Revolution was over", which made the European powers a little relieved, their strength was damaged, and they temporarily gave up their anti-French actions. But Napoleon's ambition made Europe go to war again a few years later.
Austrian Empire-Habsburg-Lorraine Dynasty
When Franz Ii, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, became Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the situation of German city-state separatism was already very serious, and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire had abdicated. The French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon intensified the division of German city-states, and the prospect of the empire was not optimistic. On May 1804 18, France's first ruling Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor. In view of this, on August 1 1 day, three months after Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor, Franz Ii announced that he would upgrade the Grand Duchy of Austria to the Austrian Empire, calling himself the Austrian Emperor Franz, in response to Napoleon, and took the opportunity to integrate the territory of the Habsburg dynasty.
The greatest feature and weakness of the Austrian Empire is that its territory spans the residence of many nationalities. Under the impact of the French Revolution, Napoleon's liberalism and national equality, anti-Habsburg rule activities have become increasingly active everywhere. Nevertheless, the Austrian Empire is still one of the major countries in Europe. The Austrian royal family has been worried that the revolutionary wave will endanger its sovereignty, and the Austrian army has been actively intervening in the affairs of other European countries to suppress the revolution. On the other hand, successive Austrian emperors believed in Catholicism, so the Vatican gave the holy Roman emperor the veto power in the papal election, which was transferred to the Austrian emperor and abolished by the college of cardinals until 19 14.
The Austrian Empire consists of many "kingdoms", among which the Austrian emperor is also a king, and there are some principalities and territories. The main components are as follows:
Bohemian kingdom (k? Graetsch b? hmen)
Kingdom of Hungary (K? nigreich Ungarn)
Dalmatian kingdom (k? Dalmatian)
Kingdom of Galicia and Radomelli (K? nigreich Galizien und Lodomerien)
Kingdom of Croatia and Slovenia (K? nigreich Kroatien und Slawonien)
Rembado and the kingdom of Venice (Lombardo-Venezianisches K? nigreich)
Austrian royal territory (Erzherzogtum? sterreich)
Principality of Carinthia (Hertzog Tum K? rnten)
Herzog Tum Klein
The Principality of Salzburg (Herzogtum Salzburg)
The principality of Silesia (Herzogtum Schlesien)
Herzogtum Steiermark
Hertzog Toum Bukovina
Serbia and Banat.
Grand Duchy of Transylvania (Gro? fürstentum Siebenbürgen)
Markgrafschaft M？ hren)
Gefürstete Grafschaft Tirol, Prince of Tyrol
Gorillas and Gradisca (Grafschaft G? Rz and Gradisca)
Folad Folard Berg
Istria area
The demise of the Holy Roman Empire
1804, the Austrian emperor Franz was very uneasy about Napoleon's claim to the throne, fearing that France would expand here and compete with the Habsburg dynasty. Therefore, Austria decided to unite Britain, Russia, Sweden and Naples to form the third anti-French alliance. 1805, Austria invaded Bavaria, an ally of the French Empire, with the support of Russian troops. On the other hand, Naples joined the Austrian army and attacked Napoleon's allies in Italy. However, Napoleon reacted quickly and crossed the Rhine from his native land. On February 2nd, 65438, the imperial armies of France, Russia and Austria fought a "Battle of Huang San" in Austerlitz (French emperor, Russian czar and Austrian emperor). Napoleon finally not only held Bavaria, but also invaded Moravia, the Habsburg territory, drove the Austrian army out of Italy and defeated Russian reinforcements in Prussia. 65438+February 65438+June, French and Austrian finally signed the Pressburg Peace Treaty. The main provisions of the peace treaty are as follows:
Austria needs to completely withdraw from Bavaria and Italy.
Austria ceded territory to the French Empire and its allies.
Austria paid 40 million francs to France.
After the signing of the peace treaty, Napoleon decided to set up a confederation of the Rhine River with himself as lord protector, so as to consolidate his allies in Germany. 1On July 2nd, 806, under the coercion and inducement of Napoleon, 16 members of the Holy Roman Empire signed the Rhine-Bendak Treaty, leaving the empire and joining the Confederation. This seriously weakened Austria's status as a Lord in Germany, which greatly displeased the Austrian emperor. In order to attract more countries to join the Confederacy, Napoleon decided to personally end the Holy Roman Empire. So he issued an ultimatum to the Austrian emperor Franz, asking him to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire and give up the titles of Holy Roman Emperor and German King. Finally, Franz abandoned the Holy Roman Emperor on August 6th. The Holy Roman Empire officially perished. After the establishment of the Austrian Empire, the power of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty was weakened due to domestic multi-ethnic disputes and the failure of foreign wars. 1859 The Italian War of Independence caused the Austrian Empire to lose all its territory in Italy. The 1866 Puao War forced Austria to withdraw from the German Federation, ending the era when the Habsburg family ruled the German city-state. In terms of internal affairs, Hungary is also very dissatisfied with the rule of Vienna, and nationalist ideas in many other parts of the country are also constantly strengthening. With the support of Russia, the Austrian army suppressed the Hungarian revolution in 1848, which further aggravated Hungary's dissatisfaction with Austrian rule. 1848 After the failure of the Hungarian anti-Austrian revolution, Hungary lost its original national status. However, with the defeat of the Austrian war against Prussia in 1866, Emperor Flantz Joseph realized that it was necessary to appease Hungary, otherwise it would cause more trouble. Hungarians also believe that this is an excellent opportunity to restore the old system. Therefore, Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph and Hungarian Earl Jura andras came to the negotiating table. At first, Franz Josef refused to accept Jura Andras's idea of "one king for two countries". At this time, Cece acted as a mediator between the two men. Probably, Cece's beauty has a certain influence on her husband. Finally, Franz Joseph agreed to sign an agreement to establish the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 1867, 30-year-old Cece was crowned Queen of Hungary. 1867 In February, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was formally established, with an imperial central government in Vienna and governments in Vienna and Budapest respectively to handle Austrian and Hungarian affairs. In addition, the Hungarian nobles specifically asked the Austrian emperor to be crowned king of Hungary to prove Hungary's privileges in the empire. They also called for the establishment of a parliament with legislative power in Budapest, and the laws formulated by this parliament were effective in areas that belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary in history. The composition of this parliament ensures that Hungarians, especially their nobles and social elites, are in the majority, while many Romanian and Slavic minorities in China are basically unrepresented. Although this reorganization temporarily appeased the largest ethnic group in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the unfair treatment of other ethnic groups became the fuse of the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the First World War.
Even though Prussia and Italy weakened the Habsburg dynasty many times, based on the feelings of their kin and neighbors, Austria-Hungary finally formed an alliance with the German Empire with Prussia as the main body, and further formed a triple alliance with Italy in 1882. The competition between triple alliance and Britain, France and Russia has caused tension between the two groups. On June 28th, 2004, Crown Prince Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by Serbian nationalists while visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Austro-Hungarian Empire has lost its territory in northern Italy because of the national movement, so the imperial government is worried that the Slavic region in the south will lose to Serbia, while other ethnic groups in China will take the opportunity to commit rebellion. Serbia gained a lot of territory in the Second Balkan War in 19 13, which made Austria-Hungary feel very uneasy. Mixed with many factors, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia with the support of Germany.
After Russia mobilized its support for Serbia, World War I officially broke out. At first, the German-Austrian allied forces were in full swing, capturing Russia and Poland and going straight to Russia. However, since 19 15, the situation has gradually changed. Italy was originally allied with Austria-Hungary, but remained neutral at the beginning of the First World War. 19 15, Italy fell to the allied forces and attacked Austria-Hungary, leaving it between Scylla and Charybdis. At this time, Germany also needs to deal with the war on the east and west lines at the same time. Give the Russian army a chance. 1965438+On June 4th, 2006, Russian troops bypassed the main force in the northern part of the Austro-Hungarian Coalition and launched a fierce attack on the Austrian army in East Galicia at the southern tip of the front line, which was known as Blache Love offensive. Although the German-Austrian Coalition forces finally drove away the Russian army, after the Russian revolution, the Soviet government signed the Brest Peace Treaty, ending the war on the Eastern Front. On the Italian side, although the troops of the Austro-Hungarian Empire occupied Italian territory in May of 19 15 and May of 19 17. However, dealing with Russia and Italy at the same time made it more and more difficult for the Habsburg imperial army to replenish, and its morale gradually declined. The war had a great influence on the economy of the empire, which eventually caused people's livelihood problems. Coupled with the complex national integration of the empire and the corresponding rise of nationalism, it became the ultimate incentive for the dismemberment of the empire.
World War I led to the disintegration of the Habsburg dynasty. The last emperor Charlie only got Austria and Hungary. On June 19 18165438+1October 1 1, Charlie declared that Austria has the right to decide the future state form. 1965438+On April 3, 2009, the Austrian National Assembly passed the Habsburg Law, expelling all members of the Habsburg royal family from Austrian territory unless they gave up all imperial rights and accepted citizenship. 1921113 The Hungarian Parliament issued a decree to abolish Charles' various monarchies. Declare the end of the Habsburg dynasty in Austria.
Emperor of the Austrian Empire (Habsburg Dynasty)
Franz Ii Franz Ii (1768 February 65438+02-65438 +0835 March 2), the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1792-1806), the first Austrian emperor (1804-). Son of Emperor Leopold II of the Holy Roman Empire and Queen Maria Luisa of spanish princess.
When Franz Ii became the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the situation of the German city-state separatist regime was already very serious, and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire had lost his real power. The French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon intensified the division of German city-states, and the prospect of the empire was not optimistic. In view of this, within three months after Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor, Franz also responded to Napoleon with the Austrian emperor. Franz Ii launched five campaigns against Napoleon's Holy Alliance, and the first four were defeated, which greatly weakened Austria's national strength and indirectly led to the rise of Prussia in the future. 1806, Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. Franz Ii was forced to marry his daughter Maria Luisa to Napoleon. Franz presided over the Vienna Conference immediately after the fall of Napoleon, established the Vienna system and holy alliance, restored the old "order" in Europe, and offset the influence of Napoleon's liberalism.
Ferdinand V, 1835- 1848
Franz Josef I Franz Josef I (1830 August18-19161October 2 1), Austrian emperor and Hungarian king (180/).
Franz Joseph is the eldest son of Archduke Flantz Charles, son of Austrian emperor Francis I, and Princess Sophia of the Wiesenbach family in Bavaria. 1848, his uncle, Austrian emperor Ferdinand I, abdicated, and his father, Flantz Charlie, gave up the right to inherit the throne. Franz Josef succeeded him as Austrian emperor, Hungarian king, Lombardy king and Bohemian king, and was called Franz Joseph I of Austria. 1854, she married her cousin, Princess Elizabeth (Cece), the second daughter of the Duke of Bavaria. 1859, defeated by the French-Sardinian Coalition, was forced to sign a peace treaty and give up Lombardy. 1864, Franz Josef I and Prussia launched the Danish War and seized German territory under Danish rule. 1866 was defeated in the Puao War, forced to dissolve the German Confederation, and was excluded from German affairs. At the same time, it was forced to return Venice to Prussia's ally Italy. 1867 reached a settlement with the Hungarian nobles, was crowned king of Hungary, and was crowned with the crown of St. Stephen, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire was established. 1889, his son, Austrian Crown Prince Rudolf, died mysteriously. 1898, Queen Elizabeth (Cece) was assassinated by an Italian anarchist in Geneva. 19 14, his nephew, Austrian Crown Prince Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and the Grand Duchess Sophie met in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on the grounds of "Sarajevo incident", and then Germany, Russia, France, Britain and other countries were involved in the war one after another, and the First World War broke out. 19 16, Franz Joseph I of Austria died at the age of 86, and his nephew Carl became the emperor of Austria-Hungary.
Franz Joseph was not only the Austrian emperor and the Hungarian king, but also a long list of other crowns and titles. Some of them (such as most Italian ones) have only nominal significance, while others (such as the king of Jerusalem) are only used to commemorate a certain period of history. Every student in the empire must be able to recite all these titles, as follows:
An Austrian emperor blessed by God; Kings of Hungary and Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slovenia, Galicia and Rodomaria, Illyria, Lombardy and Venice; King of Jerusalem; Duke of Austria;
Archduke of Tuscany and Krakow;
Herzog von Lothringen, Salzburg, Styria, Kernten, Cagnola and Buchwena;
Grand Marquis of Nibelungen;
Count Moravia;
Upper and lower Silesia, Modena, Palma, Piacenza, Guastalla, von Auschwitz and Zator, von Teschen, Friol, Laguza and Duke Sarah; etc
He and Elizabeth have three daughters and 1 son.
1. Princess Sophie (1855.3.5-1857.5.29)
2. Princess gisela (1856.7.15-1932.7.27)-1873 married the Bavarian prince and marshal Leopold.
3. Crown Prince Rudolf (1858.8.21-1889.1.30)-1881married Princess Stephanie, the daughter of Belgian King Leopold II.
Princesse Marie (1868.4.22-1924.9.6)-1890 married Franz Salvador, Duke of Tuscany.