pantheon
Located in the Latin quarter on the left bank of the Seine River in the center of Paris, le Pantheon was built in 179 1, which is a temple to permanently commemorate French historical celebrities. It was originally the church of St. Genevieva built in Louis XV. 179 1 After being nationalized, it was converted into a cemetery for burying "great men". 18 14 to 1830, returned to the church. The artistic decoration of Panthé on is very beautiful, and the large murals on its dome were created by the famous painter Antoine Grothe. 1830 After the "July Revolution", the theme of painting has changed, and the Pantheon has the characteristics of "pure patriotism and nationality". Voltaire, Rousseau, victor hugo, Emile Zola, Marcelin Berthelot, Jean Rao Reith, Berlioz, malraux, Curie and Dumas were all buried in the Pantheon. Up to now, there are 72 people who have made extraordinary contributions to France, among whom politicians are only 1 1.
1744, French king Louis XV (17 15- 1774) was seriously ill in Metz, so he vowed that if he could recover this time, he must build a new church. At 1764, Louis XV returned this wish. However, one year after its completion, the Constitutional Convention of the Great Revolution (1789- 1794) decided to change it from a church to a pantheon, that is, an ancestral temple where the ashes of celebrities from all over the world were stored. Later, after several repetitions, from the time Hugo's ashes were placed to the third phase of the Republic of China (1870- 1940), it was changed to the tomb of the national celebrity shrine again, and it has been preserved to this day.
The Pantheon building is in the shape of a Greek cross, with a length of 100m, a width of 84m and a height of 83m. The design is very bold, the column is thin and the wall is thin, plus the huge lighting window on the upper part and the beautifully carved stigma, the indoor space is very light and elegant.
The facade of the building is modeled after the Pantheon (meaning "Pantheon", so some people call it the Pantheon in Paris), and the hall and the side porch are separated by a gorgeous Corinthian colonnade. A huge colonnade consisting of 22 columns stands high on the steps, with a height of 19 meters, and its configuration is strange. The triangular gables (that is, "mountain flowers") are erected on the colonnade, which is the top feature of the front of the ancient Greek temples. It is the first time in Paris to use mountain flowers here. There is a famous saying on the eaves wall: "Dedicated to great men, the motherland thanks you." On the mountainside, there is a large allegorical relief by the famous sculptor P.J. David Dangray: the goddess representing the "motherland" stands on the Center Stage and gives the corolla to the great men around her; "Freedom" and "history" sit on both sides. Made in 183 1, this relief is one of David's most important works.
The upper part between the hall and the side porch is designed as an anti-traditional Christian church instead of a vault, and a flat dome with sail arch is used. The central dome is the most prominent part of the facade, with a diameter of 2 1 m and a triple structure. There is a circular hole in the inner dome, which leads directly to the middle dome, and its top is nearly 70 meters from the ground. 1849, physicist Foucault completed the famous experiment to prove the rotation of the earth by using the pendulum hanging on the dome. The dome is covered with lead and supported by a tall drum stand. The drum stand is surrounded by Corinthian colonnade. Because the proportion of columns is slender and the roots are independent, beauty is more than vigor.
A complete list of buried celebrities
Date of entering the temple, name remarks
179 1 year Honoré Mirabeau 1794 moved out.
Voltaire
1792 Nicholas-Joseph Bopire's remains are lost.
1793 louis michel le Pelletti e de San Fajo moved out of the Pantheon.
1793 The remains of Augustine Marie Picot and the Marquis of Dampier were lost.
1794 Mara moved out of the Pantheon.
1794 Rousseau
1806 Claude-Louis Petier
1806 Fran? ois Denis Tronchet
1807 Jean-? Tien-Marie Portalis
1807 Louis-Pierre-Pantaleon Resnier
1807 Louis-Joseph-Charles-Amar de Albert and Duke de Lunes moved out of the Pantheon.
1807 Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Belleville
1808 Francois Barthelemi, Earl of Beguineau
Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis
1808 Gabriel Louis, Marquis of Lancour.
1808 Jean Frederick, Count Perego
1808 Antoine Cesar de zeisel, Duke of praslin.
1808 Jean-Pierre-Fihlman, Count Malkh entered the Pantheon with an urn of a heart.
1809 Jean-batiste Papin, Count of San Cristo
1809 Joseph-Marie, Earl of Vien
1809 Pierre Gagnier, Count de La Bowasier.
1809 Jean Pierre, earl Sers entered the pantheon with the urn of his heart.
1809 Jill? I'm Louis Fran. Count Ois-Joseph Durazzo entered the Pantheon with an urn with a heart.
1809 Justin Bonaventure, Count Morade de Galle entered the Pantheon with an urn with a heart.
1809 Emmanuel Crete, Earl of Chanor.
Cardinal capra Giovanni Baptista
Louis-Joseph-Vincent-LeBlanc, Earl of Saint Hilaire.
Jean-Baptiste, Earl of Terehad
Jean lannes, Duke of Montebello 18 10
18 10 Charles-Pierre-Carare, Count de la Toure.
18 1 1 year louis antoine de bougainville
18 1 1 year Charles, Cardinal erskine Kelly.
18 1 1 Alexandre-Antoine Ureau, Baron de Sé narmont entered the Pantheon with an urn with a heart.
18 1 1 year Ipsos ·Polito· Antonio, Cardinal Vicente Mareri.
18 1 1 year Count Nicolas-Marie de Song was de Guben.
Count Michel Odenna
18 12 Jean-Marie-Fran? Earl of Dorsen, ois Lepaige
Grand jean derwent, Earl of Hu Sen
1813 hyacinth e-hugues-timolé on de cossé, Earl of brissac.
Jean-Ignacio Jacqueminot, Earl of Hamm
Joseph Louis, Earl of Lagrange
Jean, Earl of Rousseau
18 13 Fran? Ois-Marie-Joseph-Justin, Earl of Viri
Jean-Nicolas, Earl of de Mesnil.
Jean-Louis-ebenezer, Earl of Rainier
18 14 Claude-Ann Breu ze Renier, Duke Masadi carrara.
Antoine Jean Marie, Count of Tavernal
Claude Rust Alexander, Earl of Legrand
1829 Jacques-zhimene soflo
1885 Hugo
1889 Lazar Cano moved at the centenary of the French Revolution.
1889 thé ophile-malocorret de la tour d 'auvergne moved in at the centenary of the French Revolution.
1889 Jean-Baptiste baudin moved in at the centenary of the French revolution.
1889 Fran? Ois Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers moved in at the centenary of the French Revolution.
1894 Mary Fran? Ois sadi carnot
1907 Massereene Berthelot
1908 Emile Zola
1920 Leon Gambetta entered the Pantheon with an urn of a heart.
1924 After the assassination of Jean Jaurès, he moved within ten years.
1933 Paul Painlevé
1948 paul langevin
1948 Jean Palin
1949 Felix? Bue was the first black man to enter the Pantheon.
1949 victor schoelcher's father Mark is also in the Pantheon.
1952 Louis Braille's body was moved in at the centenary of his death.
1964 Jean Marin
1987 Rene Cassin moved in on his centenary birthday.
1988 Jean Monnet moved in on his hundredth birthday.
1989 father Baptist Henry gregoire moved in at the bicentennial of the French revolution.
1989 gaspard monge moved in at the bicentennial of the French Revolution.
Marquis Condorcet moved in on the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution.
1995 Pierre Curie
1995 Marie Curie was the first woman to enter the Pantheon.
1996 andre malraux
Dumas died in 2002 and moved in after 132.
Montesquieu
Celebrity name: Montesquieu
Date of birth: (1689— 1755), born in a noble family in Label Ville estate near Bordeaux.
Celebrity title: great French enlightenment thinker and jurist.
Celebrity country: France
Received a good education from an early age. /kloc-at the age of 0/9, he obtained the Bachelor of Laws degree and became a lawyer.
Since 17 14, he has been an adviser to the bordeaux court.
17 16, he inherited the position of president of bordeaux court (his grandfather and uncle always held this position) and was awarded the title of baron. Montesquieu is a well-read man with profound attainments in law, history, philosophy and natural science, and has written many related papers.
172 1 year, Montesquieu published a famous Persian letter under the pseudonym "Bohr Madoff". Through the story of two Persians who roamed France, this book exposes and criticizes the evils of feudal society, and outlines the faces of all kinds of people in the upper class of France in an ironic style, such as dissolute and shameless priests, boastful salon gentlemen, arrogant and ignorant dignitaries, and sluts in politics. The book also expresses hatred for Louis XIV, saying that France is more autocratic than the East. This book is very popular.
1726, he betrayed the hereditary position of the president of bordeaux court and moved to Paris to concentrate on writing and research. I have wandered many European countries, especially Britain for more than two years, inspected the British political system, carefully studied the works of early enlightenment thinkers, and was elected as a member of the Royal Society.
173 1 After returning to France, he devoted himself to writing.
1734, he published "On the Reasons for the Rise and Fall of Rome", and expounded his political views with ancient Roman historical materials.
1748, his most important and influential book "On the Spirit of Law" was published. This is a comprehensive political work. This book is very popular, with 22 editions published in two years. Montesquieu opposed theology and advocated science, but he was not an atheist or materialist. He is a deist. His most important contribution is the theory of bourgeois state and law, and he clearly put forward the theory of "separation of three powers" on the basis of Locke's thought of separation of three powers; He particularly emphasized the role of law. He believes that law is the embodiment of rationality, which is divided into natural law and man-made law. Natural law is a law that existed before the establishment of human society, when human beings were in an equal state. Man-made law includes political law and civil law. Montesquieu advocated bourgeois freedom and equality, but at the same time stressed that the realization of freedom should be limited by law, and political freedom is not what you want to do. He said, "Freedom is the right to do everything permitted by law; If a citizen can do what is forbidden by law, he no longer has freedom. Because others will also have this right. " It also puts forward "geographical environment determinism", which holds that climate will have a great influence on a nation's character, feelings, morality and customs, and soil has a very close relationship with residents' character, especially with the political system of the country, and the size of a country's territory is closely related to the political system of the country.
1755, he fell ill and died during the journey.
Judging from the above materials, Montesquieu can completely enter the Pantheon.