Under what background did Tao Yuanming write Travel Notes in Taoyuan? Writing background
Peach Blossom Garden is one of Tao Yuanming's representative works. It was written in the second year of Yongchu (42 1), which was the second year of the usurpation of the throne by Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasties. At this time, the author has retired to the countryside 16 years. Tao Yuanming had the ambition of "helping the poor" when he was young. However, he lived in an era of changes in Jin and Song Dynasties. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was extremely corrupt, surrendered to the outside world and settled in a corner of the rivers and lakes. The life of the ruling group is dissolute, civil strife continues, warlords have been fighting for years, and exorbitant taxes and levies have deepened the exploitation and oppression of the people. In the turbulent era when the country was on the verge of collapse, Tao Yuanming's ambition could not be realized at all. At the same time, the Eastern Jin Dynasty inherited the old system, implemented the door-door system, and protected the aristocratic bureaucratic privileges of aristocratic gentry, resulting in intellectuals from small and medium-sized landlords having no chance to display their talents. A poor man like Tao Yuanming, whose ancestors and fathers only held first-class official positions, had a premature decline in his family. Of course, he was "ambitious and dedicated." In addition, his personality is honest and frank, honest and honest, and he doesn't want to grovel and cling to the powerful, so he has a sharp contradiction with the dirty and dark real society and has a feeling of being out of place. In the first year of Yixi (405), he hastily and resolutely resigned from the Pengze county magistrate, who was only in office for 8 1 day, and finally got rid of the ruler, lived in seclusion for a long time and plowed in the wild.
Although he is biased from a distance, he still cares about state affairs. In June of the second year of Yuanxi, Emperor Wu of Song abolished Gong Jin as the king of Lingling and changed his country name to "Yongchu". In the second year, Emperor Wu of Song plotted to kill Gong Jin with poisoned wine. These can't help but cause waves in Tao Yuanming's thoughts. Starting from the inherent Confucian concept, he became dissatisfied with Emperor Wu of Song's regime and deepened his hatred of the real society. But he can't change or interfere with this situation, so he has to express his feelings with the help of creation, and create a beautiful realm opposite to the dirty and dark society, in order to entrust his political ideals and good interests. The Peach Blossom Garden was produced under such a background.
Taohuayuan remembers Tao Yuanming's trip by the stream, forgetting the distance of the road, and suddenly met the peach blossom forest.
During the Jin-Tai-Yuan period, Wu Lingren took fishing as his occupation. Walk along the stream and forget the distance. Suddenly I met the peach blossom forest and grabbed the shore for hundreds of steps. There are no miscellaneous trees in it, and the grass is delicious and colorful. Fishermen are very different. If you go any further, you will want to be poor.
If there is no water in the forest, make a mountain. The mountain has a small mouth and seems to have light. Leave the ship and enter through the mouth. Only by being narrow at first can we understand people. Take a few steps and you will be suddenly enlightened. The land is flat and spacious, so is the house. There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees and bamboo. There is a lot of traffic in the building, and chickens and dogs hear each other. Some men and women dressed like strangers. Yellow hair, happy.
Seeing the fisherman, he was shocked and asked him what he had not done. Answer it. I will (yāo, through the "invitation") return to China and put wine to kill the chicken for food. When the village heard about this man, Xian came to inquire. Since Master Yun avoided the chaos of the Qin Dynasty and led his wife to this desperate situation, he never came back, so he was isolated from the outside world (Jian). You ask what this world is, and I don't know if there are any Han Chinese, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties. The man is full of regret for what he said and heard. The others went home, eating and drinking. Stop for a few days and resign. In this Chinese (yù) cloud: "It is not enough for (wèi) to be humanitarian."
Help the road when you get off the boat, and you are determined everywhere. And the county, Yi Taishou, said so. The satrap means to send someone with him to find what he wants, get lost, get lost.
Liu Ziji, a noble man, heard about it and gladly planned to go. If you fail, you will find the disease. Nobody took care of it after that.
Tao Yuanming Peach Blossom Garden 10. Tao Yuanming, the author of this article, lives in an era of frequent wars and suffering. Why did he invent a beautiful realm here that is opposite to the dark real society?
(1) pinned his political thoughts and reflected the wishes of the broad masses of people; (2) yearning for a better life and denying the dark society.
Edge: follow, along. Colorful fallen flowers: the appearance of many fallen flowers. Fall in love, fall in love. For example, the first flower. Bright colors and diverse appearances. Different: surprised, surprised. It means "surprised at ...". Poor forest: Go to the end of that forest. Poor, exhausted. The forest is at its source: the forest is at its source, which means that the peach forest ends where the stream originated. As if: vague and unreal. Cai: Only. Only one person can pass: only one person can pass. Suddenly enlightened: describes the appearance of suddenly becoming wide and bright from narrow darkness. Suddenly enlightened. Cheerful, open and cheerful. Vast: spacious, spacious. Like: a neat appearance. Genus: class. Traffic in architecture: fields and paths crisscross. The north-south path is called money, and the east-west path is called Mo. Chickens and dogs hear each other: (between villages) you can hear each other's chickens and dogs barking. You can hear each other when you hear them. Write: dress: all. Tiao: It refers to the elderly and children. Yellow hair, yellow hair, is a symbol of longevity. Sagging hair. Never: From ... To: Invite, invite. Salty: Both. Asking: Asking for information. Leave a message, leave a message. Yi people: despair in the same county: isolated place. Interval: Isolation, different messages. Yes: Actually. No matter: don't say, let alone say. Statement: Tell it in detail for (the people in the Peach Blossom Garden). For: Yes, against. Tools: same as "All", complete and detailed. Y: invitation. Yu Yun: Talk to (him). After the word "fishing", omit the word "knowledge" or "yes" of the fisherman, and then help guide the way: just follow the original road (back). Help: Aaron, Aaron. Item: I see. Ambition: Nouns are used as verbs and markers. Under the county: refers to the gate of Wuling County. Yi: Just say so when we meet; Illustrates such a situation. Find what you want: look for the marks you made before. Chi, make a mark. Get, get, means to find in the text. Liu Ziji: One of his famous names (Lin), Biography of the Book of Jin, said that he was "good at traveling". Rule: plan, plan. Unsuccessful: unrealized: soon. Sui: Finally. Ask for directions, ask for help. Tianjin, ferry. Regardless of ancient and modern meanings (ancient meaning: don't say, (more) don't say; Modern meaning: mostly conjunctions, indicating different conditions but the same result) wife (ancient meaning: (two people) wife and children; Modern meaning: (a man's spouse, referring to his wife) despair (ancient meaning: isolated place; Modern meaning: no way out) delicious (ancient meaning: fresh and beautiful (referring to plants); Today's meaning: delicious) traffic (ancient meaning: intertwined, extending in all directions; Modern meaning: the general name of all kinds of transportation and posts and telecommunications) is insufficient (ancient meaning: unworthy, unnecessary; Modern meaning: not enough) interval (ancient meaning: cut off contacts; Modern meaning: the two places are separated) (ancient meaning: neat appearance; Today's meaning: the description is very similar) edge (ancient meaning: along; Modern significance: extension. Extension) Tianjin (ancient meaning: ferry. Asking refers to visiting. Modern meaning: oral liquid) outsiders (ancient meaning: especially people outside the Peach Blossom Garden; Modern meaning: outsider) So (ancient meaning: like this; Modern meaning: so) as if (ancient meaning: vague; Modern meaning: as if, as if) cheerful (ancient meaning: the place is open and the light is sufficient; Modern meaning: optimistic, carefree) Flexible use of parts of speech: I am surprised that adjectives are used as verbs ... Front: the noun in position is used as an adverbial, moving forward. Poverty: adjectives are used as verbs, exhausted, and come to an end. Yan: it is also used as "",that is, "from now on" is marked with symbols and verbs. No results: nouns are used as verbs to realize ambiguity: abandoning boats, houses and houses are like looking for: finding what you want quickly, finding the ultimate goal: marking what you want to do everywhere, finding what you want to do: there are no miscellaneous trees in the middle. During the Jin, Taiyuan and Yuan Dynasties, there were various contacts between them: pronouns, referring to the Peach Blossom Garden, were used as pronouns, referring to people in the Peach Blossom Garden, and extended to their own homes.
Jintaiyuan, Wu Lingren/Fishing/Occupation. Edge/flow, forget the distance of the road. Suddenly meet/peach blossom forest, sandwiched between the two sides of the strait/a hundred paces away, there are no/miscellaneous trees in the middle, the grass is lush/delicious, and the English is lost/colorful. Fisherman/Very different. If you go any further, you will want to be poor.
When the forest is exhausted, you will get a mountain with a small mouth, as if/if there is light. By boat, by mouth. Only by being narrow at first can we understand people. Repeat/dozens of steps, suddenly/cheerful. Land/open, houses/like, fertile land/beautiful ponds/mulberry trees/. Architecture/transportation, chickens and dogs/listening to each other. Some men and women dressed like strangers. Blonde and/or happy.
Seeing the fisherman, he was shocked and asked him what he had not done. Answer it. Set the wine/kill the chicken/cook if you want to go home. I heard of this man in the village, so I came to ask questions. Since the cloud/past/avoidance/Qin chaos, the rate/wife/person came to this desperate situation, did not come back, and then/separated from outsiders. Q/What is the world like today? I don't know if there are any Han Chinese, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties. This man speaks every word with a sigh. The rest/each extended to their home, all the wine and food. Stop for a few days and resign. China has a saying: "It is not enough to talk about humanitarianism to outsiders."
Once out, get the boat, and then/help to the road, everywhere. And the county, Yi Taishou, said so. A satrap is to send someone to follow him, find what he wants, get lost, and get lost.
Nanyang/Liu Ziji, when noble, has heard of it and is happy to go. If you fail, you will find the disease. Nobody took care of it after that.
The reason why Tao Yuanming wrote Peach Blossom Garden 1, the reason for his creation.
Tao Yuanming didn't like the darkness of officialdom when he was young. In the first year of Yixi (405), he firmly and resolutely resigned from the Pengze county magistrate, who had been in office for only 865,438+0 days, and finally broke away from the ruler, retired to the countryside and lived in seclusion for a long time.
Although far away in the Jianghu, he still cares about state affairs. In June of the second year of Yuanxi (420), Emperor Wu of Song abolished Emperor Gong Jin as the king of Lingling and changed his title to "Yongchu". In the second year, Emperor Wu of Song conspired to suffocate Gong Jin with a quilt. These can't help but cause waves in Tao Yuanming's thoughts. Starting from the inherent Confucian concept, he became dissatisfied with Emperor Wu of Song's regime and deepened his hatred of the real society. But he couldn't change and didn't want to interfere in this situation, so he had to express his feelings with the help of creation, so he wrote The Peach Blossom Garden.
2. Profile of people
Tao Yuanming (about 365-427), a native of Chaisang, Xunyang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi), was the first pastoral poet in the history of China literature. At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a politician, an early poet, a poet, an idyllic poet and a recluse poet in the Southern Song Dynasty wrote a lot of pastoral poems after retiring and became the founder of the school of pastoral poetry. Since Mr. 56, he changed his name to Qian in his later years. After his death, relatives and friends came to visit Keisuke privately, and the world called him Mr Keisuke. Because he likes drinking, he is also known as the wine saint Tao Yuanming. Tao Yuanming was born in a ruined official family. He kept trying, disappointed and finally despaired to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". There is Tao Yuanming's collection. Tao Yuanming's poetry and prose has a unique artistic style and high attainments, which has opened up a new realm for classical poetry. The works are simple and natural, which affects the creation of Tang poetry out of true feelings.
3. Introduction to the work
Peach Blossom Garden is one of the representative works of Tao Yuanming, a great scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It is "Preface to Peach Blossom Garden Poetry", which is selected from Tao Yuanming's collection. Based on the whereabouts of Wuling fisherman, this paper links reality with ideal realm, and through the description of peaceful, happy, free and equal life in Peach Blossom Garden, it shows the author's ideal of pursuing a better life and his dissatisfaction with the real life at that time.
Exploring the creative purpose of Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden": Tao Yuanming described a beautiful fairyland in order to express his yearning for a quiet and peaceful life away from officialdom.
The "Outsider" in Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Spring and Peach Blossom Spring
Xie Zhibin of Hebei University
Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden" is a typical work in ancient Chinese, and it has been selected as a Chinese textbook for middle schools. The article has a description of the scene of Peach Blossom Garden:
The land is flat and spacious, so is the house. There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds and mulberry trees here. There is a lot of traffic in the building, and chickens and dogs hear each other. Some men and women dressed like strangers. The yellow hair hangs low and enjoys itself.
There are different views on how to understand "knowing that you are an outsider" in the article. According to Shen Hengzhong's Notes on Students with Learning Difficulties-Preparing Lessons in Classical Chinese in Middle Schools (Shanghai Education Press 1999), there are mainly the following four statements:
First, it has been 600 years since the Qin Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. People in Taoyuan don't dress like outsiders. Perhaps the original text is wrong. "Knowing as an outsider" means "knowing as an outsider" or "having an outsider".
Second, "knowing as an outsider" means "being like a person from another world".
Third, "outsiders" refer to Qin people outside Taoyuan.
Fourth, "outsiders" are people outside Taoyuan.
The current middle school textbooks adopt the fourth statement, and understand "outsiders" as "outsiders". Some teachers think this understanding is unreasonable. The reason is the same as the first statement above, that is, people in Taohuayuan have been isolated from the outside world for nearly 600 years from "ancestors avoided the chaos of Qin Dynasty and led their wives to this desperate situation". Their farming methods and dressing styles can't be the same as those of foreigners, but they should be very different. Therefore, the "outsider" in "knowing as an outsider" cannot be understood as "outsider", but should be understood as "foreigner".
This can be counted as the fifth statement.
This statement is not only found among teachers, but also seen from time to time in some modern translations and notes. For example, Xin Zheng's Selected Works of Ancient Masters (Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 2000) notes: "Outsiders: Outsiders, foreigners."
We believe that "outsiders" in "knowing as outsiders" can only be interpreted as "outsiders", referring to people outside the Peach Blossom Garden, and other explanations are incorrect. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty where Tao Yuanming lived, "outsiders" were only interpreted as "outsiders" and not as "foreigners". The third meaning of "outsider" in Chinese dictionary is "outsider". The second meaning is: "ancient refers to people outside the vassal state ... modern refers to foreigners." It can be regarded as the solution of "foreigners" and post-uprising. It is a taboo to explain ancient words with the meaning of future generations.
In The Peach Blossom Garden, "outsiders" appeared three times. There is no doubt that the other two "outsiders" have been interpreted as "outsiders", and the "outsiders" in this sentence is no exception. The "among them" in this sentence refers to the Peach Blossom Spring, so the corresponding "outsiders" can only refer to people outside the Peach Blossom Spring.
People have doubts about this and think that this understanding is unreasonable, but they understand "outsiders" as "foreigners", "people from another world" or "Qin people outside Taoyuan", and even suspect that the original text of this sentence is wrong. Its root lies in the lack of correct understanding of syntactic structure and the usage of the word "informed".
Let's talk about structure first. The subject of this sentence is "planting in it, men and women wear clothes", and "knowing as an outsider" is the predicate. The Collection of Tao Yuanming published by Yili People's Publishing House translates this sentence into "Men and women who come and go to farm wear shoes like outsiders", which means that the syntactic structure of this sentence is wrong-they regard "coming and going to farm" as the attributive of "men and women" and "men and women's clothes" as the single subject of "being known as outsiders". The first and third statements quoted above only take "men's and women's clothes" as the subject.
Let's start with the word "notice". "Xi", like the word "leisure" in this article "leisure to ask", is an all-encompassing adverb of scope, which is equivalent to "all" or "all". Practical dictionary of Zhonghua Book Company: "If you know it, you will be fine." In the sentence "Some of them grow crops and men and women dress like strangers", what does the word "informed" cover-that is, its semantic orientation is "growing crops" and "clothes worn by men and women". "Knowing as an outsider" means "everyone is like an outsider". This means that "farming" and "men's and women's clothes" are similar to those of foreigners.
China Youth Publishing House and Tianjin People's Publishing House jointly published * * * "A Fine Interpretation of Classical Chinese in Junior High School" (joint edition), which translated this sentence into: "People there come and go to farm and work, and men and women wear the same clothes as people outside." Such a translation obviously does not accord with the author's original intention. This sentence has two meanings: one meaning "people coming and going are like outsiders" and the other meaning "men and women dressed like outsiders"-this is the author's original intention. To express these two meanings in one sentence becomes "First, men and women dress like strangers." It can be seen that the word "informed" is only useful when two things are put together. Its function is only to express comprehensiveness, which can only be understood as "all" and cannot be understood as "integrity". "Knowing as an outsider" can't be understood as "exactly the same as people outside". It is precisely because people understand this sentence as "exactly the same as people outside" that they doubt the rationality of this sentence; The reason why people think that "outsiders" should not be interpreted as "outsiders" but should be interpreted by others is also based on this understanding.
According to the structure of this sentence and the usage of the word "Xi", we think this sentence can be translated as follows: "Here, (people) come and go to farm, and (and) men and women dress like people outside."
It should be noted that we believe that the "men's and women's clothing" in the original text is from the aspect of clothing system, not specific clothing. If you refer to the specific dress, it is not only different from people outside, but also different from people in Taoyuan. The author said in the poem of Peach Blossom Spring: "Cowpea is ancient, but clothes are not new." "system" and "law" are synonyms, and "clothes are not new" is equivalent to "clothes are still ancient" "clothes" refers to coats; "dress" refers to the bottom dress, that is, the lower skirt. The dress under the coat is one of the main symbols of ancient clothing. In ancient times, men and women put on their clothes and put them on. The so-called "clothes are not new" means that people in the Peach Blossom Garden have never changed their clothes. This has important enlightenment for us to understand the sentence "men and women dress".
The reason why the author wants to say "among them, men and women dress like strangers" has its profound meaning.
Yuan Jujidao, a famous literary critic in Ming Dynasty, said when commenting on Peach Blossom Garden:
"Cheerful" (meaning from "suddenly enlightened" to "enjoying myself") refers to the cold weather in the wild, that is, on the earth, so I say "I am like an outsider". (For details, see Liu Shi in Ming Dynasty? Peach Blossom Garden in Ancient and Modern Literatures, Jiangsu Guangling Ancient Books Printing Press 199 1 year)
It can be seen that "understanding as an outsider" is the finishing touch of the author. The author takes this opportunity to point out that the Peach Blossom Garden is not a fairyland, but a human world. Only when the Peach Blossom Garden is located in the world can the two societies be compared, and the theme that works hate troubled times and yearn for a happy society can be reflected. The so-called "human world" does not refer to "a foreign country" or "another world", but to the real society outside the Peach Blossom Garden.