First of all, it is a commonly used bulk Chinese herbal medicine, which is in demand at home and abroad. Both domestic medicinal materials market and pharmaceutical companies need it.
Secondly, some food, cosmetics and daily necessities industries also need mint raw materials in large quantities.
Finally, the most important thing is to find a good market! It can be supplied to Chinese herbal medicine market or pharmaceutical factory, and can also be sold to enterprises and factories in related industries. The premise is that your planting should be large-scale and high-quality, so that you can be more sure. It is best that you can develop into their partner and become their stable supply base of mint raw materials. Strive for a win-win situation!
Cultivation techniques of mint
Also known as Su, it is a perennial herb. Taking stems and leaves as medicine has the functions of expelling wind and cooling, detoxifying and penetrating rash. Mint contains volatile oil, mainly menthol and menthone, which is the main raw material for extracting menthol. Mint likes sunny, warm and humid environment, and the frost-free period should be more than 200 days. The requirements for soil are not strict, except for heavy saline-alkali land, heavy clay land and sandy land, it can be planted, but fertile loam and sandy loam are better. Sunlight plays an important role in increasing the content of menthol and peppermint oil, especially in the period of pregnancy and bud flowering, so mint should not be planted in a cool place.
Peppermint is generally propagated by rhizome, but it can also be planted with skewers and propagated by seeds. The latter two methods grow slowly, are easy to mutate and are generally used less. Propagation with rhizomes can be carried out in spring or before winter, with spring sowing mostly from late March to early April and winter sowing around the end of 10.
It is best to plant mint while planing to prevent the roots from drying up. If it needs to be shipped abroad, it should be packed in gunny bags. After the roots of mint are planed out, select new roots with short, fat and yellow-white stems and cut them into 6- 10 cm segments, each segment should have 3-4 stems. According to the row spacing of 30-35cm, dig a ditch with a depth of 5-6cm in the border, plant 2-3 plants in the ditch according to 17-20cm per pier, then cover it firmly and water it immediately. Roots planted in spring germinate at 18 ~ 20℃/kloc-0 ~15 days, and are planted before winter in the following spring.
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I. Cultivation techniques
1. Choose loose and fertile sandy loam with abundant sunshine and convenient irrigation and drainage. Soil preparation in mid-March or early April. When preparing the soil, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied, and 2000 ~ 3000 kg of manure or compost should be applied per mu. Turn the fertilizer into the soil, plow it to a depth of 25cm, and rake it carefully. Generally, small beds are not used, and large beds are often used for planting.
2. The propagation method is seed propagation, which can be direct seeding or seedling transplanting. In general, direct seeding is often used in production, because direct seeding grows fast, harvests early and yields high, and it can also save heavy physical labor when transplanting; Seedling transplanting also has its advantages, which can make full use of the land; In arid areas, there are no irrigation conditions or lack of seeds, or the previous crops have not been harvested. And the seedling transplanting method can be used.
(1) live broadcast date, middle and late April in the north and late March in the south. Drill, according to the row spacing of 50cm, open a ditch with a depth of 2cm, evenly sow in the sowing ditch, cover with thin soil after sowing, and slightly suppress. The number of seeds per mu of 0.75kg; During hole sowing, shallow holes should be dug at the row spacing of 30cm×50cm, and after sowing, thin soil should be covered and slightly pressed. In the south, it is customary to apply thin human and animal manure in sowing ditches or holes, and the application amount per mu is about 1500kg. Or 1 50g of seeds,150kg of peat ash and 30-40kg of human and animal manure are mixed into seed ash per mu, and1seed ash is put into each hole without covering soil when sowing. Keep the soil moist. Seedling can emerge in about 5 days after sowing, and it will be slower if the early sowing temperature is low. In case of drought after sowing, pay attention to watering, and pay attention to loosening the soil and weeding after emergence.
(2) The seedling transplanting period is April in the north and March in the south. When preparing soil for seedbed, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied, and the seedbed should be watered before sowing. After 2-3 days, sowing can be carried out after the bed surface is slightly dry. Row spacing 10cm, the seeder can evenly spread seeds on the bed surface and cover the bed surface with 0.5 cm fine soil. After sowing, cover the border with grass and keep the border. Attention should be paid to keeping the soil moist and weeding. When the seedling height is about 15cm, it can be transplanted about one month after emergence. Transplants can be performed in rainy days or sunny afternoons. 1 ~ 2 thoroughly water the seedbed before digging the seedlings to ensure that the roots are not damaged when digging the seedlings. Seedlings should be planted while digging. On the whole ground, ditch with a row spacing of 50 cm and a depth of about 15 cm. Put the seedlings on one side of the ditch with a spacing of 30cm, then cover the soil and water them. After 2 ~ 3 days, the ground should be slightly dry. When the ground is dry, water them for 2 ~ 3 times before the planted seedlings can survive. In the future, reducing watering times will promote the root system to grow deeper, so as to enhance drought resistance and absorb deep soil fertility.
3. Field management ① When the seedling height is about 5cm after emergence, the over-dense weak seedlings should be pulled out intermittently. When the height of seedlings is about 15cm, the seedlings are fixed at intervals of 30cm for drilling, and 1 ~ 2 seedlings are reserved for hole sowing. If there are any missing seedlings, the big seedlings should be watered with soil. (2) In intertillage weeding, we should always pay attention to loosening soil and weeding, especially after raining or watering, the soil is easy to harden, so we should loosen soil and weed in time to keep the soil loose and free of grass, and combine fertilization and soil cultivation before harvesting plants to prevent them from lodging due to wind and rain. ③ When topdressing, the plant height of Perilla frutescens is higher, and it needs a lot of fertilizer to flourish. In addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, topdressing must be carried out many times. Generally, the height of direct seeding is about 5cm. After transplanting, topdressing can be applied for the first time, with 5 kilograms of urea or 800 kilograms of rare human and animal manure per mu, and then once every 20 days until the line is closed, and topdressing can be applied for 3-4 times. After the second time, 8 kilograms of urea can be applied per mu, namely 1000 ~ 1500. It is necessary to furrow and apply, cover the soil and water it after application, and finally fertilize it. ④ Irrigation and drainage Perilla frutescens needs more water at seedling stage and flowering stage, so it should be watered in time during drought, and drainage should be paid attention to in rainy season to avoid root rot.
Fine and scientific management, active prevention and control of pests and diseases, and timely harvest will achieve high quality and high yield.
Second, how to master the harvesting of medicinal parts of Perilla frutescens.
Due to different uses and medicinal parts, different climate, the harvest time of perilla is also different. It is generally believed that the oil content of plants is the highest when they grow most vigorously, that is, when the flower ear is just pulled out 1.5 ~ 3 cm. In Shanghai, the whole grass above the ground is harvested from August to September when the inflorescence first appears. The leaves and stems of medicinal Perilla frutescens are also harvested when the branches and leaves are lush, from July to August in the south and from August to September in the north. Generally, the whole plant of perilla leaves, perilla stems and perilla seeds are harvested in sunny days, and transported back for processing from September to 65438+10.
Third, perilla processing
After the harvested perilla is transported back, it is spread on the ground or hung in a ventilated place to dry in the shade. After drying, tie it with leaves and call it whole perilla. If you pick the leaves, remove the broken branches and sundries, that is, perilla leaves, and shake out the seeds. The rest of the stems and branches are Sue's stems. After harvesting the whole grass to extract oil, remove the thick stems without leaves, spread the branches and leaves in the sun 1 day and then put them into the pot for distillation.
Cultivation techniques of mint
Li Yuncheng asked Rui: What kinds of mint are there? How to plant and manage?
Answer: mint is a perennial herb of Labiatae, and it is used as medicine with whole grass. The stems and leaves of mint contain 1% volatile oil. The volatile oil is called peppermint oil, which mainly contains 77% ~ 87% L- menthol.
1. What kinds of mint are there?
(1) The upper part of the round-leafed green-stemmed plant is blue, with short, oval and shiny leaves, short plants and many branches, and its brain content is about 80%. Planting on fertile land has more obvious high-yield characteristics and is one of the excellent varieties in cultivation.
(2) The stems of purple-stemmed purple-veined plants are dark purple, the leaves are rectangular, the serrations are pointed and dense, and there are few branches. The yield is slightly lower than that of the green-stem round-leaf species, but the oil brain content is 2% ~ 5% higher.
Due to the degradation of excellent varieties cultivated for many years, in recent years, scientific research institutes all over the country are cultivating some new excellent varieties. For example, Mint 73 ~ 8, a high-yield oil brain variety cultivated by Shanghai Institute of Spice Industry Science, has many branches, short internodes, large leaves and dense gland scales. The oil yield of fresh grass is 0.3% ~ 0.5 1%, and the oil yield per mu is 9.75 ~ 65438+. Jiangsu Xincao Natural Flavor Research Institute also cultivated 738 new varieties, which were propagated and planted immediately after they were identified in June 1979, and were extended to Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Shanghai and other provinces from June 1982 to June 1984. In addition, there are newly cultivated varieties such as "409", which have performed well in production.
There are oil glands on the leaves of mint, which are distributed in the upper and lower epidermis, and the lower epidermis is the place where volatile oil is stored. The density of oil glands on leaves is related to the content. Therefore, in the process of breeding mint varieties, the number and density of oil glands on leaves are one of the important basis for selecting excellent varieties.
Second, how to grow and manage mint?
1, select the right land and apply sufficient base fertilizer. Choose a place with flat terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage and plenty of sunshine. The soil should be fertile and loose sandy loam or loam, and continuous cropping land should not be planted. Apply sufficient base fertilizer before the cultivated land, and apply 2000 ~ 2500 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu (or apply it in the planting ditch when planting). After painting, turn the floor over and rake it carefully to make a border with a width of 65438+.
2. Peppermint can be propagated by seeds, skewers, ramets and rhizomes. Seed propagation is generally used in production. During the planting period, 10 in the Yangtze River valley in the south of China is suitable for autumn and winter planting, and10 in the north is suitable for spring planting from March to April. When planting, high-quality varieties should be selected, and the roots should be planted by digging. After digging out the underground rhizome, the white thick and short internodes should be cut into small pieces of about 10cm, and then furrow should be dug at the edge of the border, with the row spacing of 25-30cm and the depth of about 10cm, and the rhizome should be cut into small pieces with the plant spacing of15-25-30cm. If base fertilizer is not applied to the cultivated land, it can be applied to the planting ditch first, and then planted with soil and slightly suppressed. The fertilizer can be per mu1000kg of human and animal manure, or 8kg of urea plus 50kg of calcium superphosphate and10kg of potassium sulfate, or100kg of cake fertilizer plus 20kg of diammonium phosphate.
3. Scientific management. Do a good job in spring management:
(1) Check that there will be a long winter after planting mint with replanted seedlings, and unfavorable climate often leads to lack of seedlings and broken ridges. Therefore, it is one of the key measures to check seedlings in time after emergence in spring, replenish seedlings in time when missing seedlings are found, ensure a certain density and ensure the whole seedlings. Generally, in early spring, when the temperature is stable above 10℃, the survival rate of transplanted seedlings at 12℃ ~ 20℃ is higher. Transplanting is premature, the temperature is low, and it is not easy to survive; On the contrary, high temperature, large evaporation and low survival rate. Also pay attention to loosening the soil and weeding.
② Impurity removal and inferior mint are easy to mix and degrade during planting, which has great influence on crude oil output and quality. After testing, the crude oil yield per unit area of mixed degradation of mint is only 3.35kg, and the total alcohol content is 67%. However, the crude oil yield of the varieties without hybrid degradation is 6.55kg, and the total alcohol content is 82%. In addition, there are great differences in fragrance and color. Therefore, impurities should be removed in time. According to the comparison between the morphological characteristics of planted varieties and the plant type, leaf type and leaf color of field plants, all plants that do not conform to the characteristics of planted trees should be pulled out. If it is difficult to distinguish in form, you can pick a leaf in the middle and rub it with your fingers to smell its fragrance. If it is a good variety, it will give off a strong fragrance. If there is an odor, it means that the plant has degraded or mixed, and it should be uprooted. Impurity removal should be carried out before the underground stems of plants grow in early spring. Generally, when the seedling height is about 10cm and the underground stems have not germinated, in order to prevent the new underground stems from breaking in the soil and affecting the impurity removal effect, it is generally necessary to repeatedly remove impurities for 2 ~ 3 times to ensure a certain purity of the varieties.
③ The yield of peppermint crude oil is closely related to the number of leaves. If the plants grow thin and have few branches, the harvested stems and leaves will be less; On the contrary, excessive growth and shady fields will cause lodging or defoliation, and too few leaves will also affect oil production. Therefore, rational fertilization is one of the key measures to obtain high yield. According to the production experience, fertilization must adopt the principle of "control first and then promote". In the early stage, according to the growth situation, little or no seedling fertilizer is applied, and the amount of fertilization only accounts for 20% ~ 30% of the amount of fertilization, so as to ensure the stable growth in the early stage; The late fertilization rate only accounts for 70% ~ 80% of the total fertilization rate, which makes the plants enter the vigorous growth period, with sufficient nutrient supply and large leaves, which is beneficial to improve the yield and quality of mint crude oil. The best harvest period of mint is from bud stage to early flowering stage, when the leaves are much thicker and the oil content is high. Early or delayed harvest has certain influence on the yield and quality of mint crude oil, so the timing of late fertilization must be strictly controlled. According to the experiment, the last fertilization should be completed in early June and before June 10. If fertilization is too early, mint will grow too vigorously at harvest, and it will close or defoliate, which will have a serious impact; If it is too late, the bud stage and flowering stage will be delayed, and the harvest will be delayed accordingly, which will affect the growth and yield of double-edged mint. Fertilization is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, supplemented by phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. After harvesting, mint should be topdressing 1 ~ 2 times to promote regeneration.
In addition, according to the growth of mint, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can also be sprayed outside the roots. Urea can be used for spraying nitrogen fertilizer, and the concentration is about 0.65438 0%; Phosphate can be sprayed with superphosphate. Firstly, the calcium superphosphate is soaked in clear water for 30-40 hours, and then the clear liquid is taken out to prepare the concentration of 0.2%. Potassium chloride or potassium sulfate can be used to prepare 1∶ 10 mother liquor when spraying potassium, and then diluted into 0. 1 solution when using, and it can be sprayed about 100kg per mu or mixed spraying. Spraying time should be in the most vigorous growth period of mint, that is, early June, and spraying time should be in cloudy or sunny evening, and spraying should be carried out on both sides of leaves.
Third, how to master the suitable harvest time of mint?
The harvesting time of mint should be at the peak of plant growth or early flowering, when the oil content is the highest. Due to the different climatic conditions, the growth and development of plants are different, and the harvesting time is different. Generally, it is harvested twice a year in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi; Harvest in North China 1 ~ 2 times a year; Sichuan can receive 2 ~ 3 times. The first time in Jiangsu and Zhejiang is from late June to early July. The second time, before 10 blooms ten days ago, it is called Erdao. In order to ensure the quality of mint, drug farmers have five experiences of not cutting, that is, not cutting if there is insufficient oil; Wind and rain do not cut; Dew is not dry and not cut; Don't cut it if the sun is not enough; The ground is wet and uncut. Choose sunny harvest. It was planted in Guangzhou in June 5438+065438+ 10, and entered the peak season in April-May of the following year. In the bud stage from May to early June, the above-ground stems and leaves are harvested to extract crude oil, which is called head-knife mint. At this time, the temperature is high and the humidity is high, and the germinated seedlings grow fast. It can be harvested again from the early flowering period to the full flowering period in June 5438+00, and can be used as medicinal materials.
Spread the harvested mint in the sun for two days, pay attention to turning it over, slightly dry it and tie it into sticks, align the stems when tying it, and then remove the leafless stems 3 ~ 5 cm below the leaves. Then dry in the sun or in the shade. Alternatively, the stems and leaves of peppermint can be dried in the sun, and peppermint oil can be distilled in a distillation tank and then refined into peppermint liquid.
Mint is better, with dark green color, many leaves, strong smell and no roots.