1, the selected shell type (armor-piercing projectile or ordinary anti-personnel Grenade),

2. Armor-piercing ability of the projectile (depending on the type, such as armor-piercing projectile with stable tail and armor-piercing projectile, the armor-piercing ability of depleted uranium armor-piercing projectile is different).

3. Type of protective armor (ordinary homogeneous steel armor or explosive anti-armor)

4. Inclination of protective armor

5. The angle between the projectile and the armor.

These aspects determine how much armor a gun can penetrate.

British challenger main battle tank

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challenger

The development of Sheikh's successor tanks in Britain began in the late 1960s, but this plan was replaced by the joint plan of Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany (FMBT) in 1970. Later, due to the differences between the two countries in the use time of tanks, the joint plan was cancelled in March 1977 Britain's plan to independently develop MBT-80 tanks from 198 1 was cancelled due to economic problems.

catalogue

brief introduction

design feature

operating characteristic

Model evolution and variant car

launch

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brief introduction

British research on main battle tanks has not been relaxed. 1968, the British Military Vehicle Engineering Design Institute manufactured 1 tank prototype with external guns; 197 1 year uses odd volts on another 1 vehicle.

Chobham Armor was installed on the British Challenger main battle tank (3 tanks), and the model of the tank was FV42 1 1.

1974, Iran ordered 707 modern Chivotan MK5P tanks from Britain, and demanded to increase the engine power. Since then, Britain has started the development of FV4030 tank series. Due to the tight time, the two countries agreed that Britain should first produce 187 Fv 4030/ 1 tank, and then produce 125 Fv 4030/2 tank with 882 kW( 1 200 HP).

After seeing the FV4030/3 tank scheme, Iran decided to stop buying FV4030/2 tanks and order 1225 FV4030/3 tanks instead. However, due to the rapid price increase and the coup in Iran, the order contract was not fulfilled.

1978 In September, the British Ministry of Defence signed a production contract with Leeds Arsenal for 243 Challenger tanks, worth 300 million pounds. This tank is developed on the basis of FV4030/3 tank.

198212 In February, the British Army Chief of Staff took over the Challenger tank on behalf of the military, which showed that the Royal Leeds Arsenal was ready to produce the tank.

1983 In March, Leeds Royal Arsenal delivered the first batch of Challenger tanks to the British army. 1in June, 984, the British army ordered 64 challenger tanks, enough to equip the 5th regiment of the Rhine Army of the Federal Republic of Germany. 1March, 985, all the Royal Light Cavalry units were equipped with Challenger tanks. 1June 1985, the British army ordered 18 Challenger tanks.

This tank has been tested several times in Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia.

From June 65438 to June 0986, the Weapons and Chariots Division of the Royal Arsenal was responsible for the design of the tank and the service after the design, which was originally undertaken by the Royal Armament Research and Development Institute.

1In July, 1986, Vexcor Defence Systems acquired the Leeds Royal Arsenal, which produced tanks, at a price of about 1 1 10,000, and invested140,000 to build a new tank factory, the scale of which is the same as that of its ArmstrongWorks factory in Newcastle upon Tyne. Leeds Tank Factory produces Challenger tanks for the British army.

At the same time, the British Ministry of Defence ordered 76 Challenger tanks for 1 100 million pounds. By the end of the delivery of these tanks, the total number of British tanks equipped with this type of main battle tanks reached 7.

The British Ministry of Defence has ordered more than 400 tanks of this type, and the last batch of challenger tanks is scheduled to be delivered in the fourth quarter of 1989.

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design feature

I. Overall arrangement

The overall layout of Challenger tank developed from FV4030/3 (Iranian Lion 2) tank is similar to that of Chifutan tank. The cockpit is in the front of the car body, the battle cabin is in the middle of the car body, and the power cabin is in the back of the car body. The car body and turret are all made of Chobham armor.

The driver's seat is located in the center of the front of the car body, and it has a 1 single hatch cover, which can be lifted upwards and rotated horizontally forward; There is a 1 wide-angle periscope, which can be replaced by PEBadger passive night vision periscope made in pilkington at night. The cockpit is connected with the battle cabin, and the driver can enter the battle cabin and leave the tank through the passage.

The turret is in the middle of the car body, with three passengers. The conductor is on the right side of the gun, the gunner is under the conductor, and the loader is on the left side of the gun. The captain and the loader each have 1 hatch covers. The latter is a double-fan structure with a split front and rear. In front of it, there is a rotating periscope with a magnification of 1.

Second, the weapon system

1. Main weapons

At present,1l11a5120mm line bore tank gun is the main weapon for mass production of challenger tanks, but 1 XL30 high-bore line bore tank gun will be installed in future models. XL30 tank gun was developed by RoyalOrdnanceNottingham Arsenal, formerly known as EXP32M 1 gun.

The gun barrel is equipped with a thermal sheath, an exhaust device and a muzzle correction device. The gun body adopts new electroslag remelting steel, and the lock mechanism of the gun tail adopts new structure, which can bear high bore pressure. The service life of the barrel is 500 rounds of fully loaded ammunition (EPC), and it will not be scrapped due to material fatigue before the wear of the inner bore reaches the limit. The service life of the barrel is 10 times that of the barrel.

2. Ammunition

This tank gun can fire L/KOOC-0/5A4 armor-piercing projectile, L20A/KOOC-0/armor-piercing projectile, L3/KOOC-0/armor-piercing projectile, L32A5 armor-piercing projectile, L34 white phosphorus smoke projectile and newly developed L23A/KOOC-0/tail stabilized armor-piercing projectile.

There are 42 cartridges and 64 projectiles on the tank, and each cartridge can hold 1 penetrator or 2 penetrators or smoke bombs. The typical mixed storage mode of ammunition is 20 rounds of armor-piercing ammunition and 44 rounds of armor-piercing ammunition or smoke bombs.

3. Fire control system

The tank adopts Marconi CommandControl system (MarconiCommandandControl).

The improved fire control system (IFCS developed by Systems) is designed for the second stage improvement of Chifutan tank, with the emphasis on improving the night combat capability of the tank and improving the commander's control tower (see the project of "British Chifutan main battle tank" for details).

The main goal of the improved fire control system is to greatly shorten the reaction time from capturing the target to shooting, so that the gun can have a higher initial hit rate when shooting the fixed target of 3000 meters and the moving target of 2000 meters. The tracking speed of the system is 30 mil /s for horizontal target, 65,438+00 mil/s for vertical tracking, 0.2 ~ 480 mil /s for turret horizontal rotation and 0.2 ~ 200 mil /s for artillery vertical pitching.

The whole fire control system consists of data processing subsystem (DHSS), aiming subsystem (TLS), sensor subsystem and gun control device (GCE).

The data processing subsystem includes 12- 12P digital computer and its interface, command control and monitoring device, command/gunner shooting handle and other components. The aiming subsystem is also called tank laser ranging aiming device. The range of laser rangefinder is 300-10000m, and the accuracy is10m. The sensor subsystem can measure the angular velocity of the target, the tilt angle of the cannon trunnion, wind speed, air pressure and air temperature. The gun control device is controlled by a computer.

Conductors have 1 37 daytime sight, magnification 1× and Frank? Rankplin's image enhanced night vision sight. Challenger tank early model equipment rank? No.37 night vision device (SS 120), with a magnification of 5 times, is made by Prin Company and used by commanders to monitor, capture and aim at night. In addition, there are nine periscopes on the control tower, which can provide the command with the ability to look around.

Interchangeable sight No.37 is a transitional method of thermal image monitor and artillery sight (also called thermal image observation and shooting sight TOGS) developed by BarrandStroud Company authorized by British Ministry of Defence. In order to install the system, the turret was redesigned. A single thermal camera in the armored shell on the right side of the turret will provide a general observation output signal for the commander and gunner respectively, or be used as a gun sight. The second batch of general modules for tank thermal image observation and shooting sight began to be delivered at the end of 1983 by Frank? Taylor? RankTaylorHobson provides infrared search module and MarconiAvionics provides computing electronic equipment. This kind of sight has been installed on the newly produced and early produced challenger tanks.

1In April 1987, the British Ministry of Defence announced that the production contract of the last batch of thermal image observation and shooting sights was about 35 million pounds, which was the third batch of sights ordered for Challenger and Chifutan tanks. Barr, stroud and Avimo each produce half the orders. The total amount of such sights provided by Barr and Straw Company accounts for 85% of the demand of the Ministry of National Defense. The gunner has a tank laser ranging sight with 1 MK 1 periscope, with two magnifications of 1 0×, and the field of view is 8.5; And 1 emergency periscope 87 is placed in the armored shell, but it can be quickly deployed and aimed at the reference of the artillery. Different from the ordinary telescope of Chifutan tank, this kind of mirror is projected from above the armored hatch cover at the top of the turret, so as to avoid damaging the integrity of the front armor of the turret.

4. Auxiliary weapons

The auxiliary weapons are 1 7.62mmL8A2 machine gun installed side by side with the main weapon and 1 7.62mmL37A2 anti-aircraft machine gun installed on the commander's control tower.

Third, the propulsion system

The power transmission assembly, including engine, transmission device and cooling device, weighs 5.49t t t. Under field conditions, the whole power transmission assembly can be replaced within 45min minutes with the help of a light auxiliary disassembly equipment of REME.

1 engine

The tank adopts 12V- 1200 turbocharged diesel engine produced by PerkinsEngines Company, with a power of 882kW( 1200 HP) at 2300 rpm.

The engine has two turbochargers, with a single cylinder power of 73.5kW( 100 HP) and electronic control device.

2. Transmission equipment

Matching with Kangda engine is TN37 transmission, which is made by David? Developed and produced by DavidBrownGearIndustries Company, it consists of hydraulic torque converter, planetary transmission machinery and STN37 steering device. Hydraulic torque converter with lock-up clutch, made by Borg? Produced by Borgwarner; The transmission mechanism has four forward gears and three reverse gears; The steering device is a CAV transmission control system developed by CommercialHydraulics. By monitoring the speed of the output shaft of the transmission mechanism and the position of the accelerator pedal, the corresponding gear can be automatically selected, so that the engine is always in the best working state.

The friction of wet multi-disc friction brake is made of bronze plated steel plate and works under the condition of hydraulic oil lubrication and cooling. In addition, the car is equipped with a manual braking device for parking and emergency use.

3. Cooling device

The cooling device is made by maston company, and the fan is Easkro? Jointly developed by AirLogLimited and produced by Defense System Branch of Vexcor Company, it is characterized by greatly increasing the travel of load-bearing wheels (the total travel is 450mm) and obviously reducing the vibration of the car body, and does not occupy the space inside the car.

There are 6 aluminum alloy double-ring rubber-coated load-bearing wheels, 4 support wheels, 1 front inducer wheel and 1 rear driving wheel on both sides of the car body. The new track can be interchanged with the track of Chivotan tank.

Fourth, the protection system

1. Armor protection

Chobham armor used in tank body and turret is considered as the most remarkable achievement in tank design and protection since World War II. Compared with the steel armor with the same weight, the ability to resist armor-piercing projectile and armor-piercing projectile is greatly improved, but the volume and weight are not increased much. For example, challenger tank MK5 only gained 7 t. ..

2. Smoke bomb launcher

1 A set of electric shock smoke bomb launchers consisting of five launchers are installed on both sides of the front of the turret, and the coverage area of each launcher is 100. It predicts that this equipment will be replaced by a visible and infrared smoke screen "no specific pathogen" developed by the Royal Arsenal.

3. Measures to prevent side effects

All medicines are stored in a special container under the turret seat ring, and the liquid in the container wall can reduce the fire risk. In later production models, the charging container is also equipped with an armored protective layer.

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operating characteristic

Model: Challenger

Crew: 4 people

Total combat weight: 62,000 kg

Net weight: 60000kg

Unit power: 14.2kW/t

Unit pressure: 95.2 kPa

Train attendant

Gun forward:11.560m.

Backward gun: 9.800 meters

Body length: 8.327 meters

Car width

With skirt: 3.5 18m

Without apron: 3.420m.

High car

Top of the commander's line of sight: 2.290 meters

To the top of turret: 2.500m.

Height from vehicle bottom to ground: 0.5m

Track center distance: 2.120m.

Foot pad width: 650 mm

Orbital landing length: 4.790 meters

Highest speed of highway: 56 km/h

Fuel reserve:1797l

Deep wading (unprepared) 1.07m

Climbing degree: 58%

Vertical height of climbing wall: 0.9m

Trench width: 2.8m.

engine

Production Company: Perkins Engine Company

Model: Kangda 12V- 1200

Type: water-cooled turbocharged diesel engine

Power/speed: 882 kW (1200 HP) /2300 rpm.

gearing

? ぁ∩? Production company: David? brown

Model: TN37

Type: hydraulic machinery

Number of forward/reverse gears: 4/3

steering gear

Production Company: Civil Hydraulic Parts Company

Model: STN37

Type: double differential hydraulic steering device

Type of suspension device: liquid-gas suspension

: (The total travel of the load wheel is 450 mm)

Main gun caliber/model/type:120mm/l11a5/bore.

Caliber/model/quantity of parallel weapons: 7.62mm/L8A2/ 1.

Caliber/model/quantity of air defense weapon: 7.62mm/L37A2/t.

Total number of smoke bomb launchers: 2×5.

Hot smoke screen: none

Ammunition base

Shells: 64 rounds

Machine guns: 4,000 rounds

Driving mode of turret: electric/manual.

Rotating range of turret: 360.

Captain's override: Yes.

Artillery pitch range:-10 ~+20.

Maximum pitching speed of artillery:115 ′/s.

Maximum rotating speed of turret: 27/ s

Gun stabilizer

Horizontal: Yes.

Height: Yes.

Fire control system type: improved IFCS

Captain's daytime vision model: No.37

Captain's night vision model: Early: No.37 low-light sight (SS 120)

Recently: thermal image observation and shooting sight (TOGS)

Gunner's daytime sight model:No. 10 MK 1

Gunner night vision model: thermal imaging observation and shooting sight

Electrical system voltage: 24V

Battery quantity/model: 6 /6TN

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Model evolution and variant car

1. Challenger tank improvement plan

The improvement plan includes improving the performance of moving parts and weapon systems.

Most of the improvements of moving parts have been specially tested and accepted by the British Army, and have been applied in the Challenger Armored Repair and Rescue Vehicle (CRARRV). Whether challenger tanks use these components depends on financial resources.

TN54 transmission produced by david brown Vehicle Transmission Company can directly replace TN37 transmission used in this tank. Its planetary transmission mechanism is similar to TN37, but the arrangement of clutches is different. The transmission mechanism has six forward gears and two reverse gears, which can provide better acceleration and off-road driving performance for the tank. The digital power system control device (DASCU) developed by Dowdy Defence and Air Systems Company can replace and complete all the functions of host control device (MECU) and automatic transmission controller (GCA). The control device has two microprocessor systems and self-checking equipment, which can monitor the working conditions of the engine, transmission and related sensors. The main feature of this equipment is its elasticity. Even if the sensor fails, the vehicle can still maintain maneuverability. M208 hand-held field measuring instrument can be used to query the control device of digital power system from the outside of the car, and diagnose the fault conveniently and quickly.

A new auxiliary power unit (APU) developed by plessy Aerospace Corporation for this tank has been installed in the challenger tank and challenger armored maintenance and rescue vehicle of the 7th regiment. The device is driven by Perkins diesel engine, and the brushless generator with fuel injection cooling can generate 350A current, which can be interchanged with H30 auxiliary power device.

Placer Aerospace has also developed a fuel injection cooling 500A power generation system driven by the main engine, which has been successfully tested on this tank and is ready to be tested on the Challenger armored maintenance and rescue vehicle.

The new cast steel double-pin crawler produced by Blair Company is also being tested, and it is ready to replace the currently used single-pin crawler. The new crawler is equipped with replaceable rubber washer and pin ear rubber sleeve, which can reduce rolling resistance and prolong crawler life.

The improvement of weapon system is about to be completed, including gun control system, fire control system, installation of thermal image observation equipment and power-driven control tower.

2. Challenger 2 tank

This tank is one of the competitive schemes to replace the remaining 500 Chivotan tanks of the British army, which was developed by Vickers Defence Systems.

The tank adopts the chassis of Challenger tank, equipped with a new turret and a new fire control system with improved protection performance. The turret can be equipped with the new CHARM 120mm line bore tank gun developed by British Royal Arsenal, or the 120mm sliding bore tank gun developed by Rheinmetall of the Federal Republic of Germany.

3. Driving a training tank

1988 In February, the British Army ordered 17 Challenger training tanks from Vexcor Defense Systems Company at a price of180,000, and the delivery will begin in 1990.

The tank is basically a challenger main battle tank. The turret is replaced by a small cabin, where both coaches and students can sit. The car body is added with counterweight iron to make its performance closer to that of the challenger main battle tank. This tank is used by the Royal Armored Forces and the Royal Institute of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers to train drivers and maintenance personnel.

4. Challenger armored maintenance rescue vehicle

The rescue vehicle was developed by Vexcor Defense Systems for the British Army, and the first batch of 30 vehicles were produced. The first of the six pre-production vehicles was manufactured in August of 1987, and was completed by the end of 1988. It was tested and finalized by Vexcor Defence Systems and the British Army.

The standard equipment of the vehicle includes hydraulic winch, independent auxiliary winch, hydraulic crane and bulldozer installed in front of the vehicle. See the section "Armored rescue vehicles and maintenance vehicles" for details.

5. Sharpshooter anti-aircraft gun turret challenger self-propelled anti-aircraft gun

From June 65438 to June 0985, Marconi's marksman double 35mm anti-aircraft gun turrets were installed on Sun Qiulun's tank chassis for shooting test. Then the turret is installed on the challenger tank body with the matching seat ring, and the installation time is 1h29mim. In the speed test, the experimental tracking equipment was used, and the radar also participated in the work, and the gun stability system was tested. 1 At the end of summer of 985, the second sharpshooter turret was installed on the tank body of1Challenger for durability test, which proved that the tank body of Challenger was completely suitable for the use requirements of sharpshooter turret.

operating characteristic

Model challenger

Four crew members

The total combat weight is 62000kg.

The net weight is 60000 kg.

Unit power 14.2kw/t

The unit pressure is 95.2kpa.

Train attendant

Gun front 1 1.560m

Gun backward 9.800 meters.

The car body is 8.327 meters long.

Car width

3.5 18m with skirt

3.420m, without apron.

High car

The top of the commander's field of vision is 2.290 meters

2.500 meters from the top of the turntable

The bottom of the car is 0.5 meters from the ground.

The track center distance is 2. 120m.

Track width 650 mm

The orbital landing length is 4.790 meters.

The top speed in expressway is 56 kilometers per hour.

Fuel reserve 1797L

Deep wading (unprepared) 1.07m

The climbing degree is 58%

Climb the vertical wall 0.9m high.

The crossing width of the pipe trench is 2.8m

engine

Production company Perkins engine company

Model kangda 12V- 1200

A-type water-cooled turbocharged diesel engine

Power/speed 882kW (1200 HP)/2300rpm

gearing

Production company david brown

TN37 type

Hydraulic machinery type

Number of forward/reverse gears 4/3

steering gear

Production company civil hydraumatic parts company

Model STN37

Double differential hydraulic steering device

Suspension device type liquid-gas suspension

(The total travel of the load wheel is 450 mm)

Main gun caliber/model/type120mm/l11a5/bore.

Caliber/model/quantity of parallel weapons is 7.62mm/l8a2/ 1.

Caliber/model/quantity of air defense weapon 7.62mm/l37a 2/ frame

The total number of smoke bomb launchers is 2×5.

No hot smoke

Ammunition base

64 shells

4000 rounds of machine gun bullets

Turntable drive mode electric/manual

The rotating range of the turret is 360.

The captain's override control includes

Artillery pitch range-10 ~+20.

The maximum pitching speed of the gun is115 ′/s.

The maximum rotation speed of the turntable is 27 revolutions per second.

Gun stabilizer

Horizontal orientation

High and low direction

Fire control system type improved IFCS

Daytime vision model of Captain No.37

Captain's night vision model: No.37 LLL sight (SS 120)

Recently: thermal image observation and shooting sight (TOGS)

Gunner's daytime sight model 10 MK 1

Gunner's night vision thermal imaging observation and shooting sight model

The electrical system voltage is 24V.

Battery quantity/model 6 /6TN