The Phoenix-headed harp was originally an Indian bow harp "Wiener", which was introduced to the Central Plains of China through Tianzhu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. China was widely used in Sui and Tang Dynasties (58 1-907).
Elegant, bright timbre, wide range, can not only play melody, but also play chords. It has more advantages in solo and ensemble. It is an indispensable instrument for the ancient royal family in China. Many music and dance scenes in the reliefs of Yungang Grottoes in Datong, China, and in Dunhuang murals, people who play elegant can be seen. It can be seen that it has been widely circulated in China for a long time.
History:
Harp is a plucked instrument of northern minorities in ancient China. Also known as vertical head and Hu shape, it is now referred to as "sub-shape". There are various shapes, such as the angular shape similar to the western musical instrument harp, and the phoenix head and faucet decorated with the piano head. There are large and small angular baskets. It has a long history, a long history, a wide range, soft and clear timbre and strong expressive force. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was used in the music of Xiliang, Qiuci, Shule, Koryo and Tianzhu, and spread to Japan. It was used less and less in Ming dynasty, but it was lost for 300 years. After the 1930s, people of insight in China's music and musical instruments made every effort to revive this ancient musical instrument art. In the late 1970s, he began to embark on the arduous road of modern exploration. 1984 was a great success. China successfully developed a new tune and climbed the scientific peak of musical instruments. Nowadays, the Millennium ancient music has become splendid, and various new types of vertical cymbals have been used for solos, duets, instrumental ensembles, song and dance accompaniment or concertos with bands, becoming a member of national orchestras and being welcomed, loved and praised by people of all ethnic groups.
It has a long history and a long history. Originally called looking back or behind the hole, there are two types: lying and vertical. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States Period, the State of Chu in the south of China was already lying like a harp. Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty "Shiben? The left chapters are: "Kong Hou created by Kong Guohou" and "Kong Hou created by Shi Yan is also decadent. Out of Pu Shang, take the name of empty country Hou. Shi Ming in Liu Xi is the same as Shi Ben. The Queen of Confucius was written by Yan Shi, a music official in Shang Dynasty, and was based on Pu Shang. Zhou Wang was the last monarch of Shang Dynasty. Pushang, that is, Pushang, is in the territory of ancient Wei State, that is, today's Puyang area in Henan Province. Explain that it has a history of more than 3,000 years. Ying Shao's Custom Yi Tong in the Eastern Han Dynasty said, "When you are free, please press Hanshu? Sacrifice to the suburbs:' Emperor Xiaowu went to South Vietnam to pray for Taiyi and Houtu Ancestral Temple, and began to use musicians to wait for the tune, and made hurdling music according to the piano, saying that hurdling should have rhythm, and the name of the later master was Guan. Or hold it in the air when it's empty. There is no need to wait. " "Historical records? In the Enchanting Zen Sutra, there is a saying: "(Emperor Wu) competed in Nanyue, prayed for Taiyi, and went to the earth. He began to use music and dance to call songs and make twenty-five strings to wait in the air, and the harp began." Sima Qian's account shows that the ancient lying cymbals were stringed instruments with columns. In the Han Dynasty, the couch, as a representative instrument of "China Zheng Sheng", was listed as "Shangqing Music". At that time, there were five strings and more than ten columns, which were played with bamboo as the groove. They were not only popular in the Central Plains and South China, but also spread to Northeast China and Korea, and also spread to Japan during the prosperous period of Sui and Tang Dynasties. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, a kind of horn basket was introduced from Persia to the Central Plains via the Western Regions. In order to avoid confusion, names have been used since the end of the Six Dynasties to indicate the difference between lying and standing. Lying was once used in Korean music in Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, Du You's "General Code" contained: "Elegance, the old system was based on the piano system, but now it is small in shape, with seven strings, like a pipa." Later, it gradually disappeared in China, so that musical instruments lost their sound and were replaced by expressive pianos and Zheng. However, it has been handed down from China's friendly neighbors, North Korea and South Korea, and has been passed down and improved through generations, becoming today's Xuanqin. It is called Baekje in Japan because it was introduced through Baekje (Korea and Baekje are ancient Korean names). Today, although we can't witness the physical specimens of bedding, we can still see the images of musical instruments from the brick paintings of Wei and Jin tombs in Jiayuguan, Gansu, the murals of northern Wei tombs in Ji 'an, Liaoning and the murals of Koguryo tombs in Ji 'an. ?
As early as 200 years ago, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, vertical baskets were introduced into the Central Plains of China from Persia (now Iran) via the Western Regions along with merchants on the Silk Road. Sun Chang Wuji and others in the Tang Dynasty wrote about Sui Shu? "Yue Ji" says: "Today's music is a pipa, with a graceful head and a disciple, and it comes from the western regions, not an ancient instrument of China." As for its shape, Du You's Tong Dian in the Tang Dynasty said: "It's good to be upright and happy, and it's good for Emperor Gaozu Liu Hong." The body of the piano is curved and long, and there are two strings (one is three) among the twenty, which are held vertically in the arms and played with both hands together, commonly known as arms. "In the Southern Song Dynasty, Ye Fan wrote the Book of Were Han? "Five Elements" once said: "Lingdi loves Khufu ... Huzan, Hudi, Huwu, and all the nobles in Kyoto are vying for it. "The reign of Emperor Liu Hong of the Han Dynasty was168-188, with a history of at least nearly two thousand years. This kind of cricket with Qu Di, foot column, foot rib and 20 cosine was popular in China music scene from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, Wu's Dream of Liang Lu (Volume 3) once described it as: "It is three feet high, shaped like a half-length wooden comb, with a black Qi Diao gold painting pedestal, twenty-five strings, and one person kneels. "This is a big vertical basket, and there is a smaller vertical basket, which is held in the left hand and played in the right hand, which is mostly used for music. Today, although there is no real harp, the image of the harp can be seen in the musical relief of Yungang Grottoes in Datong, China from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties, the mural of Sui Band in Dunhuang and the relief of Wang Jian's tomb before the Five Dynasties. They are completely lifelike with the harp seen on Assyrian reliefs, and Persia is the birthplace of Assyrian harp. In the ninety songs of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the harp was used in Xiliang (Wuwei, Gansu), Qiuci (Kuqa, Xinjiang), Shule (Shule, Xinjiang), Gaochang (Turpan, Xinjiang), Korea and other places, and it was also used in folk music in the Tang Dynasty. In ancient royal music, the harp is indispensable and one of the main musical instruments in performance. Because it has a string array, it can not only play melody, but also play chords, so it is superior to other instruments in both solo and accompaniment. The cymbals also spread to Japan. A lacquer cymbal made in the Tang Dynasty and two mother-of-pearl flutes are still treasured in the Zhengcang courtyard of Huduo Temple in Nara, which is a historical witness of cultural exchanges between China and Japan. ?
In ancient poetry, you can see it at any time. During the Han Dynasty in China, Liu Lanzhi, a young woman of Jasper and the wife of Jiao Zhongqing, was very clever. She was recited as: "Peacock flies southeast, wandering in five miles, weaving thirteen times, learning tailoring fourteen times, playing the piano fifteen times and reciting poems sixteen times." It shows that the harp was a favorite musical instrument of women at that time, just like the electronic organ today. During the Han and Wei Dynasties, Cao Zhi once wrote an ancient poem, five words, elegant. Liang Jianwen's "Give Music an Elegant Name" said: "When you are in a hurry, someone will urge you to dance. The cymbals rang one by one, and the shirt returned to the half-barrier column. If you want to know that his heart is uneven, see his eyebrows. " In other words, a woman is dancing. In the Tang Dynasty, Yayue entered the golden age in history, and its performance skills reached a very high level and spread widely, becoming a treasure in the treasure house of traditional music culture in China. Li He, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in his masterpiece "Ode to Li Ping": "It's autumn in Wu Si and Zhang Tong, and the clouds are still flowing in the empty mountains. Jiang Yue wept for Motome's sadness, while Ping Li was playing China. Kunshan jade broken Fengming, hibiscus crying, Xianglan laughing. The cold light melts in front of the twelve gates, and the twenty-three silk moves the purple emperor. Nu Wa makes up the sky by refining stones, and the stones break the ground to stir up the autumn rain. Dream into the holy mountain to teach the gods, and the old fish dance with the waves. Wu sleeps in osmanthus trees and flies barefoot to wet cold rabbits. " This is not only Li He's masterpiece, but also one of the famous poems describing musical themes in Tang poetry. It takes the life and interest of an autumn rain as a clue, clearly describes the change of the weather, secretly describes the performance process, and uses mythical characters to write about the audience, which is full of strong romanticism. With strange fantasy and extreme exaggeration, the poet described the musical power of breaking through rocks and clouds, which made the piano music played by Li Ping, a court instrumental musician thousands of years ago, still shock the readers' hearts. Poets in the Tang Dynasty such as Cen Can, Gu Kuang, Juyuan Yang, Lutong, Yuan Zhen, Zhang Hu, Li Shangyin, Wang Renyu, etc. also wrote poems to recite the memory. "Thousands of hooks lock golden bells, and thousands of beads flow in jade bottles. It's just that everyone wants to get drunk, and Guang Jia will wake up soon. " This is a poem describing the dynamic sound in Zhang Hu's Chuzhou Wei Zhong Cheng Ya. Gu Kuang's "Song of Songs by Li Sacrifice" said: "... it is better to play late than to play fast; Listen far and near; The left hand is low, the right hand is raised, and the tone is easy to shift. Big strings, such as autumn geese, are connected with the dragon view. Xiaoxian, like Chun Yan, mumbles to people. The disease is at hand, the wrist is weak, and it comes and goes like the wind. The sound is cold and cold, and Zhu Yu falls in the air. ..... Major chords are long, minor chords are short, minor chords are tight, and major chords are slow. The first tune sounds like a mandarin duck on the water; It is clear enough to visit the secret museum of cranes. ..... "It perfectly expresses beautiful playing skills and beautiful voice. Famous chess players in Tang Dynasty are Zhang Hui, Li Ping, Zhang Xiaozi and Ji.
Western harp and China's harp are very similar in appearance and playing method, and have reached a perfect position in plastic arts and sound effects. Although they spread in different regions and have significant differences in internal structure, they originated from the same ancestor and are musical instruments of the same origin and different currents. The earliest "harp" appeared in ancient times, but it was very simple at that time. According to legend, people are going to hunt with bows and arrows. When the bowstring is not stretched tightly, it is found that it makes wonderful music with a wave. Therefore, people consciously pluck the bowstring again and again and listen to it make a sound like singing. In the future, people will use the hunting bow as the bow and the bowstring as the string. This is the simplest stringed instrument. In Europe, after many centuries of circulation and improvement, the musical bow gradually added many strings to this unique string before it became an ancient harp. It is also called the harp because it is shaped like an upright bow. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/8th century, its structure was relatively simple, and the pitch was changed manually, so it could not be played with complicated techniques. /kloc-in the 1970s, the 37-string harp made in France became a beautiful work of art, not only the column was carved with washed leaves, but also the head was carved into a symmetrical spiral similar to a violin, which was very unique. Transparent glass windows are embedded on both sides of the chord plate, and the interior is exquisite and exquisite. This harp is currently collected in the Musical Instrument Museum of Paris National Conservatory of Music. 1820, the great French piano master Sebastian? Ayral (1752- 183 1 year) changed the pedal of the harp into the mechanical structure of compound pedal, which enriched its expressive force. Later, after continuous improvement, the harp reached such a perfect state today and became a pearl in western musical instruments. An instrument that can both solo and accompany should also have one or two seats in an ordinary orchestra. Harp has high internal structure precision, exquisite appearance technology and extremely complicated manufacturing technology. At present, only a few countries in the world, such as Britain, France, the United States, Japan, Russia, Germany and Italy, produce it. China successfully manufactured the first harp in 1958, when the Soviet National Symphony Orchestra was visiting China. Shi laigna? Thor Staja wrote in the guest book with satisfaction after trying out the Chinese harp: "The first harp made in Beijing has beautiful appearance, fine workmanship, excellent materials, very soft timbre and convenient use. Congratulations to the genius maker for this achievement. " ?
China continued to use refined customs during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, Le Shu of Yang Chen recorded various forms of elegance and described its image. Han Lian, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote: "The window of an ethereal fairy cloud. Speaking of Suzhou, I haven't broken people's intestines yet. The moon sets with the lake smoke. Wake up Chang 'e, bamboo shoots are slender. Suddenly pipa half forehead makeup. Dial out the lovesickness, twelve and five oceans. Clear your dreams and enter Xiaoxiang. Yu Pei Ming Luan, blowing off the fragrance of heaven. "It describes the feelings of the literati and the graceful and beautiful voice, which is fascinating. Since the Song Dynasty, the harp has gradually lost its popularity among the people, and it has become the exclusive musical instrument of the court. Being imprisoned for a long time has restricted the development, and the playing skills have gradually deteriorated and lost their vitality. By the Ming Dynasty, musical instruments and musicians were already phoenix feather scales. In the Qing dynasty, you disappeared and disappeared, and eventually lost your voice for 300 years, but it was still recorded and described in the general examination of continuing documents in the Qing dynasty. ?
In the Chinese Musical Instrument Museum of the Music Institute of the Chinese Academy of Art in Beijing, there are two framed vertical baskets, both of which are modeled after the "vertical baskets" painted in the General Examination of Continued Documents in Qing Dynasty. This historical record contains: "Eighteen strings in the longitudinal direction, ten frets in one string beside the handle, and twenty-eight characters in * * *, for four tones. When playing, the middle and lower parts can be re-hugged with the second hand, and the treble part can be strung with the left hand and the right hand, and the fingerboard can also be added. There are three kinds of strings: large, medium and small, and one string on the handle is particularly small. The upper part is tied to the movable pin in the handle groove, and the lower part is tied to the soundboard. This soundboard can raise the chord tone by one degree and has the function of chanting. The volume is twice that of the pipa. Put it on the table and play. " This kind of reed is improved on the basis of the semi-comb-shaped reed described in the Song Dynasty poet Wu's Dream of Liang Lu. A wooden piano post was added to one side of the bass string. Although this column is still very thin, it has initially possessed the framework of the harp, laying a foundation for future development. One of them (figure), made of rosewood, is a frame-type vertical basket with a height of 138.5cm, a bottom length of 49.5 cm and a width of 10cm. * * * The speaker is located at the bottom, in a narrow box shape, with a length of 465,438+0 cm, a height of 65,438+09 cm and a width of 6.5cm. Paulownia sheets are laid on both sides, with two money holes at the top and a long bamboo bridge on the right. The piano head is concave and spiral. There are 2 1 red wooden violin chords on the angular bent wood (left 10, right 1 1). Zhang has 2 1 two kinds of silk strings. The upper end of the string passes through the middle of the curved wood and is wound on the string shaft, and the lower end of the string is tied on the 2 1 mahogany string below the right side of the piano box. Near the lower end of the curved wood on one side of the treble string, there is an ebony fingerboard with nine bronzes embedded in it. The base is painted black, depicting the golden dragon, and the piano column is covered with gold and decorated with dragon patterns. Put it on the table when you play, with a bomb in your hand. This piano is a modern product, which was once treasured by Zheng, a famous pianist in China. The other piece is made of rosewood, with a height of 137 cm, a bottom length of 47.5 cm and a width of 12 cm, which is a frame-type vertical basket. At the bottom is a long and narrow box-shaped sounding box, 42 cm long, 19 cm high and 6.5 cm wide. Both sides are covered with paulownia jigsaw puzzles, with two sound windows made up of five money eyes, and a red wooden horse on the right. The piano head is concave spiral, and 23 red wooden violin chords (left 1 1, right 12) are placed on angular bent wood. There are 23 silk strings with three thicknesses, and the lower ends of the strings are tied to 23 rosewood strings on the lower right side of the piano box. There is a fingerboard at the lower end of the curved wood near the treble string, which is embedded with nine bones. Painted with red paint with golden dragon playing beads, dragon patterns, moire and other graphic ornaments. When playing, put it on the table and play it with both hands. It can be strung together on the fingerboard according to the high notes. This piano is a modern product, which was collected by Mr. Cheng, a famous Peking Opera performer in China, and donated to the country by Mr. Cheng on 1958. These two ancient imitations are beautifully made and decorated. Although it is not on the music stage, it is an excellent work of China national musical instruments and an invaluable treasure for future generations to learn. It has been included in the large-scale album "Chinese Musical Instrument Picture Book".
Since 1930s, people of insight in the field of music and musical instruments in China began to revive. Shanghai Datong Concert Club is a well-known national music club in China, which gathered famous instrumental musicians and instrument producers at that time. Among a set of ancient and modern national musical instruments made by them, 143, 20 instruments have been reformed, one of which is vertical. The upper part of this vertical basket is the same as the "vertical basket" contained in "A General Examination of Continued Books in Qing Dynasty". Equipped with a piano column, the strings are "live baskets tied in the handle groove". The narrow box-shaped sound box at the lower part is changed into a pipa-shaped sound box. This is to change the strings from "tied to the small soundboard" to the lower right frame of the piano box, and arrange a pin on the panel (right side) as the conductor of the string sound. This reform attempt has significantly expanded the volume, enriched and beautified the timbre, and made this ancient musical instrument have a new development. Unfortunately, this musical instrument has not been handed down due to years of war or other reasons. Only the photos of the musical instrument have been handed down from generation to generation and kept in the China National Musical Instrument Museum, No.1 Shanghai National Musical Instrument Factory.
1959, Mr. Wang Mei, a senior musical instrument engineer and a famous violinist, Yao Wenlin, director of Beijing Musical Instrument Research Institute, and others, referring to the pictures of ancient musical instruments and modern imitations, designed and tried to make a framed vertical basket according to the modeling and structural principle of modern harp, but failed to be used in music practice.
Upstairs is the oldest musical instrument in the world.
History of Chinese violin development /web2/? Operations-View News -itemid-3695