Three kingdoms? The appellations of the times that appeared after the Eastern Han Dynasty were named after Wei, Shu and Wu. The Three Kingdoms began in 220 when Wei replaced Han and ended in 265 when Wei replaced Han. However, historians often regard Dong Zhuo 190' s departure from Luoyang as the upper limit of the Three Kingdoms, and the destruction of Wu in 280 as the lower limit of the Three Kingdoms. ?

The formation of the situation in the three countries

In the sixth year of Zhong Ping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (189), Emperor Ling died and Liu Bian became a young emperor. The ruling He Taihou brothers contacted Yuan Shao, one of the eight captains of Xiyuan, and killed Jian Shuo, the eunuch in charge of the eight captains. Yuan Shao and He Jin conspired to kill eunuchs, and called Dong Zhuo, a state shepherd, into the court for help. Eunuch killed blades, Yuan Shao killed eunuchs, and Dong Zhuo led the troops into Luoyang to take charge of state affairs. Deprived Shaodi and made Liu Xie Emperor, that is, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. Dong Zhuo's arbitrariness aroused the opposition of courtiers and local priests in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which led to a large-scale civil war. ?

After Dong Zhuo entered Romania, Yuan Shao started his career in Jizhou, and the Taishouqiao in the East County pretended to be the name of the Eastern Han Dynasty, asking all counties to rise up against Dong Zhuo, and all counties in Kanto responded in succession. They divided the key points, promoted Yuan Shao as the leader, and attacked Dong Zhuo with cameras. In the first year of Chuping (190), Dong Zhuo evaded the soldiers in Kanto and headed for Chang 'an with Xian Di in his arms. The Kanto Coalition forces were originally a mob, deceiving each other and devouring each other, and soon fell apart. In the third year of Chuping, Chang 'an mutiny, Dong Zhuo was killed, and there was chaos in Guanzhong.

After fierce melee, by the first year of Jian 'an (196), many separatist regions had been formed in China: Yuan Shao occupied Hebei, Qinghai and Binhe, Cao Cao occupied Yanzhou and Henan, Han Sui and Marten occupied Liangzhou, Gongsun Zan occupied Youzhou, Gongsun Du occupied Liaodong, Liu Bei and Lu Bu successively occupied Xuzhou, Yuan Shu occupied Huainan part of Yangzhou, and Liu Biao occupied Jingzhou. In addition, Zhang Lu also protected Hanzhong area in the form of Taoist organizations, and offered sacrifices to treat the people. Among these separatists, Yuan Shao and Cao Cao are the most powerful and active (see Cao Cao and Wei Wudi). ?

After Dong Zhuo entered Romania, Cao Cao fled to Chenliu (now southeast of Kaifeng, Henan Province), rallied his forces to resist and became a member of the Kanto Allied Forces. He lured 300,000 people to surrender to the Yellow Scarf Army in Jibei (now Changqingnan, Shandong Province) and selected its elite to become Qingzhou soldiers. And received some powerful landlords. In the first year of Jian 'an, he moved the Han Emperor to Xu County (now Xu Changdong, Henan Province), and achieved the goal of holding the Emperor as a vassal. He also cultivated land and accumulated valleys to store military assets. In the fifth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao fought Guandu, and Cao Cao defeated the strong with the weak, annihilating the main force of Yuan Jun; He also took advantage of the contradiction between Yuan Shao's two sons to capture the Yecheng of Yuan, and successively occupied the land of Qing, Ji, You and Sizhou, thus unifying the Central Plains. In the 12th year of Jian 'an, Cao Jun left Lulongsai (now northwest of Zunhua, Hebei Province) and was defeated by the invasion of Wuhuan. ?

In the 13th year of Jian 'an, Cao Jun went south to capture Jingzhou, where Liu Cong, the son of Liu Biao, lived. Relying on Jingzhou, Liu Beinan fled south. Lu Su of Jiangdong was ordered by Sun Quan to meet with Liu Bei to discuss countermeasures, and Zhuge Liang was ordered by Liu Bei to form an alliance with Sun Quan in Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to resist Cao Jun. The joint forces of Sun and Liu defeated the navy in Chibi (generally believed to be northwest of Puyin, Hubei, south bank of the Yangtze River) and forced them to return to the Central Plains. This is Battle of Red Cliffs, which contributed to the tripartite confrontation among the three countries. After Cao Cao returned to the north, he fought in Guanzhong and Longxi, expanding the scope of unification to the whole north. ?

In the 16th year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei led the troops into Yizhou, and gradually occupied the territory of Liu Zhang, the son of Ada. In twenty-four years, Liu Bei took Hanzhong from Cao Jun, and Guan Yu, based in Jingzhou, also attacked Cao Jun, but Sun Quan sent troops to attack and kill Guan Yu, occupying more than half of Jingzhou, and Liu Beijun was at loggerheads across the Three Gorges. ?

In the first month of the first year of Han Yankang (220), Cao Cao died; In October, the son Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor (that is, Emperor Cao Pi of Wei Wen), with the title Wei, capital Luoyang and Jianyuan. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu (namely Liu Bei, Emperor Zhaolie of Han Dynasty). His country name is Han, and the world is Shu, also known as Jianyuan Zhangwu. Sun Quan accepted the title of Wei on 22 1 and was called the King of Wu in Wuchang. In 222, the Shu army went out of the gorge and held a stalemate with Wu Jun in Yiling (now Yidu, Hubei). After the Battle of Xiaoting, Wu defeated Lu Xun and returned to Shu. In 229, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang, and later moved to Jianye (see Jiankang) to establish the State of Wu. Shortly after Xiao Ting's war, Shu and Wu resumed their alliance and jointly fought against Cao Wei. Although there are still frequent wars between the north and the south, and sometimes the scale is relatively large, on the whole, the power is generally balanced and maintained for more than 40 years. ?

The territory of the three countries is roughly divided into northern Wei, southwestern Shu and southeastern Wu. Set up a division, Yu, Yan, Qing,? Xu, Liang, Yong, Ji, You, He, Jing and Yang. Among them, Liangzhou led a black-bone chicken captain to protect the western regions; The land of Youzhou reaches Liaodong; The southern countries are connected with Shu and Wu by the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River respectively. Shu is located in Yizhou, from Qinling Mountains to the south (now south of Dadu River in Sichuan and Yunnan-Guizhou area, hence the name). Wu Youyang, Jing, Jiao Zhou. Three-country hukou, with more than 660,000 households and a population of more than 4.4 million; Shu has 280,000 households, 940,000 people, 40,000 officials and more than 100,000 soldiers. Wu has more than 520,000 households with a population of 2.3 million, more than 30,000 officials and 230,000 soldiers.