According to the Wealth Report 20 15 published by Credit Suisse Banking Research Institute, the absolute number of middle class in China is109000, which is the largest in the world, but it only accounts for 1 1% of the national adult population, which is lower than the global average of 15.9%. At present, 90% of China's adult population still lives at the middle class level. Therefore, the social structure of China is more like a pyramid than a balanced olive.

condition

(A) the urban-rural income gap

Since the reform and opening up, China's per capita income has been increasing, among which the per capita disposable income of urban residents has increased from 405 yuan in 1979 to 20 yuan10790.3 yuan, and the per capita net income of rural residents has increased from 160.2 yuan to 10772 yuan, and the absolute value of the income gap between urban and rural areas has been expanding.

Although the relative gap between them has decreased in recent years, and the urban-rural income ratio has dropped from the highest point of 3.33 in 2009 to 2.95 in 20 15, the relative gap remains at a high level, and the urban-rural income ratio has also exceeded 2.52 in 1979. On the one hand, the decline of urban-rural income ratio at present reflects the increase of state support for rural areas, but on the other hand, it is more likely to be caused by population factors.

In recent years, the growth of rural population in China shows a downward trend. The rural population is constantly shifting to cities and towns, and the urban population is increasing. This part of the population who moved to cities and towns did not get higher income, which would reduce the disposable income of urban residents, and at the same time, it would also make the original urban-rural dual structure evolve into urban dual structure, thus causing the gap between the rich and the poor in cities and towns to become more prominent.

(B) the income gap between regions

Although China has increased its policy support to the central and western regions, there is still a big gap in the level of development between regions, and the unbalanced development between regions has not been fundamentally improved. The per capita GDP gap between the most developed areas in the east and the poorest areas in the west has expanded to more than 80,000 yuan in 20 15 years, and this gap will continue to widen.

According to the per capita disposable income of urban residents, in 20 15, the most developed areas in the east have surpassed the poorest areas in the west by more than 29,000 yuan, twice as much as the poorest areas in the west.

(C) the income gap between industries

The income gap between industries is reflected in the excessive income of employees in some monopoly industries and high-tech industries, which are characterized by high entry barriers, strong professionalism and high profits. These industries mainly include the production and supply of electricity, gas and water, finance and insurance, information transmission, computer services and software, scientific research, technical services and geological survey.

Low-income industries often have the characteristics of fierce competition, low added value, low entry threshold and labor-intensive. These industries mainly include agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, manufacturing, accommodation and catering, and residential services.

Among them, the average wage of finance and insurance industry is the highest, and the average wage of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industry is the lowest. The income gap between them reached 799 17 yuan in 20 14, and the income ratio reached 3.82.

(D) The widening property gap.

In addition to income, the property owned by the people has an increasing influence on the gap between the rich and the poor. In recent years, China's property has gradually gathered to a few people, and the deepening of this property inequality has further widened the gap between the rich and the poor. The Report on People's Livelihood Development in China 20 15 published by Peking University shows that the top 1% families own about one-third of the country's property, while the bottom 25% families only own about 1%.

In Hurun's list of China's richest people in 20 15, the wealth of the top 726 people was 993.5 billion yuan, accounting for 14.5% of China's GDP in 20 15. At the same time, real estate accounts for a large proportion of residents' wealth. According to China Family Wealth Survey Report 20 16, the net value of real estate accounts for 65.6438+0% of the national family wealth per capita.

In recent years, the rapid rise of real estate prices, especially in first-and second-tier cities, has led to the differentiation of the gap between the rich and the poor, which is not only reflected in the differentiation between those who have houses and those who have no houses, but also in the differentiation between different cities. Excessive housing prices also allow mortgage buyers to overdraw their future income in advance, leaving buyers "penniless".

In addition, financial assets have also promoted the widening gap between the rich and the poor, and there is a trend that financial assets are gradually concentrated in high-income families. China People's Livelihood Development Report also shows that the degree of property inequality in China is increasing year by year. China property Gini coefficient 1995 was 0.45, in 2002 it was 0.55, and in 20 12 it was 0.73, so the degree of property inequality was obviously higher than that of income inequality.

solution

(A) increase the proportion of labor remuneration in the initial distribution

Improve the proportion of residents' income in national income, realize the simultaneous improvement of labor remuneration and labor productivity, standardize and restrict capital behavior under the premise of reasonably protecting the legitimate rights and interests of capital, establish a wage growth mechanism linked to the economic benefits of enterprises, strengthen the strength of trade unions, improve the collective wage negotiation system, narrow the income gap between employees and managers, and enhance the bargaining position of workers. At the same time, it is necessary to standardize the remuneration of workers in state-owned monopoly industries and improve the remuneration of workers in non-monopoly industries.

(B) to strengthen the regulatory role of the tax system in income distribution

Increase the regulatory role of tax on income distribution, speed up the reform of personal income tax system, gradually shift to collecting income tax by family, fully consider the problem of family heterogeneity, establish a comprehensive tax database, improve the property tax system, further improve the property tax base, categories and tax rates, strengthen the collection of capital income, and realize the online system of real estate information registration as soon as possible.

Timely levy property tax and inheritance tax, focusing on people with multiple properties, slowing down the intergenerational transmission of the gap between the rich and the poor, lowering the tax burden standards of vulnerable industries and reducing the tax burden of low-income people.

(3) Improve the social security system.

Increase the proportion of social security expenditure in the total fiscal expenditure, increase support for low-income people, ensure their basic living standards, establish and improve the social security budget system, strengthen the supervision of security funds, ensure the transparency of the use of funds, improve the efficiency of the use of funds, expand the coverage of social security, actively introduce private capital, stabilize the source of funds for the social security system, encourage enterprises to actively engage in various charitable undertakings, and improve the public property management system.

Baidu Encyclopedia-the gap between the rich and the poor in China