1. What is a green ant?
I didn't know until I was very old that the "green ant" in ancient poetry originally refers to the green foam floating on the wine surface. There are many bubbles in packaged bulk beer common in Qingdao in summer, but they are not as tiny as ants. About one third of this draft beer is foam. In Bai Juyi's poems, "green ant" is an image metaphor. In other poems, the word not only refers to foam, but also directly refers to wine.
In poetry, wine is not directly said to be wine, but replaced by green ants. This rhetorical method is called "metonymy", which means that people or things to be expressed in poetry are not directly said, but are replaced by people or things closely related to them. This method of metonymy is used by modern people, ancient people and foreign literature, and it is used very much in our ancient poems.
Second, the common metonymy:
1, partially replacing the whole
Li Bai: Sailing alone is the end of the sky, and the Yangtze River flows in the sky. The solitary sail represents the ship here, and the deeper image represents the meaning of friends staying away. Du Mu: Down and out, rivers and lakes carry wine, and Chu people have a thin waist and a light palm. Du Mu's Chu waist represents the beauty in his poems, so there will be a later "winning a brothel and giving her a poor blessing".
2, characteristics instead of things
Bai Juyi: There is a ray of green in the old bottle and a trace of red in the static furnace. Du Fu has a poem: the wine in Zhumen stinks, and the road has frozen bones.
As the green ant said just now, let's talk about Du Fu's Zhumen and Bones. The gates of ancient princes and nobles were painted red to show their dignity, which usually refers to wealthy families. For example, Wei Zhuang wrote in "The Songs of Fu Qin" that the girls in the western regions refused to go out of Zhumen hand in hand and died of the knife of red powder and balsam. The "bones" of frozen bones on the road represent people who freeze to death, that is, the first part mentioned above replaces the whole.
3. Tool representatives
Wen: After all, it is nothing. Su Shi: The black silk scarf of feather fan, talking and laughing, is all gone.
Qian Fan refers to the return to mankind, where the sail represents the ship, part represents the whole, but the deep meaning represents people. So many people who came back passed me by boat, but there was no one I was waiting for.
We are used to Zhuge Liang's feather fan towel, but in Dongpo's ci, the feather fan towel is a tool for Zhou Yu to tie his hair and pretend to be cool. Su Shi used concrete images to express Zhou Yu's charm.
This metonymy is different from metaphor, such as Liu Kun's poem: Your meaning is refined, and it becomes a soft finger. "An Baili Gang" is a metaphor to describe Liu Kun's ambition and his untimely death.
4. Concrete represents abstraction, and abstraction represents concreteness.
Du Fu: After three months of war. Qin Guan: Flying red is like the sea.
Du Fu's bonfire is a concrete image, a natural phenomenon that can be seen, and is used to express the abstract word war. Qin Shaoyou's flying red represents falling flowers, and abstract colors represent concrete things.
5. Proper names represent ontologies
Cao Cao: Du Kang is the only one who can solve his worries. Xin Qiji: Looking at Chang 'an in the northwest, there are countless mountains. Du Kang is different from green ants. Du Kang is the name of wine, which is used to represent wine. Chang 'an is widely used in ancient poetry to represent the capital, although the capital is no longer Chang 'an.
6. substitute things for people
Bai Juyi: Yaoshui is a lotus flower. It is a figurative metonymy to use lotus flowers as a metaphor for beautiful women. This kind of metonymy is still very common today. For example, we often call children the flowers of the motherland. Li Bai also has: a red dew condenses fragrance, and sex and rain heartbroken. Red can be considered as Yang Yuhuan, while Wushan refers to the king of Chu and the goddess. In contrast, Tang and Yang Guifei don't have to hurt themselves because they miss a goddess like the King of Chu.
7. Zhao Dun is not a man in the clouds. What the hell is Qingzhou?
Chen: And Qingzhou. Zhang Lei: "Zhao Dun in the clouds is wonderful. These two poems have neither images nor metaphors, and they are purely metonymies of allusions. If you don't know where the canon is, you can't figure out where the two immortals in Qingzhou are talking to Zhao Dun in the cloud.
Chen's poems are related to wine, starting with the topic of "giving wine by lighting up". The whole poem is: the spine is folded like a jade plum, and the flower lacks a cup. Don't bother with white water, just do it in Qingzhou.
Qingzhou is engaged in the compilation of Yu Shujie: Huan Gong has a master book and is good at wine. If he has wine, he must taste it first. The good one is called "Qingzhou engagement", and the evil one is called "Pingyuan Duyou". It is said that there was a sommelier under Huan Wen in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He has long called it "Qingzhou betrothal" because there is a Qixian county in Qingzhou, which is homophonic with the navel. Alcohol can only reach the diaphragm between the chest and abdomen, so it is considered as bad wine, because there is a county in Pingyuan County, which he calls "Pingyuan Duyou". Should such idle people be scolded?
Zhao Dun wrote The Seventh Year of Zuo Wen Zhuan: "Who is the saint, Zhao Shuai or Zhao Dun?" Yes:' Zhao Shuai, the day of winter is also; Zhao Dun, it's a summer. During the Spring and Autumn Period, someone asked Jin Wengong's cousin Shu Zhen, "Which is better, Zhao Shuai or Zhao Dun?" ? The answer is that the sun in winter is lovely for my father, and the sun in summer is terrible for my son Zhao Dun. Therefore, Zhao Dun has become synonymous with the scorching sun.
8. Replace Party B with Party A (replacement word)
Huang Tingjian: Turn snow and mulberries into thick green, and cut all Huang Yun rice into green; In addition: the frost forest gathers duck feet, and the spring net recommends the piano high.
Huang Tingjian's snow replaced silk and Huang Yun replaced wheat. This metonymy is very poetic, as you can guess, but what are duck feet and piano heights? Duck's feet refer to ginkgo leaves, and Qin Gao is a legend in the pre-Qin period. Because he took the carp to the immortal, people replaced the carp here.
Third, the ancients abused metonymy.
There are many metonymies in ancient poetry. As a reader, if some metonymies can only see the superficial meaning, they may really think that they are looking at Chang 'an in the northwest. And some metonymies can't even understand the surface meaning directly. For example, Qingzhou is not a person, and readers can only guess from the literal meaning and the sentence. This obscure canon requires readers to read a lot, but even ancient scholars may not be able to read every word. For us modern people, it is even more difficult to read ancient poems, so sometimes it is also a way not to ask for very much. When you meet more times, you will naturally understand and remember.
When we study poetry creation, we should learn to use it reasonably. Avoid using uncommon and non-rhetorical words. There is a special chapter in Qian Zhongshu's Records of Talking about Art, which says "replacing characters": since Li Qing and Yuan You, Zhao Dun in the cloud, Wuhou in the Yuan Dynasty, Qingzhou were engaged, Baishui was a real person, Tsao Kung was soaked in vinegar, and Tang Yi was right in the army, with flat heads and long heads. ....
Honestly, how many people can understand these words?
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Lu You, a great poet in the Song Dynasty, also said in Notes on the Old Learning Temple: "The anthology was still in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, when scholars were interested in this book. Therefore, the grass will be called Wang Sun, the plum will be called Tie, the moon will be called Wang Shu, and the mountains and rivers will be called Qing Hui. After the celebration, they hated it and the authors began to wash it. " It can be seen that the ancients have long been aware of this problem.
Among the sixth and seventh items listed in Old Street, Lotus stands for beauty, Qingzhou stands for fine wine, and Zhao Dun in Yun Jian stands for summer. The first one uses the image of lotus to describe beauty, while the latter two are boring allusions. The former is the poet's true nature, while the latter is suspected of "dropping the book bag" because rhetoric does not add any aesthetic feeling. When writing poetry, you should pay attention to choosing according to different situations. Any tool is used to accomplish tasks better and more efficiently, not to show off knowledge.
Laojie taste