The most common respiratory hazards in pharmaceutical workshops are: ordinary raw material dust, pharmaceutical dust, harmful gases and toxic vapors. The process of contacting dust in pharmaceutical process includes: reactor charging, midway sampling, crushing, screening and so on. The process of contacting toxic gas/steam in pharmaceutical process includes: reactor charging, sampling, discharging from filter or centrifuge, loading into dryer, and subpackaging materials. When cleaning limited spaces such as tanks and reaction vessels, it is also possible to face an oxygen-deficient environment.
In addition, it may also face some biological hazards, such as extracting biochemical drugs from animal organs that may be exposed to germs; Enzyme dust contacts the panel, which will cause damage to the panel; Exposure to insulin can lead to a drop in blood sugar and so on.
In the pharmaceutical production process, workers' exposure to toxic chemicals is mainly due to lax sealing of devices and pipelines, corrosion and leakage, feeding, inspection, analysis and sampling, waste discharge, cleaning of centrifugal dryers and toxic chemicals remaining in devices and pipelines during device maintenance. In particular, when high-temperature materials are thrown out of the centrifugal filter or liquid chemicals are manually added at the same time and received at the mouth, a large number of harmful gases or vapors escape and liquid chemicals may splash at the same time. Operators have been exposed to liquid and vapor toxic substances for a long time. If the ventilation and exhaust system is not good, the concentration of harmful substances in the workplace air may increase, even exceeding the national health standards. Long-term exposure of workers will be affected by occupational hazards and increase the risk of occupational hazards.
Some pharmaceutical equipment will produce huge machine noise when it is executed, such as some motors, pumps, centrifuges, shredders, refrigerators, ventilators, boilers and so on. , some noise even exceeds100 db; ; The areas with serious noise hazards are usually tablet cutting room and packaging room. Workers exposed to these excessive noises for a long time will be harmed in many ways if their hearing system is not protected. In addition to hearing system damage, it may also lead to hypertension, headache, insomnia, memory loss, neurasthenia and other symptoms.
The pharmaceutical industry will also face many eye hazards. The most common eye hazards are: dust, chemical liquids, microorganisms, high temperature, impact objects and so on. Eye hazards in pharmaceutical workshops are most likely to occur near the reaction kettle and in the solvent storage area.
In the pharmaceutical workshop, operators usually need to wear integrated protective clothing, on the one hand, because the pharmaceutical workshop has certain requirements for cleanliness to prevent people from polluting drugs; On the other hand, it is also necessary to protect the operator's panel to prevent the pharmaceutical active dust from adhering to the panel, and to prevent liquid chemicals from splashing on the panel and being absorbed through the panel or the wound on the panel, thus causing injuries to personnel. When cleaning, maintaining and overhauling equipment, or when centrifugally drying materials, or when adding liquid chemicals, the most common splashing of liquid chemicals occurs.
Select appropriate personal protective equipment.
How can operators reduce the possibility of exposure to pollutants? First of all, pharmaceutical enterprises should take certain engineering control measures: for example, replacing toxic raw materials with non-toxic raw materials; Replace high toxic raw materials with low toxic raw materials; Improve the process or equipment design to reduce the emission of harmful substances; Adopt automatic operation; Isolated and closed operation; Strengthen ventilation and detoxification measures; Strengthen the measures of dust collection, cooling and noise elimination; Strengthen sanitary facilities, pay attention to washing hands before meals, shower and change clothes after work, and prevent poisons and medicine dust from invading the body through the digestive tract and panels. However, due to the limitation of technology, economy and feasibility, it is often impossible to completely solve the problem by adopting engineering control measures. At this time, it is necessary to take personal protective measures and choose to wear personal protective equipment.
The general principle of personal protective equipment selection is that the post environment should be evaluated according to occupational health standards to find out the nature and exposure of the environment; Choose personal protective equipment according to the post environment and working conditions.
Selection of respiratory protective equipment
If the pharmaceutical process itself does not require high cleanliness, and dust or toxic vapor is exposed during production, dust masks, gas masks or some positive pressure respiratory protection systems must be considered; If the production process itself requires high cleanliness and the clean room is properly designed, it is necessary to evaluate whether the exposure level of toxic and harmful substances is lower than the occupational health standard. If it is still high, you still need to use respiratory protection products such as dust masks or gas masks. For some highly toxic drugs (such as vaccines, anti-tumor drugs, etc.) production environment. ), it is recommended to use protective equipment at any time.
The selection of respiratory protective articles should be based on the types, concentration levels, operation characteristics and environmental conditions of air pollutants in the workplace, as well as the matching needs with other protective articles. We need to monitor the air in the workplace to know what pollutants exist and what their concentrations are. After knowing the types and concentrations of pollutants, we can choose suitable respirators according to GB/T 18664-2002, and compare the concentrations of pollutants with the occupational health standards, so as to choose respirators with specified protection coefficient greater than hazard coefficient.
There are so many respiratory protection products on the market, how should pharmaceutical companies choose and use them in practice? In case of contact with highly toxic or radioactive particles during the production of APIs, NIOSH certified N 100 or P 100 masks or protective masks should be used, and N 100 or P 100 granular filter cotton or corresponding European certified respiratory protective products should be selected; Ordinary raw material dust, non-oily, can choose N95 mask or granular filter cotton; For the respiratory protection of harmful gases and vapors, you can choose a gas mask with a suitable filter box.
Selection of hearing protection articles
Monitoring noise exposure in the workplace is the basis of hearing protection. Through monitoring, it can help enterprises to identify noise hazards, identify risk groups and understand the exposure level, thus helping to determine the next engineering control measures, management measures and hearing protection measures.
Besides engineering control and noise reduction, ear protectors should be selected. There are many kinds of ear protectors, so ear protectors should be selected according to working conditions and noise exposure level. When choosing ear protectors, we should pay attention to the following points: comfort, if uncomfortable, employees will definitely not wear them, and if they don't insist on wearing them, they will not be able to prevent hearing loss; Easy to wear, whether it is easy to wear is relative. No one wears ear protectors just because they are easy to wear, so if you understand the importance of hearing protection, it won't be a problem as long as you are skilled. The size of sound attenuation must be based on the noise exposure level in the workplace to choose ear protectors that meet the needs of sound attenuation; Good fit, different people have different head shapes and ear canal shapes, so choose different types of ear protectors to meet the needs of different people; In order to facilitate the purchase, ear protectors, especially foam earplugs, are consumables and must be available at any time; Hygiene, pay attention to the material of ear protectors, and avoid causing panel * * *; Durable and more durable products will undoubtedly reduce the cost of long-term use.
Selection of eye and face protection products
For eye protection of drug dust, it is recommended to use protective glasses and full-face equipment without vents. Positive pressure respirator hood or helmet can usually protect eyes and face at the same time. For eye protection of chemical liquid splash, it is recommended to use goggles, full-face mask or positive pressure respirator hood and helmet to prevent liquid splash. For the eye protection of chemical vapor, it is recommended to use protective glasses, masks, positive pressure respirator hoods and helmets without vents.
Maintenance of Personal Protective Equipment
Personal protective equipment usually requires some maintenance, including cleaning (only applicable to cleanable protective equipment), storage and replacement of parts. According to the manufacturer's suggestion, these personal protective articles should be properly maintained and replaced when necessary, so as to give full play to their due protective functions.
summary
Pharmaceutical enterprises should insist on regular health examination of employees, regularly monitor the concentration of dust and poison in the air of the workshop, strictly implement the health monitoring system of chemical enterprises, and equip employees with correct, applicable and effective personal protective equipment. Let all pharmaceutical personnel win a health and safety for themselves and their families while providing life and health for others.
Enterprise safety protection products can be purchased from professional manufacturers with LA certification and production license in Laos (or products sold through their approved sales channels).
Although it is a way to avoid safety protection articles, you always have to go out to work. In fact, there are many safety protection articles that can protect PM2.5. I use Kangmeicheng's fresh nose-sucking filter paste, which can filter the inhaled air as long as it is attached to my nostrils. Invisible and breathable, very practical.
Is it ok to be a safety protection product sales industry? Where are you going to do it? The market for personal protective equipment is still quite large.
Rubber gloves, earplugs, activated carbon masks, etc. It is the most basic safety protection product of printing plant. Please adopt it if it is useful. Thank you.
What are the safety protection articles, such as safety helmet, safety belt, safety net, dense mesh net, insulating gloves, masks (purchased according to the needs of engineering construction), earplugs, insulating shoes, colorful flags, etc!
Occupational hazards and protection of nurses in operating room [Abstract]: To explore the occupational hazards and protective measures of working environment in operating room to staff. Methods: Through clinical observation and analysis, we realized that the operating room staff worked in the environment of air pollution, biological infection, ionizing radiation and psychological injury for a long time, and adopted a series of preventive measures, such as strengthening indoor air circulation, avoiding biological infection, ionizing radiation and preventing physical fatigue. Results: The self-protection consciousness of operating room staff was enhanced, people's health quality was greatly improved and environmental pollution was reduced. Conclusion: Reducing or eliminating various factors causing occupational hazards is the key to preventive measures.
With the development of modern medicine and the continuous improvement of medical technology, new chemicals and high-tech are widely used in clinic, various operations are widely carried out, and the number of AIDS cases attracting worldwide attention is increasing [1], which brings challenges to our clinic, the workload is obviously increased, and the work pace is accelerated, resulting in the operating room staff working in the environment of air pollution, ionizing radiation biological infection and psychological injury for a long time, and their health status will be different. This paper makes a preliminary discussion on this problem and puts forward some protective measures.
1 occupational hazards
1. 1 air pollution air pollution includes the volatilization of chemical disinfectants, the smell of high-frequency electrotome and the dispersion of whole body in the air. Formaldehyde, coal phenol, glutaraldehyde and ozone are commonly used volatile chemical disinfectants in operating room [2]. Used for operating room disinfection, soaking samples, disinfection of instruments, etc. They are all * * * substances, which have * * effects on facial mucosa and upper respiratory tract. Formaldehyde also has sensitization, mutagenicity and carcinogenesis. Long-term exposure to low-dose formaldehyde solution can cause chronic respiratory diseases and chromosomal abnormalities. When the indoor carbon dioxide concentration reached 0. 1%, the air condition began to deteriorate and odor appeared. Enflurane is a new halogen-containing and vinyl-containing compound, which has been widely used in clinic since 1980s. It is a potential mutagenic and carcinogenic substance with stable chemical properties and no * * * effect on respiratory tract [3]. Convulsion can be produced at high concentration and low Paco2 _ 2, and respiration and circulation can be inhibited during deep anesthesia, with only suspicious damage to liver and kidney. However, foreign cytogenetics has confirmed that SCE of operating room staff can be increased, and the relationship between them needs further study. With the wide application of disposable medical supplies, the disinfection of ethylene oxide gas is also increasing. Air pollution is minimal. They exist in the operating room for a long time at a low dose and enter the human body and other organisms through the panel and respiratory tract. Chemical pollutants are the most harmful to people's health. The harmful effect of air pollutants depends on their characteristics, chemical structure, concentration and the time of human contact, and many harmful substances are often mixed in the atmosphere. The most common phenomenon at this time is the toxic addition of harmful substances. Low-concentration pollutants will have a long-term chronic impact on people, which is often not easy to be noticed and difficult to identify. There is a special aspect of air pollution in operating room, which is related to anesthesia method, leak-proof quality of anesthesia machine, anesthesia duration, whether the room is ventilated, the use of surgical instruments and instruments, the effective time of disinfectant concentration, and the use method. No matter what kind of pollutant, it is directly proportional to the pollution source, emission and pollution degree at the same time, and the comprehensive time limit for pollutants to pollute the environment in every corner of the operating room is also different. Anesthesiologists have more chances to contact the gasbag and the residual anesthetic gas of patients, surgeons have more chances to use high-frequency electrotome, and when using high-frequency electrotome, they have more chances to contact the odor emitted by panels or tissues, and instrument nurses have more chances to contact formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.
1.2 biological infection due to the special working environment of the operating room, the staff directly contact with the patient's blood, secretions, vomit, etc. And there are many opportunities for infection. For example, acupuncture injury is the most common occupational accident. Its harm is not limited to acupuncture injury itself, but also can spread diseases, and it is easy to be infected with viruses A, B and C, especially human immunodeficiency virus (HTV), tumor growth and septicemia.
1.3 ionizing radiation with the development of science and technology, with the continuous development of intraoperative radiography and direct vision surgery, operating room staff have more and more opportunities to be exposed to radiation. According to related literature, a small amount of repeated exposure to radiation can lead to cancer or fetal malformation due to accumulation.
1.4 physical fatigue and psychological injury The psychological injury of medical staff working in the operating room is mainly caused by mental stress and pressure. They have been in a heavy and ordinary working environment for a long time, with high concentration of thoughts, excessive mental pressure and irregular work. They often have to rescue some critically ill patients and work overtime. The nature of their work is a combination of meticulous mental work and physical work. Staff are prone to ulcer, heart disease, migraine, varicose veins of lower limbs, gastroptosis, chronic lumbago and leg pain, chronic hepatobiliary diseases, etc. At the same time, it will also produce bad psychological state, such as mental tension, anxiety, irritability and so on.
2 protective measures
2. 1 Strengthen indoor circulation, regularly open windows for ventilation, add air conditioning devices, improve the sewage system, and take effective preventive measures for staff. For medical personnel who are exposed to anesthetics and inhalable substances such as enflurane, isoflurane and nitrous oxide. , now use together. Long-term exposure can cause liver and kidney diseases. When patients undergo inhalation anesthesia, the liquid medicine will inevitably be distributed to the air in the operating room, which will inadvertently form an air pollution. The amount of sprayed liquid medicine is directly proportional to the time of exposure to air and the tightness of anesthesia machine. When anesthetizing patients, it is necessary to check whether the anesthesia machine is turned off, so as to reduce the concentration of liquid medicine in the air and reduce pollution. The concentration of disinfectant should be prepared accurately, and it should be used now. The more dose, the better disinfection effect, so as to reduce unnecessary waste and harm to human body, reduce the chance of cross infection, wash your hands correctly before and after operation, and refuel strictly sterile. After the operation, the equipment, sewage and room shall be treated in strict accordance with the rules and regulations. For example, facilities such as a special pool for soaking dirty dressing are used for terminal disinfection to avoid polluting the surrounding environment.
2.2 In order to avoid biological infection, the patient's medical history must be known before operation, and liver function and the results of two-and-a-half examinations are very important preventive measures. For positive patients, preventive preparations should be made in advance to avoid unnecessary harm. If the gloves are damaged, replace the sterile gloves immediately to avoid direct contact with the patient's blood and secretions. If the panel is damaged, immediately disinfect it with 3% iodine and 75% alcohol, and immediately inject hepatitis B vaccine. Before operation, the roving nurse prepared 1000ml of 0.2% peracetic acid, put it in a special container and put it in the operating room, so that anesthesiologists and roving nurses can wash their hands at any time before and after the operation. A tablecloth soaked in 0.5% peracetic acid was laid at the entrance of the operating room to reduce the cross-infection caused by staff entering and leaving.
2.3 Try to avoid X-ray contact with ionizing radiation. When unavoidable, try to keep your body away from direct light. No exposure to x-rays during pregnancy.
2.4 to prevent physical fatigue, in addition to excellent professional quality requirements, staff should learn to adjust their emotions, correct general occupational stress, prevent the harm caused by standing and walking for too long, try to improve the mandatory standing and walking, and pay attention to maintaining good operating posture and habits. Psychological research has proved that mental stress, anxiety and irritability have a great influence on the best level. Therefore, we should strengthen exercise and self-cultivation, so as to pay attention to strengthening the exercise of psychological quality and keep ourselves energetic, focused, happy and in the best psychological state, which plays an important role in giving full play to the best operational level.
References:
1. Occupational Hazards and Protection of Teachers Zhang Teaching Nurses. Journal of Nurse Training, 1994.9(8):8.
2. Xu Cuixia, improvement of disinfection and sterilization in operating room. Sichuan: New progress in clinical medicine. 1995.2 1 1
Liu Junjie, Modern Anesthesiology. Beijing: Published by People's Medical Publishing House, 1994+064.
Safety protection articles use management system? 3. 15 has provisions.
What brands of safety protection products are there? Capra North MAPA Reckling Lackland DuPont ENE and many other well-known brands. Want to know more about logging in to the "sub-vision protection network"?
What are the safety protection products of enterprises? 1 energy transfer to human body causes acute injury.
(1) When the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, protective measures such as safety helmet and safety belt are absorbed and buffered by the medium.
(2) Insulation protection of electric energy, such as insulating gloves.
(3) Using reagents to transform acute harmful chemical energy into harmless protection methods, such as gas masks for acute harmful gases.
(4) Protective methods for conveying fresh air to operators, such as various gas masks.
(5) Protection of flying objects and falling objects, such as helmets and goggles.
2. Protective ways of chronic injury caused by energy transmission to human body.
(1) Protection against chemical energy, such as protective clothing to protect the whole body.
(2) Absorb and reduce noise energy, such as earplugs.
(3) Shielding of radiant heat energy, such as high-temperature protective clothing.
(4) shielding radiation, such as anti-ultraviolet goggles.
3. According to the classification of human physiological parts
Head protection: plastic helmet, V-shaped helmet, bamboo helmet and miner's helmet.
Respiratory protection: gas mask, gas mask, dust mask, oxygen respirator and air respirator.
Hand protection: insulating gloves, acid alkali resistant gloves, oil resistant gloves, medical gloves, leather gloves, plastic impregnated gloves, canvas gloves, cotton gloves, antistatic gloves, high temperature resistant gloves and cutting resistant gloves.
Foot protection: industrial and mining boots, insulating boots, acid and alkali resistant boots, safety shoes, anti-smashing shoes and oil resistant shoes.
Physical protection: protective clothing, chemical protective clothing, acid and alkali resistant protective clothing, antistatic work clothes, warm clothing, dust-proof clothing, acid-proof apron, dust-proof apron, work clothes, raincoat, etc.
Eye protection: head-mounted electric welding mask, acid-proof organic mask, high-temperature mask, dust-proof glasses, acid-proof glasses, splash-proof glasses and ultraviolet-proof glasses.
High-altitude safety protection: hanging safety belts, electrical safety belts, safety ropes, pedals and dense mesh safety nets at high altitude.
Hearing protection: anti-noise earplugs, earmuffs, anti-noise devices.
4. Classification by protection purpose