Spending money, called "winning money" in ancient times, is also called "playing money", "auspicious money" and "folk money" today, and its material is mainly metal. The definition of spending money has been debated. We believe that spending money has a narrow sense and a broad sense: spending money in a narrow sense refers to all non-circulating currencies that have the function of wearing and enjoying and auspicious meanings. This kind of spending money is regarded as orthodox spending money. In a broad sense, spending money refers to all non-circulating money and alien things that have no monetary form but have the function of wearing and enjoying. For example, the nux vomica, chess money and "ancient money" invented by the ancients belong to the genus of spending money because of their money shape; For another example, although listing does not have the shape of money, it has the function of wearing and enjoying, and it has auspicious meaning, so it is also classified as spending money.
Compared with other ancient works of art, the history of spending money is shorter. At present, it is recognized that the originator of spending money appeared in the Han Dynasty, such as Ziyi banliang and Taichang banliang. Their piercings are all diamond-shaped, which should be worn by Han people. Lingchuan has two purposes: one is to look beautiful, and the other is to keep the style of money correct when wearing it. From Wang Mang to the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were many kinds of consumption currencies in Qian Wen, but the quantity was very small, such as five baht, a complete collection of auspicious characters with 50 faces or positive stars. In the Han dynasty, there was also a kind of hanging money (some people said it was a deduction). There is a big circle on the money and a small circle below. Most of the inscriptions are "be a daughter every day and never forget each other" and "go to the central government to eliminate evil and dispatch troops." According to the data, this kind of money has been unearthed in the Han tombs in Fuquan, Shanghai and Inner Mongolia. The appearance of hanging money also shows that the most primitive and basic function of spending money is wearing it. There is also a kind of "printing money", which is printed on the bottom and printed with a money. The old money spectrum of this thing is loaded as a nuisance, so we think it should not be classified as spending money, because its main function is printing, and the "spending money" on it is just a print button!
From the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, the types and quantities of spending money were very scarce, which may be due to the frequent wars in this period, and the custom of spending money by wearing clothes was not popular among the people. During the Three Kingdoms period, Shu State cast a kind of Taiping Hundred Money with water waves and star patterns on the back. In recent years, some researchers have listed it as spending money. Although there is a pattern on the back, it is a currency in circulation, so it is essentially different from spending money. There is also a kind of money that is too clear and abundant, and some researchers have decided to use Kyrgyz money. However, in recent years, thousands of these pieces have been unearthed in Jiangsu at one time. If you spend money, there won't be such a large amount of excavation, so its nature should also be currency in circulation. After Yong 'an in the Northern Wei Dynasty, there appeared two kinds of Yong 'an five-person four-spirit coins, which were full of gas fields and had the wind of the Six Dynasties. The essay comes from Yong 'an Wuzhu, which is actually an auspicious language for people to have more children. This kind of money is not rare in the world, but it is mostly turned over. The auspicious words of "five men and two women" popular in the Song Dynasty may also have turned over this kind of money.
Most of the money used in the Tang Dynasty was Qian Wen, such as gold and silver money from Kaiyuan Bao Tong, 30 pieces of money unearthed from the cellar of Wang Fu site rewarded by Xi 'an hejia village 1970, and 42 pieces of silver money (plus a five-person four-spirit money from Yong 'an). These gold and silver money may be money given by the court. According to Zi Tongzhi Jian, Yang Guifei accepted An Lushan as her adopted son and gave her "gold and silver money to wash the children". Other money spent by Qian Wen in the Tang Dynasty included "getting a gold ingot with four clouds on the back" and "four-star lace of Shuntian gold ingot". Quan Zhi records that when Princess Jingshan of the Tang Dynasty got married, there was a slogan of "long life and wealth", which was cast by later generations after copying the old music. The so-called "throwing money" is an auspicious way to spend money in ancient weddings. "Tokyo Dream China" records that in the old wedding, the husband and wife sat on the edge of the bed after paying homage, and the woman sprinkled money and fruit, which was called "scattering money". Spending money is "spending money".
In the troubled times of the Five Dynasties, little money was spent. We believe that the Qian Zhu, a treasure trove of the Tang Dynasty, which was highly valued by the ancients before, was probably invented by later generations. Because there was no such thing as a "treasure house" before the Qing Dynasty, even if there was treasure house money, it was a very serious and sacred thing. The font used should be dignified and steady. How can it be so clumsy and weird? If it's a fake, it's easy to understand. Forgers will naturally pursue strange styles to satisfy collectors' curiosity and thirst for knowledge.
In the Song Dynasty, with the prevalence of Taoism and the unprecedented development of culture and art, spending money also flourished, mostly for Taoist themes, including stars, officials, zodiac money, birth money, magic money and so on.
The source of the star official's money is very complicated. The so-called "star official" is a Taoist title for deifying the stars. In ancient China, the calendar year of heavenly stems and earthly branches was divided into 60 jiazi, and the year when someone was born in 60 jiazi was someone's "birth year", also known as "Chen Yuan, the core monument of life". Taoism later immortalized and deified Sixty Jiazi, which led to the emergence of Shen Yuan, the core monument of life, or Guan Xing, the core monument of life. Perhaps the sixty-yuan god or star official is too troublesome, so it is simply simplified into a twelve-yuan god or star official according to the zodiac. Of course, every yuan god and star official should be in charge of each zodiac. In Taoism, there are five stars in the east, west, north and south, which can also be called "star officials". Among them, the Big Dipper has seven stars, which are in charge of the zodiac. These "seven stars" can also be called star officials. It is not easy to determine who the star officials who spend money refer to. There are two main ways for star officials to spend money: one is that a single star official takes the zodiac. This kind of money generally does not have the word "life nuclear tablet star official", but it is undoubtedly star official money. The other is a set of twelve animals, each with a zodiac sign. Generally speaking, there are words such as "Star Officer" or "Shen Yuan" on the money.
Life-saving money is also called life-saving money. Taoism preaches that people borrowed money from the temple when they were born, and they should set up a Dojo to return it after they were born. The Ghost Silk Road Library * * has a total of 12 libraries, which are respectively under the responsibility of 12 Guan surnamed Cao. There were 12 coins in the Song Dynasty. On the one hand, it is a written record of how much money is owed, and on the other hand, it is a number (Cao Guan, who is in charge of each library). Its purpose should be similar to the star official money, the core relic of life, and all this is for its blessing.
Magic money refers to spending money with Taoist runes and spells. Spells are written symbols and spells created by Taoism, claiming to exorcise ghosts and evil spirits. Because of this magical power, spell money had a great market in the Song Dynasty. The common spell money in this period is the six laws and nine chapters on the back of Xuanwu Mountain, which should be dedicated to Xuanwu Mountain, and later generations will spend money with this spell.
Besides star officials, there are also "Xuanwu" and "Jiro" Taoist figures who spend the most money in Song Dynasty. "Xuanwu" originated from the worship of primitive stars, and it is a tortoise and snake in the form of seven nights with twenty-eight stars in the north. The Song Dynasty personified and became a great god in the north. When Song Taizu was there, it was said that Xuanwu was a general in the Heavenly Palace. In order to avoid the taboo of "sage" Zhao, Song Zhenzong renamed Xuanwu Zhenwu. And named it "the real martial soul should be the real king." The origin of "Jiro" is very complicated. At present, there are many sayings such as "Two sons of Li Bing", "Zhao Yu" and "Emperor Wen of Sui". Maybe people at that time couldn't tell who it was, and Taoist "creating gods" was really chaotic. In the Song Dynasty, "Jiro" was as fragrant as "Xuanwu", and "Jiro" and "Xuanwu" often appeared together when spending money.
In addition to Taoist themes, five men and two women and baby plays were also popular in the Song Dynasty. During the Southern Song Dynasty, some exquisite Kyrgyz coins also appeared. In addition, there are some antique coins that were cast with money in the Song Dynasty, such as "Five elements of tortoise and snake sword with big cloth back", "Five baht with seven stars on the back" and "Zhu Yuanzhang and Bao Tong with high relief dragons and phoenixes on the back", etc., and there are often reports of Song tombs and Song cellar excavations.
There are many game products in the late Northern Song Dynasty, including nux vomica, chess money and fairy money.
Semen Strychni, also known as playing horse coin, was a popular game of playing horse coin in Song and Yuan Dynasties. Li Qingzhao introduced the game of "riding a horse according to the classics" in the book "Beating a Horse". The game is a bit like flying chess, with a chessboard (beating horses) and chess pieces (nux vomica). Everyone takes turns to roll the dice and move the pieces. The difference is that betting on horses is for the purpose of gambling, with posts as chips, and the rules of betting on horses are much more complicated than flying chess. Although the game of playing magazine was lost in the late Ming Dynasty, as a game, nux vomica remained and became a very distinctive type of spending money. The horse paintings contained in it are all kinds, either cocky, serene and docile, or squatting, standing, running and flying, which have high artistic appreciation value. It is also engraved with the names of ancient famous horses and soldiers, which can be regarded as "commemorative medals" of ancient famous horses and soldiers.
Choosing fairy money is also an ancient opera, which is divided into two types: round and square in shape, and round is divided into two types: wearing and not wearing, and most of them are not wearing. From the content point of view, there are poets, chess immortals, piano immortals, pot immortals, house immortals, queen mothers, Manqian, Shuangcheng and other figures, all of whom have five-character quatrains on their backs, which are elegant and lovely.
Chess money is chess, which is divided into two kinds: double-sided words and single-sided pictures. According to the examination of chess, it was formed in the Song Dynasty. The chess money in the Song Dynasty is slightly different from today's chess money. No soldiers, officials, Shuai Shuai. When playing chess, you may hold letters on one side and pictures on the other. If both sides of chess and money are full of words, perhaps we can distinguish them by drawing cinnabar.
In the Song Dynasty, there were also hollowing out money, shadowing drama and making money.
The hollowed-out Qian Qian is exquisitely carved, and the patterns of hollowed-out coins in Song Dynasty are mostly flowers, chasing phoenix and facing dragons (the lower part of the faucet is opposite to the upper part).
Dark money refers to spending money in the mode of sexual intercourse between men and women. The secret money spent in Song Dynasty is generally very few, and the quantity and types are very few.
Qian Ming refers to funerary objects specially made for martyrdom, not currency in circulation. During the Southern Song Dynasty, more than 0/00 coins/kloc were unearthed from Anbing Tomb in Sichuan, mostly gold and silver pieces, with auspicious words such as peace in the world, longevity and wealth. Qian Ming belongs to the category of spending money by definition, but because of its taboo nature, it is usually only regarded as the marginal category of spending money.
Long live the Millennium, long live the emperor and other auspicious money and nine sons and nine mothers are very popular in Liao Dynasty. Because Liao spends money lavishly and has a unique charm, he is deeply loved by money lovers.
Spending money in the Jin Dynasty was very popular, mostly for Taoist themes such as star officials and Xuanwu. Typical ones are large armored Xuanwu back tiger charms and medium-sized star-sitting officials. The casting process is very good. A kind of rear-end money was popular in Jin Dynasty, which was heavy and had excellent three-dimensional effect. There are many kinds of rear-end money, large size, square hole and round hole, among which the square hole is the best. This kind of hollowing is said to be made in Liao, but Liao doesn't have this fine style of spending money, and this kind of rear-end dragon is common in golden mirrors, and Liao mirrors don't seem to have this format, so we think this kind of money is still made in gold.
It was more popular in the Yuan Dynasty than in Zhang Tianshi. Zhang Tianshi, formerly known as Zhang Daoling, founded the "Five Mi Dou Roads" in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Taoists honored him as Shi Tian and became a real Taoist, and the name Shi Tian was also inherited by later generations. The official name of the Song Dynasty was "Mr" instead of "Shi Tian", and the official name of the Yuan Dynasty was "Shi Tian". Even so, the name "Shi Tian" may have existed among the people for a long time, and the earliest Zhang Tianshi spending money may have appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty. The mirror of Jin Dynasty in Zhang Tianshi with carved flowers on the edge of the book is exactly the same as spending money, but the precision of the design is similar to that of the common post-pirated Shi Tian, which can prove that at least the Jin Dynasty spent money like this.
There are many kinds of temple money in Yuan Dynasty, such as year number, temple number, Buddha and Bodhisattva name, etc. Most of them were cast by temples and distributed to pilgrims or as offerings to pilgrims.
There was also a lot of hollowed-out money in the Yuan Dynasty, and the most common one was a rough and vivid style of chasing the ball. In addition, the Yuan Dynasty copied a lot of hollowed-out money from the previous generation.
There is a kind of seal script, which has been happy since then, and it has cost a lot of money and beautiful palindromes. From a technical point of view, it should at least be Zhu Fan. The traditional view is that it was cast in the Tang Dynasty, but we think it should be cast in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Because the dragon pattern and the pattern on the back of the ground seal are a style that imitates the bronze wares of the Warring States period, this style pursues retro style, while the Tang Dynasty has a unique aesthetic view and its artistic works have unique characteristics of the times, so it will not be popular in general. Judging from the bronze mirrors and other bronzes in the Tang Dynasty, there is no pursuit of antique style. However, the casting technology and artistic level of bronzes in Yuan and Ming Dynasties were lower than that in Bitang before, so it is reasonable to archaize bronzes. This kind of money was found in bronze mirrors at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and its shape and soft style were not as good as those of Tang Dynasty. In addition, there are several styles of spending money and casting money similar to this kind of currency, such as a large-scale rhinoceros with wide margin, long life and wealth, which is printed with palindromes; There are also large-scale longevity rich officials with stars on their backs. The edges and floor seals have exquisite patterns, which should all be made in the same furnace, and the time span will not be long. Another feature of money is that there are holes in the early products, which also confirms the view of the same furnace at the same time to some extent.
In the Ming Dynasty, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places appeared a large number of spending money with minority style. There is a popular Chinese zodiac in Guizhou, which is characterized by simple and vivid style, concise and distorted words and beads for decoration. In the Ming Dynasty, hollowed-out money was popular in Yunnan, mostly for pavilions, peacocks and lions. It is said that some large unused hollowed-out coins in pavilions have been unearthed in Dali, Yunnan, with a diameter of 67-68MM and red copper, which are exquisite and abnormal. It should be the early product of this kind of money, as well as Taiding, Shuiguan and other money. This excavation provides strong evidence for the currency age of the pavilion.
In the middle and early Ming Dynasty, we can continue to spend money to recast some Taoist priests and Tianshi. From the previous generation. After the middle of Ming dynasty, the theme of star officials was eliminated, and few bronze star officials spent money. The definition of spending money in the middle and late Ming Dynasty is still a difficult problem. Only a few kinds of brass spent money in the Ming Dynasty, such as "Fu Lu Xiang Zhen Bei Woods Deng Ke" and thick patterned "Liansheng Qiuci Bei Lotus". Maybe some varieties were wrongly classified as Qing dynasty, or maybe spending money was not popular in Ming dynasty. These problems need further study.
Spending money in the Qing Dynasty entered its heyday, and the number and types of spending money all over the world far exceeded those of previous dynasties. In the Qing dynasty, spending money on official stoves occupied an absolute dominant position, especially in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan.
Compared with the previous generation, the types of money used in the Qing Dynasty are more diverse, mainly including: money for furnace opening, money for town treasury, money for palace and money for folk distribution. Among them, money for palace includes money for hanging lanterns, money for clothes dropping, money for decorating the palace and money for enjoying the palace. There are more kinds of currencies issued by the people, including rich currency, auspicious pattern currency, riddle currency, astrology currency and spell currency.
The town treasury money is the money specially cast by the official furnace money bureau for the disaster relief and money protection bureau. Generally, they are thick and large in shape, and the written characters can be Qian Wenwen, Kyrgyz or patterns, which is rare in the world. Typical examples are the large-scale "Baoyuan Bureau Back Town Library" and the extra-large Jiangsu Furnace "Xianfeng Heavy Treasure Back Full of Books and Treasures".
Opening money refers to the commemorative money spent by the money bureau at the beginning of its establishment, or when it is reopened, or at the beginning of the new year to welcome auspicious Naji and exorcise evil spirits. Its shapes and sizes vary, such as "Taiping Heavy Treasure Back to Shaanxi Money Bureau" by Baoshan Bureau, "Gan Long Bao Tong Back to Samsung Next Month" by Baosu Bureau and "Jiaqing Bao Tong Back to LAM Raymond" by Baoyun Bureau. In addition, some large and rare auspicious characters and patterns may need to be burned, such as the dragon and phoenix on the back of the zodiac, and the diameter of the cloud furnace is 105MM, and their properties need further study.
The money for hanging lamps is the money used as lamp pendants in the palace. Baokang's Catalogue of Big Money said: "In December of the Money Bureau, a number of coins were carefully cast to make money, which is called hanging money." There are many kinds of exquisite world peace money handed down from ancient times. Some are drilled up and down, some are carved, some are Xianfeng, some are white, and some are drilled on the side. They may all be lamp pendants, not necessarily "making money by casting".
Falling money is the money spent on laying the four corners of sacrificial cards or sacrificial products in Fengxian Temple, and its role is to fall. The front of money is like a commodity, and the back is that the world is at peace. After the new emperor ascended the throne, the money changed.
Palace reward money refers to the exquisite and heavy money specially cast by the official bureau for the needs of palace reward. This kind of money can be called the "aristocrat" in spending money in the Qing Dynasty, with high price and little existence. Typical examples are the large-scale "Jiaqing Bao Tong carries peace in the world", the seal script "Fushou Kangning" and "Life without borders".
Qian Wen's spending money refers to spending money on words or patterns with authentic Qian Wen, such as "building a treasure to return to Baoquan Dragon and Phoenix" and "Guangxu Bao Tong to return to peace in the world". Some of this kind of money is also money for opening a furnace or hanging lanterns in the palace.
Lucky money means spending money with auspicious words. Some auspicious words in Qing dialect come from the abstinence of ancient books, some from folk proverbs, and some from fresh and elegant poems. Among them, eight-character auspicious words such as "a good book, good luck" are more popular.
Auspicious pattern money refers to the money spent on auspicious words and auspicious patterns. For example, "a nautical chart with a good face and a smooth back" and so on. In the Qing dynasty, there was a lot of money for Kyrgyz designs.
Auspicious pattern money refers to spending money only with auspicious patterns and no words. It doesn't cost much.
Mystery money is a unique kind of spending money in Qing Dynasty, mostly from Yunnan and Guizhou. There is a riddle about money: "A rich mother gave birth to six people, and two families gave birth to six people. There is not enough land in Fiona Fang, and people can't travel all over the world." The answer is the money circulating in the Qing Dynasty. Generally, clearing money is four Chinese characters and two Manchu characters, and the word * * * is used to represent people, so six people are born to a mother. In Qing Dynasty, people generally called Manchu "Zaiqi", Han "Zaimin", Manchu "Qi" and Chinese "Min". So six people under two branches, with less than an inch of money, are popular all over the world. Therefore, it is called "Fiona Fang does not occupy an inch of land, and travels all over the world without letting people go".
Astrological money is a currency for making and casting astrological patterns. Astrological money is a specialty of Yunnan furnace in Qing Dynasty. Most of the early products were 80MM in diameter, with a star map on the surface and a variety of stars and moons on the back.
Liang Qian is the currency used in the construction, and Liang Qian is an important step in the construction process. In ancient times, regardless of the size of the building, a ceremony was usually held to place Liang Qian. Some large buildings use special Liang Qian, such as the knife and cloth-shaped "Liang Qian, the main hall of Fuzhou Confucian Temple". And some ordinary people use money such as gossip as a bride price, and more ancient money such as "Taiping Bao Tong" as a bride price.
The game of Mag in Qing Dynasty has been lost, but many kinds of nux vomica were cast in Sichuan and other places, including yellow, white and blue, and most of them were cast for official furnaces. The nux vomica in Qing dynasty has its own layout style, and few of them directly cast the previous generation games, which are for collectors to appreciate. Of course, these Qing nuclear weapons are not games, but completely abolished.
Judging from the artistic style of spending money in Qing dynasty, it has obvious changes compared with the previous generation, and the overall pattern advocates simplicity, vividness and closer to life. In the Central Plains, spending money is mostly outlined by a single line, and flat carving relief techniques are rarely used, and the level is lower than that of the previous generation. In the Qing Dynasty, the most distinctive feature of spending money on official stoves was the figures, who generally tended to be children and New Year pictures, such as Liu Haichan and Hehe Erxian, and became lively and lovely children's images. Before the Qing Dynasty, the patterns of spending money, especially the figures, were full of charm and mystery. Generally speaking, the artistic expression level of official kiln expenditure patterns in Qing Dynasty is not high, but there are also many excellent works, such as Liu Haichan's Funiu Circle, which are of high overall conception and artistic level.
The figures who spent money in the Qing Dynasty fully demonstrated the beauty of calligraphy. Before the Qing dynasty, the overall level of calligraphy was not high, and only a few people with profound skills had monotonous calligraphy. Most of them are regular script and running script, but few are seal script, official script and cursive script. In the Qing Dynasty, seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script, song style and variant characters generally appeared in official kilns to spend money, many of which had profound calligraphy skills, which was also the concrete embodiment of spending money on auspicious words in the Qing Dynasty.
During the Republic of China, the money spent was relatively rough, and its value was generally low, but some fine works were also worth playing, such as Da Lishu's "Hongwu Bao Tong carries an ox face" and the gold-plated "Taiping Bao Tong carries the zodiac".
Spending money used to be an accessory to ancient coins. Some people who collect ancient coins occasionally spend some money. Old money is not mentioned at all, or it is mentioned at the end of the attached volume. It can be said that spending money had no status before. In the 1980s and 1990s, with the popularity of coin collection, people began to recognize spending money again. It is not too much to call it an ancient "copperplate" because the characters and patterns on coins are varied and fascinating. The rich content of spending money is the epitome of folk customs in past dynasties; The connotation of auspiciousness represents the ancient people's yearning and blessing for a better life. Spending money is also inextricably linked with ancient money. They are not only similar in shape, but also closely related in source and technology. For example, most of the pocket money is invested by the money bureau. Because spending money has so many bright spots, it has gradually become a unique and important part of China ancient folk cultural relics. The team that spends money on collection and research includes not only ancient money lovers, but also antique lovers, folk researchers and so on.
The value of spending money is the most concerned issue for collectors, so how should we know it? We think it can be comprehensively judged according to the following eight criteria: 1, the amount of existence; 2, the artistic level of the word map; 3. Is the theme good? 4. The size of the diameter in the same category; 5. Beautiful appearance; 6. The quality of patina is good or bad; 7. Fine and rough casting process; 8, casting in the morning and evening.
1, what is the amount?
Existence is the premise of evaluating the value of spending money. It can be said that high-value pocket money must be rare, but rare pocket money is not necessarily of high value. Because spending money is different from ancient money, the less the better. There are many rare and even orphan products that you spend money on, but even an orphan product with poor quality has low value.
2, the artistic level of the word map
This is an important factor in evaluating the value of spending money. If the artistic level of words and patterns is high and full of charm, then their value is relatively high. Collectors who spend money certainly like to spend money that is pleasing to the eye. For example, the large demon-reducing figures in Xuanwu water have a very high artistic level and are treasures in spending money; Another example is the money spent in the Liao Dynasty, which is rough and vivid, with unique charm and high value.
3. Is the theme good?
The theme of spending money is very important. For example, if a spender is identified as a peasant rebel or an anti-Qing and rehabilitation organization, its value will double. If it is classified as ordinary spending money, its value will be greatly reduced. Just like a character spends money. If it's the official theme of stars, it's too common. If it is an invisible Buddha, its value will naturally double.
4, the size of the diameter in the same category.
The diameter is relative to the same kind. For example, the horse coin with a diameter of 40MM is considered as a super-large nux vomica, but it is only small and medium-sized compared with other figures. Generally speaking, large-scale spending can improve the overall aesthetic feeling, and its value is relatively high; Small and medium-sized spending money is relatively less aesthetic and valuable.
5. Is the shape good?
Formal beauty refers to whether the thickness, the width of the hole, the width of the edge and the depth of the mouth are beautiful, and the value of formal beauty is relatively high, and vice versa.
6. The quality of patina is good or bad
Spending money is an art, so we pay special attention to appearance and patina. The quality of spending money is much more valuable than the poor quality of spending money.
7. Fine and rough casting process
There are many casting processes that cost money, such as sand casting, mud casting and stone casting. Exquisite casting technology will also add beauty to spending money. Of course, the cost of precision casting is higher than that of rough casting.
8. Casting plates in the morning and evening
Spending money is like a bronze mirror, and later generations will copy it. The first batch of money spent is called the "first edition", and later generations are called "late edition" or "late edition" based on the first edition or blueprint for casting and recasting. Generally speaking, the lines and charm of the first edition are better than those of the later edition, so its value is much higher than that of the later edition. Take the common large-scale Zhang Tianshi as an example, the price of the early fine version with a diameter of 75MM is more than 10 times that of the later coarse version with a diameter of 72 mm.