Three scholars
Unfortunately, I can't read the staff, so I tried to learn it several times. The first time I saw a book "How to Know the Music Score" in the later period of "The Music Score". In that era of poor spiritual life, if you get the treasure, you will soon learn the notation basically after reading it in one breath. When I am happy, I hear people say that notation is a pediatrics, and staff is only on the grade. Fortunately, I quickly read a book "How to Know Employees" and learned it immediately. But this time, I watched it several times and didn't get to the point. For example, this # (semitone) and b (semitone) only appear occasionally in notation. When they appear, I often can't sing correctly. And they often appear in piles in the staff. Is it necessary?
At that time, a rebel wrote an article advocating the use of hexagram. Generally speaking, this staff is fabricated by the bourgeoisie, which is unreasonable and mysterious. The purpose is to deprive the workers, peasants and soldiers of the opportunity to master music. Six hexagrams can concisely express the twelve scales including all semitones, and there is no need for ascending or descending signs. I felt the same way at the time. Now it seems that even if he is not malicious, I am afraid he is a mechanical head similar to mine, lacking a little artistic cells. This hexagram seems reasonable, but it may not be reasonable, or it is not conducive to the expression of feelings. Music is an expression of emotion. Once it is missing, can it still have vitality? But that's what I felt as a teenager, and I haven't realized it yet.
I was at a loss when the news of resuming the college entrance examination came. Knowing that I don't have many musical cells, I plunged into mathematics and physics and put aside studying the staff. This time, it is more than ten years.
It's been several years since I went to Germany to learn the staff for the second time. I bought a children's electronic organ for my children that year, and I took a lot of staff of children's songs with me. The child is not very interested in the piano. He practices for a while during the day, and I'll have it at night. In the face of black and white keys and the staff that puzzled me more than ten years ago, I suddenly realized. It turns out that there is no sign of rising or falling on this spectrum, which corresponds to the white bond. With the elevator, it is black keys. It's really convenient to use this staff when learning piano. So I quickly borrowed some books from the library to learn the staff, and learned it the second time. I basically learned the staff in theory this time. But that year, although I was over 30 years old, I felt unreal? Standing? Get up. Busy with study, work and housework all day, I failed to insist on learning piano with my children. So if you don't practice optics, you can't sing just by looking at the staff. It was my wife who gradually mastered the staff through years of supervising her children's piano practice. This laid the foundation for her later joining the company's choir.
It has been more than ten years since I learned the staff for the third time, and I have the honor to join the second German China Chorus. A young post-80s conductor in the regiment proposed to teach us the staff during rehearsal. I have mixed feelings about this news. I am glad that I finally have another chance to learn staff, and this time under the guidance of the teacher. What worries me is that I am past the age of knowing my destiny. Learning staff is like learning a language. Practice makes perfect. It takes more practice. When I was young, I didn't like things that needed more practice. Now I've practiced before, and I forgot. But I was willing to learn, but the result was beyond my expectation.
The conductor first drew a small circle (whole note) and asked us how long the sound was. Then tell us that the length of the sound itself is not fixed, and the specific length is determined by the conductor. However, its length is relative to other notes (such as binary notes, quarter notes, etc. ) it is certain. This sentence suddenly reminded me that notation is better than staff. Similarly, the pitch of 1 is not fixed. Even if the spectrum says 1=G, the conductor can be adjusted up or down according to the specific situation. For example, when we can't sing high notes, it will be reduced to 1 = F. But the relative pitches of1and other notes such as 2, 3 and 4 are fixed. If the conductor temporarily changes 1=G to 1=F, those of us who use simple notation and are not very sensitive to pitch will hardly feel any change. Accompanied by the staff piano, there will be great changes, because the pitch of the staff notes is fixed. Pull one hair and move the whole body, all the notes should be shifted, and the ascending and descending signs should also be increased or decreased. This is why many piano accompanists without professional training are prone to make mistakes once they conduct temporary tone sandhi.
Soon, the conductor was transferred to another city. Learn the staff for the third time and give up halfway. It seems that I will never learn the staff in my life. But the idea inspired by the conductor aroused my desire to know more about the score and compare it with the staff.
The Formation and Spread of Simple Music
Many people think that notation belongs to China, but it actually originated in France in the17th century. But it was not widely used until it was introduced to China in the early 20th century. So it is also called by the Germans? China digital spectrum? (Chinese annotation). It's a bit like the French phoenix tree in China. Platanus acerifolia is not a tree native to France. The French introduced it from abroad and planted it as a roadside tree, and later moved into the French Concession in Shanghai. So China called it the French phoenix tree. From this perspective, the origin is not so important, but who popularized it.
So, what makes the flowers outside the simple music wall smell sweet inside? No, what was the original sentence? Flower in the wall smells good outside the wall? . I have been in Germany for many years, but when I speak Chinese, I always say that China is at home and Europe is always abroad, and I can't change it. Anyway, let's first look at who created notation.
/kloc-In France in the 0/7th century, the Catholic priest Souhaitty found it difficult for the teaching staff to guide believers to sing hymns and wanted to create a more convenient method. So he used Arabic numerals 1234567 to represent Do Re Mi Fa So Ras, and published two papers, "New Methods of Learning Music" and "Experiment of Singing Religious Songs with Digital Spectrum" in 1665 and 1679, but they were not valued by musicians at that time. /kloc-in the middle of the 8th century, Jean-jean-jacques rousseau, a representative of the French Enlightenment, a philosopher and a great music educator, realized? Folk music? 1742, he made a paper report in the French Academy of Sciences, strongly calling for the advantages of digital notation. But what about his? Amateur? Identity, but by the conservatory of music conservative professor.
Many years later, under the arrangement of math teachers P. Galin (1786 ─1821) and Dr. A.Paris (1798─ 1866), digital notation has been paid more and more attention. 19th century, music educator e.j. chev (1804 ─ 1864) improved the notation, which was finally officially recognized by French government educational institutions. It is called Garin-Paris-Cheval notation, or Cheval notation for short. Digital symbols? Or? Simple music? . At this time, the notation was complete and became one of the orthodox musical instruments at that time. Later, notation spread from Europe to Japan.
At the beginning of the 20th century, notation was introduced to China, such as Shen Xingong and Li Shutong, through students studying in Japan. Shen Xingong (1870- 1947) is an enlightening musician in music education in China. His composition The Yellow River (composed by Yang Du) was selected? China Music Classics in the 20th Century? The first song. Li Shutong (1880- 1942), Master Hongyi, is a master of poetry, ci, calligraphy and painting, seal cutting, music, drama, literature and Buddhism, and promotes Chinese culture and art in many fields. He was a pioneer in spreading western music in China and the first teacher in China to create nude sketches. Li Shutong wrote a song "Farewell" when he was preparing to become a monk. He wrote his own words in the style of classical poetry and filled them into American tunes. It is not only a perfect combination of music and literature, but also a model of the combination of Chinese and western cultures. It is also one of my favorite songs that I learned to sing in China Choir.
It can be seen that notation originated in France, and those French people who made great contributions to it, except the last Chever, were not professional musicians. Chever's professional position has made notation recognized by the government, but it has not been widely used in western music circles. I have an encyclopedia of Duden's music at home, but it doesn't introduce notation.
In China, Shen Xingong, Li Shutong and others popularized notation.
At the beginning of the twentieth century? School music? The representative of. In the course of the rise and development of school music songs, the earliest group of music educators appeared in the modern music history of China. With their joint efforts, notation has been widely used in China. In China, notation is not only used for songs, but also popular with usually conservative folk instruments. This is because there are many similarities between China's musical notation and the traditional Miyachi musical notation.
China's Gongchi Score and the Characteristics of Traditional Music
Miyachi notation is a unique notation in the cultural circle of Chinese characters, which originated in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, it spread to Japan, Vietnam and Korea, where Chinese characters were used, and spread for some time.
The basic correspondence among Miyachi notation, notation and staff notation is shown in the following table:
However, Miyachi notation does not use absolute names like staff, but is similar to simple notation? Change seats? (English mobile do), or? First roll call method? The symbol of. Because the notation is more concise, it quickly replaced the Miyachi notation and became the main tool for recording China traditional music.
In the table? Where is it? And then what? b？ One of the reasons why these two sounds are put in brackets is that they are not commonly used in China traditional music. The ancient music in China adopted the pentatonic mode, and the five basic tones in the mode were called Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu respectively. They correspond to the upper scale, ruler, ruler, six and five in the I scale spectrum, that is, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 in the simple spectrum. We often say that the five tones are incomplete, which means these five tones. In fact, these five notes are also the tonic of western music, which can be said to be the natural voice of all mankind. They are both pleasant to hear and easy to sing. But in the use of 4 and 7, there are great differences between China and the West.
In China traditional music, 4 (Fan) and 7 (B) are rarely used. This tradition even continues to this day. For example, the theme song "You and Me" of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games has no 4 and 7. What's special about 4 and 7? According to western musical terms, 1 and 3 are one third larger, and 3 and 5 are one third smaller. Add a sound 2 in the middle of the third grade and divide it into two second grades. The third degree can only be divided into the second and second degrees. But some scholars, especially western scholars, think that what is in the palace pool spectrum? Where is it? Where is this sound? Work? And then what? Six? Right in the middle, b? Did you go in? Five? And then what? Going? Right in the middle. That is to say,? Where is it? And then what? b？ On both sides is a neither too big nor too small? Medium? Level two. If represented by symbols,? Where is it? Is it between 4 and #4? b？ It's between b7 and 7. This is why in the previous comparison table. Where is it? And then what? b？ The reason for being put in brackets. Because? Where is it? And then what? b？ These two kinds of sounds are not widely used in China traditional music, and there was no recording equipment in the past. Whether this statement is correct remains to be confirmed. In fact, it is not easy for ordinary people to sing twice accurately. Without professional training, the difference of half a second is hard to hear.
In western music, 4 is placed next to 3, and 7 is placed next to 1. So 3 and 4 are two degrees, 4 and 5 are two degrees. But in fact the positions of 4 and 7 are flexible. If you write down western music by notation, you will find that the number # B in #4 and b7 appears most frequently. Other sounds fluctuate much less. The flexibility of these two sound positions gives musicians the opportunity to create and perform. However, raising and lowering other sounds will accidentally destroy the harmony of music and make people feel unhappy.
It is not easy to sing 4 and 7 correctly, which is what I feel after joining the China Choir where I am now. Our conductor is an experienced professional musician. She often reminds us in rehearsal that when singing 4, we should lean towards 3, and when singing 7, we should lean towards 1. Does this mean that 4 can be sung easily if you don't pay attention? Where is it? 7 is it? b？ . We are from China after all. No wonder those western scholars think that China people? Where is it? Above 4? b？ Below 7.
It's a bit far-fetched. What I want to say is that notation is suitable for music that is not used much in sharp and flat signs. Because the symbols of rising and falling are mostly used in 4 and 7, and China traditional music rarely uses 4 and 7, there is no problem of rising and falling if it is used, so it is very suitable for using simple notation. If there are more ascending and descending signs, it is not easy to remember the notation, and it is better to use the staff.
Another characteristic of China traditional music is that it is not polyphonic music. As mentioned above, the staff is very suitable for piano music, but there is no instrument similar to piano in Chinese musical instruments. A major feature of the piano is that it can play several notes at the same time to form polyphonic music, such as chords. It's convenient to express polyphonic music with staff, just add a few sounds up and down. It is difficult to express polyphonic music with simple notation. There is no piano in Chinese musical instruments and no polyphony in traditional music. Therefore, the use of symbols is very appropriate.
In fact, notation is not completely unable to express polyphonic music. Chords, for example, can be represented by letters and symbols because of their fixed collocation. For example, the major triad composed of C, E and G is represented by C, and the minor chords composed of D, F, A F and A are represented by Dm. The staff mentioned earlier took me into the door of the staff with an electronic organ. The staff in the right hand is an ordinary staff, and the staff in the left hand is replaced by chord symbols. Therefore, notation plus chord symbols can make up for the deficiency that notation cannot express chords. Chorus is also a multi-part music. Because the spectrum of each part in the chorus spectrum is separate, and several lines of notation are used for several parts respectively, there is no problem in using notation as the chorus spectrum.
To sum up, the popularity of notation in China is related to the characteristics of China music. This symbol was formed in France and recognized by the government, but it did not catch on. In Taiwan Province Province, the situation is just the opposite. After 1945, music education in schools in Taiwan Province province has always rejected notation. In the curriculum standards promulgated by the Ministry of Education, it is clearly stipulated that? No symbols? . But in 199 1, it was published by open folk publishing house? Approved book? In the textbook, the introduction of musical notation has been restored in the primary school music textbook. Since 1990s, notation has made new progress in Taiwan Province. A famous music publishing house even developed? Second generation notation? , and used it to organize and record tens of thousands of Chinese and foreign songs. It can be seen that the government can't suppress what is suitable for the national conditions.