During the Jin Dynasty (265-420), the suona had spread in Baicheng, Xinjiang (called Qiuci in ancient times), and its image was found in the mural of Cave 38 of the Thousand Buddha Cave in Qizil, Xinjiang (unearthed in the third century A.D.), The History of Music Illustration in China II -74 to II -75. During the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534), the tenth cave of Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province was also carved by musicians who played suona. The whistle, tube and trumpet bowl of this suona are integrated, which may be its early form, similar to the modern Xinjiang Uygur wooden suona. Until the Ming Dynasty, the suona used in the Central Plains had the same structure as the modern suona. Xu Wei's Narration of Nanci in Ming Dynasty, Wang Xizhi's Yuefu in Wang Pan and Ji Xiaoxin's Wu Beizhi in Qi Jiguang are all recorded. Qi's "History of the Three Kingdoms" describes its shape: "Its system is like a horn with seven holes; Both ends are made of copper, and the pipe is made of wood. I don't know when it originated, but it is the joy of the army. Nowadays, people use it more. " In Qing Dynasty, suona was also called Jinjiao Qu and Surnai. Hui music was brought into the court for burning songs and music. "Su 'ernai, also known as suona" is noted in the later editions of the law, Lu Zhengyi, the ritual system of the Qing Dynasty and the ritual system of the emperor, with illustrations. It is widely used in folk instrumental performance, opera accompaniment, weddings, funerals and festive activities.
Suona consists of poles, whistles, gas labels, intruders and bowls. The rod is made of mahogany, is a hollow cone, and has eight circular sound holes (the first seven and the last one). The surface is twisted into a bamboo shape, which is beautiful and convenient to press. The whistle is made of reeds, one end is a flat reed whistle, and the other end is wrapped with a round copper wire for inserting intruders. The gas label is made of two circular pieces of copper, plexiglass or celluloid, which are put on the intruder from top to bottom with a gourd-shaped ornament in the middle. The upper piece is used to support the lips, and the lower piece is used as the finale to help the country and make the mouth force last. The intruder is a conical thin tube made of copper, with a spring whistle inserted at the top and a tube connected at the bottom. Bowl, also known as bell mouth, is made of thin copper sheet, which is sleeved at the lower end of the rod and can be moved and loaded and unloaded.
There are many varieties, which are divided into five types according to the length of the pole: Haidi, Xiaosuona, Zhongsuona, Dasuona and Baigan. The total length of the shaft is 18.2-3 1, the inner diameter of the lower opening is 1.8-2.65, and the outer diameter of the lower opening is 2.4-3.45 cm. The height of the bowl is 7. 1- 13.6, the inner diameter of the upper opening is 2.35-3.25, and the diameter of the lower opening is 8.6- 14.4 cm. The sea flute bowl is short, sharp in pronunciation and high in timbre, and is used for instrumental ensemble. Popular in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and other provinces; Small and soft, the commonly used seven-inch pole is also called three squeaks. Used for solo, ensemble or song and dance accompaniment, popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Jiangxi and other provinces; China suona has a soft tone, with a one-foot one-inch pole, also known as black pole. Popular in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui. The above-mentioned suona is spread in southern provinces, so it is called southern suona. The pronunciation of the big suona is low, generally one foot and five inches, also known as the big pole or mixed head. Popular in Northeast China, Shanhaiguan and Jidong; The sound of the cypress pole is crisp and bright, and it is used to play minor and traditional operas (imitating the singing of traditional operas in China). The great suona and cypress stalks spread in northern provinces, so they are called northern suona. All kinds of suona have different pitches, such as small suona in D, sea flute in G and F, suona and big suona in A and bB. The common range is two octaves.
Suona is often played as a leading instrument or combined with gongs and drums, which is suitable for expressing a warm and festive atmosphere. In rural areas, it is used for assembly, harvest, festival celebration or wedding and funeral ceremonies; It is the main musical instrument of Hebei Blowing Song, Shandong Advocating, Liaonan Advocating, Chaozhou Big Gong and Drum, and Shanxi Eight Sets.
Playing techniques include Legato, Single Vomiting, Shuang Tu, Three Vomiting, Playing, Flower Tongue, Flute, Sliding, Vibrating, Overlapping, Slow Tone, and can also imitate the singing of birds. Traditional songs mostly come from folk songs, local operas, folk tunes and opera tunes. The music includes "A Hundred Birds Facing the Phoenix", "Open the Door", "A Flower", "Fengyang Song", "Wedding Song" and "Cowherd".
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