You know I have a husband and you want to give me a pair of pearls. I thank you for your love and pin the pearl on my red shirt.

My home is connected with the imperial garden, and my husband is on duty in the palace with a halberd.

Although I know you are sincere to Lang Lang, I have vowed to share my life and death with my husband.

Return your double beads, my eyes are full of tears, and I regret not meeting you before I got married. ("Fu Jie Dongping Lishi Island")

It is better to die and be jealous than to be born without being jealous.

? The Status of Women in Early Tang Dynasty

The freedom of women in the Tang Dynasty was unprecedented. Their social circle was not restricted by men, but also had their own social status and space.

Until now, gender inequality is still an interesting problem. But most people don't want to think deeply about its background, and sometimes they regard the inequality of social division of labor as the inequality between men and women. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, whether the status of women was improved or decreased, even among experts and scholars, it was said that people were different.

Here, I want to talk about my personal views based on my knowledge. I divided the Tang Dynasty into two periods with Kaiyuan Tianbao as the boundary.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the status of women improved steadily. Princess Pingyang, like Li Yuan, made contributions to the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Jian Dynasty. As the wife of Emperor Taizong, the empress of Emperor Taizong also carried out a lot of rectification of state affairs. Another example is Princess Anle, who privately invited Zhongzong to let her be the wife of the emperor. A typical example is Princess Taiping, who was punished one after another? Two? Eliminating Webster's power is two major events related to the safety and survival of the Li and Tang Dynasties. As for Wu Zetian and Emperor Gaozong, who is in charge of state affairs and becomes one? Your voice? Finally, Wuzhou Lai was founded, which can be said to be the peak of feudal women's participation in politics.

According to historical records, 27 people in a generation of princess of Tang Dynasty remarried, including 4 high-impedance women, 6 Taizong women, 1 person, 3 Zhongzong women, 2 women and 9 Xuanzong women, accounting for more than 90%. In the early Tang Dynasty, the number of princesses was 9/kloc-0, and remarriage accounted for nearly 30%. A large number of princesses remarried in the early Tang Dynasty, which shows that women are free to divorce and remarry without the shackles of chastity.

Is there such a thing recorded in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty?

Princess Danyang married Xue Wanche. Wan Che was so stupid that the princess was ashamed and didn't sit at the same table for several months. Taizong listened and smiled. In order to buy wine, he called his son-in-law and Wan Che over to talk calmly, holding gambling tools and carrying knives. Yang was invincible, so he gave it to him. The Lord is happy, so is life.

Look, it is actually necessary for the emperor's son-in-law to come forward personally to save the princess's marriage crisis.

Of course, some people will say that it is because the other party is a princess and a royal daughter. Actually, it's not, it's the minister's house, and this kind of situation is everywhere. It's precisely because the wife has a high position in the family, so? Afraid of his wife? There are many examples According to Wan's Records of Yushitai:

Gui Ren, the Guan Gong of the Tang Dynasty, was afraid of his wife. Emperor Taizong served his son well, but he dared not return the rose after thanking him. Taizong asked his wife to pour him wine and said, When a woman is jealous, it should be seven points. If I could change careers without jealousy, I wouldn't drink this wine. No, you can drink. ? Say: I can't change my jealousy. Please drink. ? Then drink it.

Another record of the Sui and Tang Dynasties:

Mrs. Liang Gong is very jealous. Emperor Taizong wanted to give a beautiful woman to Liang Gong, but she refused to accept her resignation. The emperor ordered the queen to call her wife and tell her that she wanted a good letter. My wife is not coming back. The emperor ordered: If you don't live with jealousy, you'd rather die with jealousy. ? Mrs. Liang replied:? I'd rather die of jealousy. ? Is to have a drink with it, and get it done in one fell swoop. The emperor said:? I'm afraid of it, not to mention Ling Xuan! ?

The two stories are similar in content, but different in communication, so they are true. According to the law of the Tang Dynasty, a woman's jealousy will be lost by her husband. But in these two stories, the husband not only dared not marry, but even under the pressure of the emperor, the wife did not give in, so that Emperor Taizong was the most respected and touched a rebuff. This is not a special case. For example, Yang Hongwu, an official in the reign of Emperor Gaozong, and Pei Haohao, an imperial historian in the reign of Emperor Gaozong, were both famous henpecked.

Not only the minister, but also the emperor Li Zhi was punished by Wu Zetian. When Wu Zetian was registered as a queen, she specially made a Weifang. Every time Li Zhi wanted to make a difference, she was easily restrained by Wu Zetian, so that she became furious, but secretly ordered Shangguan Yi to beg for abolition. When Wu Zetian learned about it, Emperor Gaozong, the teacher of Daxing's inquisition, was so scared that he even put all the blame on Shangguan Yi. I didn't have this heart at first, but Shangguan Yi taught me. ? It was unjust of Shangguan Yi to be guillotined for this.

Whether men and women are equal in status actually has a simple criterion, that is, to observe whether men and women are free and open in communication. In the Tang Dynasty, court concubines and maids did not shy away from foreign ministers and were informal. For example, according to historical records, Wei Ruyun and Wu Sansi sat on the imperial bed and played backgammon, while Tang Zhongzong watched and gave directions. For example, Jiang Jiao, a favorite of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, often feasted with his concubines, and An Lushan ate, drank and played with Yang Guifei in the harem, even staying up all night. This is unimaginable in later generations.

For example, Guo Ziyi, an important official of ZTE Datang, retired in his later years and enjoyed himself. One day, Qilu came to see him. He was surrounded by a group of geisha who grew up at home and proudly enjoyed the fun. As soon as she heard that Qilu was coming, she immediately ordered all the ladies, including geisha, to retreat behind the screen of the reception room, and no one was allowed to come out to see the guests. He talked with Qilu alone for a long time. When the guests left, their families asked him: When you meet the guests on weekdays, you won't avoid our existence. Why should you be so careful when you meet a scholar today? ? Guo Ziyi said? You don't know that Qilu is very talented, but he is narrow-minded and will be retaliated. He is ugly, half of his face is green, like a ghost in a temple. You women love to laugh. Laugh whenever you have nothing to do. If you see half of Qilu's blue face, you must smile, and he will hold a grudge. Once it succeeds, you and my descendants will not live! ? Qilu soon became prime minister, and anyone who looked down on him and offended him in the past could not avoid being killed and robbed. Only his family, even if it was a little illegal, he kept it, thinking that Guo attached great importance to him, and he was grateful for it. ?

From this incident, it just reflects how broad-minded people were in the communication between men and women in the early Tang Dynasty. So, does this trend just stay in the upper class? Let's look at the following example?

Wen, a poet of Huajian School in the late Tang Dynasty, spent a lot of money and willows when he was a teenager. He was flogged and expelled by the prison state, and his reputation was ruined from then on. One day, I went to Wen Jia on business. Wen's sister saw him, grabbed Yao's sleeve and cried and scolded Yao severely. Yao didn't expect Wen's sister to be so emotional that she was scared herself. After returning to China, she fell ill and died.

Look, even if men and women don't kiss, they don't care at all.

As for the interaction between men and women in the lower classes, it is even more leisurely, just as Cui Hao's long-running song "Tell me, where do you live?" ? Near here, next to the fishing pond? . Let's catch our boat together and see if we belong to the same town ...?

Hong Mai, a poet in the Song Dynasty, summed up this phenomenon in Three Chapters of Rongzhai. Li's suspicion was not laughed at by the Tang people. ? Therefore, it is not surprising that strange men and women in Tang Legend talk freely, get to know each other and even drink at the same table.

It is precisely because of the unprecedented improvement of women's freedom in the Tang Dynasty that their social circle was not restricted by men, but also had their own social status and space. This is reflected in Dunhuang documents. Women's club? The social contract document is the most obvious, one of which was written in 959 and has been virtuous for six years?

Xiande is under six years old. On the third day of the first month, the Women's Association first came, each with good intentions and conditions. Gavin is sincere in establishing a society, which is orderly and orderly. Parents' anger, friends' strength, sharing weal and woe, sharing weal and woe, friends' friendship, keeping your word, making friends, keeping the world together, giving priority to the words, and making a pledge of eternal love, which does not violate China. First, in the name of honor and disgrace, it is convenient for social occasions. If everyone has a combination of oil, a catty of white flour and a bucket of millet, they must be driven away to help those who make food and wine. When a person dies, he is sent by the commune. The gift is the same as before, and the owner does not criticize or punish him. Second, on the first day of the first month of the first month in the club, everyone pays a bucket of tax and a lamp of oil to take off the tower and seal the sand. One is to repay the kindness of the king, and the other is to bless their parents. Or, if the club does not remonstrate or listen to the advice of its owner, it will praise the club and punish them with a banquet, making them useless. If you want to leave the club, give everyone three sticks and then punish you with a banquet. Some people will not be exempted.

As can be seen from the document, the signature is * * * 15 people, including club officials, long-term associations, clerks, old-age associations and people from various clubs, which can be described as having clear functions and responsibilities. More importantly, in the process of communication, these women not only voluntarily, but also have the right to control the family's economic expenses.

Some people want to say that it has been six years in Shide, isn't that already five generations? How can this be said to be the early Tang Dynasty? What I want to say is that even in the Five Dynasties, women still have such freedom, so it is not difficult to imagine the status of women in the early and middle Tang Dynasty.

I regret meeting my true lover after I get married

? Chastity view in Tang dynasty

The virtuous woman demanded by the Tang people only pays more attention to physical chastity, but as for spiritual infidelity, it seems to be an elegant thing.

The concept of chastity of women in the Tang Dynasty is relatively weak, but this weakness does not mean that there is no, at least it is emphasized in the official history, because the problem of good or bad social atmosphere always needs to be established. For example, Li Shimin clearly pointed out in the Apostolic Amnesty Order after he ascended the throne. Chastity husband, chastity wife, listed in the state capital, table on the door. ? It can be seen that at the beginning of the founding of the Tang Dynasty, local officials were required to report the advanced deeds of virgins and women every year. Of course, unlike later generations, this kind of ostentation and extravagance is not limited to women, but also treats righteous men equally.

Let's take a look at the new Tang book again? Biography of a woman, beginning of the article:? After a hundred years of edification, Tang Xing, whose surname is My Fair Lady, survived, kept etiquette, and could not fight with the philosophers and martyrs for immortal fame. It was as cold as frost and snow, which was also commendable. Today, I collected an article written by You Xianxing, which is a reflection on my father, son, husband and wife. ?

After telling the truth, the first typical example is a woman named Pei Shuying:

Li's wife Pei, named Shu Ying, is the daughter of Moment 'an. I heard that she is hardworking and filial to the villagers. Wu De moved to Lingnan during the Sui Dynasty. I was over one year old when I got married and divorced. Wu De called Pei Yue: If we are demoted and there is no reason to return it, you will marry him, and we will make a long decision here. ? Answer:? Honey, God, can you recite it? I would rather die than die. ? If you want to cut your ears, the nanny won't allow it. My husband is married,/kloc-I am looking forward to Pei Zhili at the age of 0/8. I can't live in Kaori. I've seen Biography of Women, and people who don't marry are often called people. If you don't practice the second court, what is the difference between a woman and a book? ? In the last ten years, Wu De didn't pay back the money, so he decided to marry her, broke his hair and didn't eat, but he knew he couldn't take it away, so he listened. Wu De even married Jules' family. When he was pardoned, Zhong Dao heard that he was married, so he sent his wife away. He was a couple before.

This story should be an extreme example of the Tang Dynasty. In order to save the festival, Pei Shuying chose to cut off her ears to show her intention, but failed under the obstruction of the nanny. If it were the Ming Dynasty, it would be useless for ten nannies to stop it, because the heroine of the Ming Dynasty really had to be cut (which I will talk about in my next book). Of course, some were cut. For example, Tai Ping Guang Ji records that Wei Jingyu's wife died when she was sixteen. She cut off her ear and vowed never to remarry.

In fact, there are some unknown places about the author who wrote The Book of the New Tang Dynasty. For example, the whole Tang poetry contains a real one? Can't the white blade move? Poems by the poetess Cheng. Because it is well written, I extracted the full text (I certainly didn't do it to earn the manuscript fee, but because I love my female compatriots, because there are too many words from men, including the author himself, in the book "The Course of Sex", so I will despise it here).

Living in Poyang Qu, my heart is more single-minded than solitary bamboo. At that time, 28-year-old Rong Rong was handsome, and the red scribble was like flying.

Sitting at the window all day embroidering, sometimes picking lotus at home. Whoever lives in poverty and guards the city is lonely and unknown.

Sea salt is cold in the morning and mountain flowers are wet at night. What did the man do? He walked towards the curtain with a white blade.

If you die by the sword, your daughter will not be deceived in secret. My heart is full of troubles and I am determined to win the autumn frost.

I don't hate blood spattering on my clothes, and I don't want to quit if my sores stick to my brocade sleeves. County magistrate Liao once knew nothing about emotions, even if it was embarrassing.

Lip drops injustice, jade chopsticks dry sigh. /kloc-the cold in October is even more memorable, and it hurts when you smell it.

The clouds are scattered before they are combed, and the moths sweep the new moon. Strict three feet is difficult to overcome, who will sue in a hundred years.

But I didn't believe that Bai Gui was perfect until I saw the snow washed away. ("The King of Books in Prison")

The life story of this woman is actually unknown. But from the content of the poem, we can know that she was a very beautiful woman in her twenties and eighties. After she got married, maybe her husband went out and stayed alone in her empty boudoir. A lecherous lothario broke into her house with a white blade. Cheng Ning never followed, so that her blood spilled all over her clothes. However, under her desperate resistance, the lothario failed. Maybe when she was struggling, she was caught in the government because she was injured in excessive defense. In prison, Cheng wrote such a long poem and asked the jailer to give it to the officer.

Of course, this spirit of fierce resistance is still advocated even in modern times. After all, it is still related to women's personal wishes. Only paying attention to chastity and chastity is a man's boast, which is not enough for training.

In fact, the heroic women in the Tang Dynasty after the middle Tang Dynasty paid attention to chastity, which was not unrelated to the retro trend advocated by Confucian master Han Yu and others. Due to the separatist regime of the buffer region, how does the central government compete with the buffer region for the centripetal force of the people The first is to solve it by force, such as Yuan and Xian Zongzhongxing. Unfortunately, it was a flash in the pan. Later, we had to rely on high-profile propaganda in the ideological field to publicize those loyal ministers and dutiful sons, such as Han Yu's admiration for Zhang Xun who gained a foothold in Suiyang during Xuanzong period. Men are required to be loyal and filial, so correspondingly, women are also required to be chaste and sober.

Let's take a look at the representative work of Meng Jiao, the leading figure of Han Meng Poetry School (Han Meng Poetry School is an influential poetry school that rose at the same time as the New Yuefu Movement in the middle Tang Dynasty, with Han Yu and Meng Jiao as its representatives), which is very Taoist.

A chaste woman is loved by her husband in a life as faithful as theirs. What kind of stormy waves can annoy a soul like water in an eternal well? . (Brave Woman Fuck)

A woman is a husband, and encore can move the sky again. You listened to the crane and moaned seven strings. ("Go find a woman")

However, the virtuous women's day demanded by the people in the Tang Dynasty is still far from the future generations. It just pays more attention to physical chastity, and as for spiritual derailment, it seems to be an elegant thing. For example, in Tang poetry, there are many poems written by poets and married women, so I won't give many examples. Here, I only share with you one of the 300 Tang poems, which is quite famous:

You know I have a husband and you want to give me a pair of pearls. I thank you for your love and pin the pearl on my red shirt.

My home is connected with the imperial garden, and my husband is on duty in the palace with a halberd.

Although I know you are sincere to Lang Lang, I have vowed to share my life and death with my husband.

Return your double beads, my eyes are full of tears, and I regret not meeting you before I got married. ("Fu Jie Dongping Lishi Island")

This poem was written by Zhang Ji, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty. He was a scholar in the 15th year of Zhenyuan (799) and was awarded Dr. Guo Zi on the recommendation of Han Yu. Many celebrities were happy to travel with him at that time. When he became the foreign minister of the Ministry of Water Resources, he was valued by Li Shidao, a buffer region in the twelve states of Ziqing at that time, and wanted to win him over to his own shogunate to expand the strength of the buffer region. Zhang Ji was loyal to the imperial court and hated the separatist regime in the buffer region. He wrote such a poem as a political statement and refused to go, obviously refusing.

However, this Tang Dynasty is fictional? A virtuous woman? In the Ming and Qing dynasties, not at all? Festival? Because a truly virtuous woman can't even cheat her spirit. A poet named Qu You even changed his poem to:? Huanzhu Jun hated your generals and wept behind closed doors. ? ("Return to the Pearl")

This idea of making people collapse is not Qu You's posturing. Let's take a look at the evaluation of this poem in Selected Poems of Ming and Qing Dynasties:

Another woman's holiday is not very unstable. (Tang Ruxun's Interpretation of Tang Poetry)

Chastity is in danger! (His grandson's poem "Raft in the Paddy Field")

But if you play with the meaning of words, you won't record them, for fear of losing the purpose of women. (Shen Deqian's Collection of Tang Poems)

However, we can't take it for granted that Tang Ruxun, He and He are stubborn, conservative and reactionary literati. Because what's the difference if we look at people's ideas in the Ming and Qing Dynasties from today's perspective, just as they looked at the Tang Dynasty from that time?

?

After all, the world has changed, and we don't have to get involved in such things as worrying about and reflecting on the ancients, otherwise it would be too boring to read as a Taoist.