According to17th century historian Dennis, who is familiar with medieval history? According to Godfrey's account, it is said that the five characteristics of Notre Dame Moran are quite similar to the king's mistress Agnes? Sorrell and the donor knight made no secret of his passion for the king's mistress. Even considering many excellent qualities of this painting, we can see that the Madonna is like a fashionable doll with a round forehead and shaved hair. The round breasts are separated, the waist is thin and high, the facial expression is weird and difficult to ponder, and the angels around them are stiff, or red or blue. All these give the work a decadent pagan color, which is in sharp contrast with the powerful and distinctive lines of donors and saints. Godfrey noticed a string of E-shaped patterns on the blue velvet frame, which were concentric knots made of gold and silver silk thread and pearls. Isn't this blasphemy and indifference that even the Renaissance spirit can't surpass?
The phenomenon of blasphemy is almost everywhere in daily religious activities. It is said that the melody of the choir is suitable for the ceremony, but the lyrics blaspheme the sages, such as Kiss Me and Red Nose. When David, the illegitimate son of kind-hearted duke of burgundy, went to Utrecht as a bishop, all his contemporaries dressed up as warriors on the battlefield. Accompanied by Ammers Ford in the central Netherlands, he is also the illegitimate child of his private brother Burgundy. According to Chatterland, David was persistent and "consistent with his status as a conqueror". He rode a big horse and went straight into the church. The entourage, armed with "battle flags" and crosses, went to the high altar to pray.
Is Rudolph comparable to such an arrogant Burgundy? Agricola's father, Reverend Pavlo, is frivolous. When he was elected as the abbot of Servit Abbey, he learned that her husband had given birth to a son for him, so he said, "I have been a father twice today, God bless me." People in the Middle Ages believed that disrespect for the church was a relatively new evil: people in the past went to church, knelt down with great piety and humility, clung to the altar, obeyed and took off their hats. People nowadays, like wild animals, don't take off their headscarves and hats when they walk to the altar.
Nicholas? Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau lamented that only a few people went to mass during the festival, and even if they did, they left halfway, content to touch holy water, curtsy to the Virgin or kiss the portrait of a saint. If priests take communion and raise bread, they will feel proud, as if they have made great contributions to Christ. The priest and his assistant are the only believers in morning classes and evening prayers. The squire told the priest attending the mass to wait again and again until he and his wife got up late and got dressed. Even on Christmas Eve, the holiest festivals indulge in debauchery, playing cards, cursing and blasphemy. Hearing the warning, some people actually make sense. They follow the example of nobles and priests, because their behavior is also very bad. During the vigil, someone danced in the church, accompanied by lewd songs.
The priest rolled the dice and cursed at the vigil. Perhaps these situations are the records left by moralists, who always look at problems with gloomy eyes, but different documents have confirmed this statement more than once. The Strasbourg City Council allocated 65,438+065,438+000 liters of wine for people who celebrated St. Adolph's night through "vigil and prayer" in the church. A city councilman complained to Cardinal Danny that the annual sacred exhibition tour provided opportunities for drunkenness and unruly behavior. How to stop this bad tendency? It is not easy for the mayor himself to accept the suggestion of stopping the procession, because such tourism will create wealth in the city and attract tourists who need to eat, drink and have fun. Besides, it is a traditional custom. Danny knows this problem. He knows the bad things that people are not ashamed of when celebrating the acquisition: rumors, laughter, flirting, drinking and other rude pleasures.
His lamentation can be used to describe Ghent and his party's taking Saint Lian (Saint Lee? The icon is sent to the Aussem market. Chastelain said that in the past days, outstanding people carried icons, which was "extremely solemn and awesome"; In his time, people carrying icons were "a bunch of bastards and villains". They screamed at the top of their lungs, screaming, singing and dancing, laughing in various ways and getting drunk. Moreover, they carry weapons and do whatever they want. They act spontaneously on the pretext of supporting idols, and everything is under their control. Going to church has become a social factor. People go to church to dress up, show off their fame and prestige, and compete for personal style. As mentioned above, the "holy disk" kissing ceremony is an annoying source of competitive politeness.
When a handsome young aristocrat enters the church, an elegant lady will stand up and kiss the aristocrat's lips. No matter whether the priest is holding bread to take communion, believers are kneeling and praying. Walking back and forth and whispering are customary behaviors at mass. It is common for young men and women to use the church as a meeting place, but only those Taoists are still uneasy. Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau complains that young people go to church to see women. They have exquisite hairstyles and are conspicuous by their gold and silver. Bisan, who respects himself with virtue, expresses such feelings with pure tone and regular rhythm: If I often go to church, it is to watch the lotus drop.
The church not only provides opportunities for believers to meet each other, but also allows believers to hand holy water to their sweetheart, give her a holy plate and kneel beside her; Flirting is not limited to flirting and peeking. Even on the day of worship, prostitutes attract customers in the church, and the church sells pictures that corrupt young people and teach prostitutes and thieves. No sermon can help to fight against this evil. Time and time again, churches and altars were defiled by depraved evil. Like going to church, pilgrimage also provides opportunities for entertainment, especially love. People often call Hajj an interesting trip. Knight Toure? Landley seriously educated his daughter to learn the manners of a lady, and discussed the proper manners of a lady when going to a championship and relaxing on the pilgrimage.
He gave an example to warn his daughter, because some women go to see their lovers in the name of pilgrimage. "This example is enough to explain why you shouldn't go on a pilgrimage for stupid secular greed." Clemenger once expressed a similar view: people go to distant places for pilgrimage not so much to fulfill their vows as to seek freedom from the constraints of rules and regulations; Pilgrimage is a period of frequent derailment and violation; The procuress always goes out to seduce young girls at this time. In Fifteen Pleasures of Marriage, there is often such a plot: when a young woman wants to go out to play, she tries to convince her husband that she should fulfill her promise, and the child gets sick because she didn't fulfill her promise of pilgrimage when she gave birth. Charles vi's wedding with Isabella of Bavaria began with a pilgrimage. It is no wonder that devout believers in the "modern piety" movement rarely go on pilgrimage.
On the contrary, as Thomas Compton (Thomas? Kempis) said that it is difficult for people who have made many pilgrimages to become saints. Frederick? Where is it? To this end, Herot wrote Contra peregrinantes. These blasphemous acts shamelessly confuse guilty life with religious life, which is not so much public blasphemy as inappropriate childish behavior in religious ceremonies. Only in a culture where religion is thoroughly infiltrated and faith is taken for granted will such excessive and decadent behavior occur. These people follow perfunctory and degenerate religious customs, and are no different from those knights who suddenly burst into religious fanaticism. Dervish fanatical sermons often incite religious fanaticism.
This stupid blasphemy can only be produced in a strong belief. Curse was originally a conscious invitation to God, and it was the only sign of the omnipresent consciousness of divine power. The evil of curse permeates into the most trivial things. Only when you really feel the challenge of divine power, the curse has its guilty appeal. It is only after the curse becomes a mechanical behavior and vows to lose the worry of retribution that the curse becomes a monotonous swear word. In the late Middle Ages, curse still had the attraction of daring to challenge and showing arrogance, which made it a noble game. A nobleman said to the farmer, "What's the matter? You give your soul to the devil, you deny God, but you are not a noble? " According to Deschamps, the habit of swearing is gradually transferred from the upper class to the lower class.