Chenchen (163 1- 1670? ), the word meets the heart, the number of geese goes down the mountain to firewood, and the number of geese comes down. "First moved from Changxing, then passed on to Chen" ("Daoguang Nanwu Town Records"). It seems that his ancestors settled in Nanwu, Huzhou during the drought. His life, thoughts and poems have been discussed in Huzhou Poetry in the Early Qing Dynasty (Journal of Huzhou Normal University) (No.3, 1990). Here only introduces his novel "After the Water Drains". Judging from the preface poem "Thousands of years hate Yuanji, white hair is lonely, and the old article continues", the novel is his later work. It is a sequel to the story of water, with eight volumes and forty chapters. This book tells the story of 32 Liangshan heroes, including Li Junhe Ruan, who revolted again after Song Jiang's death and started businesses overseas.
The story begins with Ruan mourning Liangshan Shoujian, Zhang Qian's dismissal from office and fishing in Taihu Lake to resist Bashan snakes. Liangshan heroes scattered around the country gradually regrouped, raised the banner of justice again, and established the strongholds of Deng Yunshan and Yinmachuan. For example, Tie Guaizile and conspired to rescue Hua's mother, son and nephew, and Ruan rescued Huang Xin when Niu Dujian escorted Huang Xin Road through Yunshan. Cai Jing and his son, Gaoyou, Tong Guan and other traitors were finally executed by Liangshan heroes. According to the story of water. 1 19, developed and implemented by the author. The story ends with Li Jun's poem "Enjoy the splendor of the world" when he founded the country overseas.
Ideologically, the book inherits the viewpoint that "water should be accessible", exposes the corruption of the ruling class and the evil of brutally oppressing the people, and praises the people's resistance struggle. Moreover, because the author lives in an era of sharp ethnic contradictions and has a strong patriotic spirit, his works highlight ethnic contradictions and show strong characteristics of the times. The work describes the people's sufferings after Jin Bing went south, condemns the crimes of the ruling clique in the Southern Song Dynasty, and praises the patriotic spirit of Li Gang and others. It is mentioned that the author's poem "Nine Songs" describes that the small court of the Ming Dynasty abandoned Zhejiang and the Qing army slaughtered the people: "Jiangnan has been split in half, and the small court still seeks peace. Less than three days after the tide in Qiantang, the smoke in Xianxialing dispersed. Whoever throws the sword and disarms is suitable for this plan. Southerners try the iron of northerners. How can caged birds escape without wild Artemisia? " It is not difficult to see that the story of "after saving water" implies the lessons of Ming and Wu that the author is familiar with. This is consistent with his anti-Qing activities with organizations such as Gu, Gui Zhuang and Poetry Society. It was under the harsh suppression of the Qing court that the author retired to "study hard on Tibetan scriptures and sell divination for self-sufficiency", which made "Sang Cui can't laugh one after another where she lives together" (Fan Kai's Poem of Sid Chronicle). In his later years, the author used novels and poems to express his patriotism and lofty national integrity.
In art, although this book is a sequel, it also has its own characteristics. In the plot arrangement, on the one hand, it is perfunctory on the basis of water economy biography; On the other hand, most of the plots are entirely out of the author's unique ideas. In the characterization, we not only take care of the personality characteristics of these characters in Shui Chu Zhuan, but also develop them and write their growth in the real struggle, thus making the image more full. For example, Li Jun has grown from a leader of Liangshan Water Army to a resourceful, brave and politically minded rebel leader. Another example is Ruan, who said: "On that day, when we were unpopular, our brothers United and dared to break Tokyo, killing all the traitors who were so envious of the sages and rehabilitating the people of the world. Isn't it fun?" This fully shows the improvement of his understanding after the failure of Liangshan. His character is stronger, bolder and knows more about fighting strategies than that in Water Margin.
Of course, due to the limitations of the author's world outlook and times, the book also has a strong feudal consciousness.
There are two novels, one is Elvis Presley revised by Yu Lang in the late Qing Dynasty, and the other is Yu Piao (182 1- 1907) born in Deqing County, Huzhou, whose real name is Yin Fu. Daoguang Jinshi, edited by Guan Hanlin Academy, studied politics in Henan. As a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty, he once gave lectures in Hangzhou. In addition to his great achievements in China's ancient philology, grammar and rhetoric, he also wrote poems, novels and plays. In his Spring in the Hall (250 volumes), there are many kinds of note novels.
Elvis Presley was revised and rewritten according to the Three Heroes and Five Righteousnesses. "Three Chivalries and Five Righteousness" was originally named "The Legend of Loyal Chivalrous Man". He was Shi Yukun, the first rapper to rap the case of Longtu. He had a copy of Longtu Second Road, which was later adapted by others. 120. It was revised by Yu Piao, and the first chapter was rewritten. Because the original contains more content than the "Three Chivalrous Men", the title of the book was changed, because Ai Hu, Black Fox, Zhihua, Shen Zhongyuan and Young Zhuge were also listed among them, plus Nan Xia, Bei Xia and Shuang Xia, a total of seven chivalrous men. The book is about Bao Zheng's trial and Elvis Presley's activities. The plot is tortuous and the language is fluent. This book exposes the corruption and cruelty of the feudal ruling class and praises Bao Gong's justice and selfishness. There are also some feudal superstitions.
Another novel, the history of the lotus. According to the introduction of Huzhou Culture and Art Annals, Literary Articles and Novels compiled by Shao Ren, the book is signed "Written in Unknown Life, Author's Real Name", with a total of 40 volumes. The print edition of Yulin Shanghai Newspaper, the publication year is unknown. Thirty chapters of Shi Yin Ben were published by 1885 Shanghai Wenhai Bookstore. The book has an anonymous preface, calling it "ending the crime of faking the former enemy, helping the ancient to prove the present, marking the new and praising the different", and comparing it with The Wizard of Oz and Four Worlds. In the book, Princess Furong committed suicide by jumping off the platform, and the poppy produced on the tomb poisoned the people of the black country and weakened it. This book may have been written after the Opium War, but it is not certain that it was in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.
As far as classical Chinese is concerned, the short stories from the early Qing Dynasty to the period of Ganjia (1 mid-century to1early 9th century) have the highest achievements: one is Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, and the other is Ji Gou's Notes and Novels from Yuewei Caotang. After two books, there are many imitators. The essence of many "note novels" is that the nature of notes exceeds the nature of novels and is basically no longer included in the category of literary novels. As far as the artistry and ideology of the novel are concerned, the short stories in Huzhou in Qing Dynasty are represented by Huang's Biography of Nuoluling.
Huang (1611-1681), originally from Shangyuan, Jiangsu (now Jiangning County), was called Chronicle of Qing Poetry and originally from Xiangtan, Hunan.
It's not true to call Cantonese. He was born in Zhoujia, Xiangtan when he was a child. His name is Jing Yu, No.9 Smoke, nicknamed Pu 'an. In the thirteenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, he was a scholar and took charge of the palace department. After the death of Ming Chengzu, he retired to Majiaxiang, Naner Town, Xing Wu, and changed his name to Ren Huang. Where is Gankun's hometown in patriotism and indignation? There are a few lines of commercial songs in the third watch (The Precursor Collection of Huang). Qu Yuan thought his epitaph and died in the 19th year of Kangxi (168 1). The tomb is in the east of the city. His poems, books, paintings and seal cutting are all very skillful, including "Collection of Mr. Yu Jiuyan's Legacy" and "Xia Ji". In addition to poems and novels, he also has plays such as "Happy People" and "Borrowing Flowers".
He loves Huzhou's landscape and has written many poems praising Huzhou's landscape, such as "A Tour of Huzhou in Bingwu and June" and "Eight Poems of Scenery of Caoxi" (Love for the Moon, Dojo Heritage, Bai Niao View, Drinking in the Depression, Talking about Zen in the Garden, Haiyun Poems, etc. ). Huzhou literati highly praised its high morals and bright festivals, and Dong Qiao, a "southern dirty poetry school", described its image as "the mighty wind blows cloth clothes and the sound of wine shakes the eyes." Turn a blind eye to skinny, running back and forth on the rivers and lakes with old Xie Xiang "sad sentence read Mr. Huang Jiuyan's Pu 'an poem, see Dong Qiao's sugarcane garden poem).
Joe's younger brother came from the east to praise his connections. There is a poem called "Interview with Mr. Pu An" (see "Jia An Poem"): "I am proud to return to my hometown, and the castle peak knows everything. Yue's travels are beautiful and elegant, and the staff is clear. It is a bad thing to worship the cliff with stones, and it is a comment to try to boil water with tea. The bear talks about waking up the banana window and slowing down the autumn crane.
The synopsis of Cui Ying's Biography of Zhang Ling is as follows: Zhang Ling, a Suzhou scholar in the Zheng De period of the Ming Dynasty, was handsome, talented, dissolute, and despised his official career. He never intended to take the imperial examination and made friends with Tang Yin for the last year. Although my family is poor and unmarried, I want a beautiful woman like Cui Yuanyang. Every day is drinking and writing poems. One day, Tang Yin and Zhu Zhishan held a banquet in Tiger Hill, pretending to be beggars, and begging for drinks everywhere in Tiger Hill with Liu Lingchuan in their hands. Tang Yin drew another picture of begging, which coincided with Nanchang Gongsheng Cui and his daughter escorting Lingshu to his hometown. He got this photo when he learned that begging was a genius. Both talent and appearance, Zhang and Cui fell in love at first sight.
Ning Wang asked Tang Yin to draw ten beautiful pictures for the emperor, and asked Tang to inquire about the beautiful women on the Tiger Hill. However, Cui Ying, who was deeply victimized by traitors, was chosen as the top ten beauties and planned to commit suicide after entering the palace. So he wrote a poem on the beggar's map and asked his father to give it to Zhang Lang. When Tang Yin learned of this incident, he tried his best to save it, so he had to take a copy of Cui Ying's portrait and return to the map of the Beggars' Sect to meet Zhang Ling in Suzhou. Zhang Lingsheng was angry with En and was bedridden. When he saw the reproduced image of Cui Ying, he kowtowed and bowed. After reading the poem Beggars, he vomited blood and wrote himself a note: "Let those who have a free birthday die for love." After Cui Ying was sent to Beijing, Yuan Jun was locked up because of the failed rebellion. Ying returned to Jiangxi, and her father died, so she came to Suzhou to look for it. Tang Yin took the manuscript and begging map with Cui to a cemetery, where Cui hanged himself. Don buried them together. The following spring, Tang visited the grave and dreamed of Zhang and Cui.
The whole novel, and the author's comments on the first and second non-plots. The first paragraph explains the reason for writing this novel. The author learned the deeds of Zhang and Cui from the Complete Works of Liu Ruju and Ten Beautiful Pictures, and thought that this love tragedy of a gifted scholar and a beautiful woman should be passed on, so it was supplemented for them. The last paragraph is the author's view on the tragedy of love. He thinks that a tragic ending is more meaningful than a comedy happy ending. He said: "Zhang Ling died of love, Cui Ying died of love", "such ambition" and "can win glory with the sun and the moon". For example, when Cui and Zhang finally combined, "grow old together, the husband sings with the woman, and the children are full", which is just "the blessing of mediocrity". What does it mean to real talented people and beautiful women? "
The novel created two images, Zhang and Cui. Zhang's willful and unrestrained behavior is a manifestation of a rebellious attitude. It is a denial of official career, fame and fortune, and a rebellion against the ideal of life advocated by the feudal class. Pretending to beg and drink, flaunting Liu Ling, not afraid of ridicule, is a denial of feudal secularism and dissatisfaction with the reality of feudal society; The beauty of the ages pushed the dome camp alone and died for love. Generosity and Calm is a rebellion against feudal ethics and an affirmation that love is lazier than life and better than death. This rebellion against feudal ideals and ethics is a reflection of the times-the awakening of personality liberation and the persistent pursuit of freedom and happiness. This is different from Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun, Liu Lanzhi and Jiao Zhongqing before the Ming Dynasty. It is a rising civic consciousness, which is the product of the times with the emergence of handicraft workshops, the development of commodity economy and the germination of capitalism, as well as the gradual growth of the citizen class. Take Huzhou as an example. After Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, with the development of industry and commerce, towns flourished. Huzhou writer Mao Kun said: "As for towns and villages, such as Linghu and Silicon City, and Wuzhen and Naner in Wucheng, there are thousands of people around, and thousands of people are all big" (Collected Works of Mr. Mao Kunji Mao Lumen Lei 2). It can be seen that this image has the characteristics of the times to a certain extent, although the writer who shaped this image may not be clearly and consciously aware of this.
Rebel images with individual liberation include Du Liniang, Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu. In the history of China's novels, the images of Zhang and Cui are not isolated and unique. From the mid-Ming Dynasty to the Opium War, from Gu (), Huang (Zong Yu), Wang (Fu Zhi) and Yan (Yuan), the thoughts of these progressive philosophers reflected the development of industry and commerce and the requirements of the civil class, and could not but be echoed in the creation of progressive writers such as Tang Xianzu and Cao Xueqin. On this basis, the image of Zhang Ling has a certain typical significance. This work has a certain position in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and some even say that it has a certain position in the history of China's novels.
The view on the tragic ending of love in this work is also unique. Generally, the novels of gifted scholars and beautiful women have happy endings. That is the pursuit of happiness in family life. The author thinks that love is a spiritual realm, which is higher than the "generous blessing" of mediocre people. Indeed, those happy endings, as Engels said, are just "couples living together in an extremely boring chat called family happiness" (The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State). Russian literary critic belinsky said: when Shakespeare made Romeo and Juliet die, "it was not without reason: in this way, as heroes of love, their praise of love will remain in the reader's memory forever;" If they are allowed to live, they will play the role of a happy couple, sit together and yawn, sometimes even get stuck, which is simply poetic. "
This love tragedy is not only different from the happy ending works of gifted scholars and beautiful women, but also different from Liu Lanzhi and Jiao Zhongqing, Li Longji and Yang Yuhuan, Zhang Sheng and Cui Rongyuan, Dong Yong and the Seven Fairies. The works attribute the tragedies of Zhang and Cui to the direct persecution of the supreme ruling clique in the Ming Dynasty, exposing the corruption in the Ming Dynasty and making the works have deeper social significance. There are many lovers in "Farewell to the Past", but many people write about being in my heart forever, being kind, deserting, trysting and eloping, and many people write about the love of lovers, while men actively pursue women and love each other on an equal footing, just as the works say, "There is no oath ... just because talent and looks love each other" and die calmly for love. As written in this article, very few. There are social reasons for using Yang in this way.
Nature is limited by the times. As an intellectual of the feudal class, his ideological system and outlook on love and hate have not been divorced from the category of feudal literati, and the appearance of dreams at the end of his works dilutes the tragedy. The author's thoughts and feelings can be described by the comment "Feudalism Warmth" on Liaozhai (see Sun Qin-An Wen1994+01October).