I. Introduction of Qupai
1, four boards and four boards are the arias of the first four sentences of JD.COM drum. The tune is loud and powerful, and consists of four phrases. The falling tone is divided into: I, 5, 4, 1. There is no door between the four sentences. 2. The golden hook tune is enthusiastic and high-pitched, and it is often used behind the quarto board, so it is necessary to maintain a certain intensity when singing. It consists of two phrases, the stop sounds are: 5, 1, and a parrot-like door is added between the two sentences. 3. Double soft sounds and double soft sounds are more narrative and often used in dialogue or scenery description. It consists of two phrases with stops of 4 and 5, and a parrot-like door is added between the two sentences, which can be omitted as appropriate. 4. Double soft break and double soft tune are basically the same, except that the actors in the previous sentence don't sing with the band. 5. Double treble and double light tone are words and expressions to express high passion and praise. It consists of two phrases, the periods are I and 1 respectively, and there is no cross between the two sentences. 6. Drawing cavity The drawing cavity is suitable for narratives and counting boards. Tunes don't have many beats, and they are often used to complete a natural paragraph after double soft notes, upper bass and flowing water. It consists of two phrases, the stop sentence is: 1, and there is no door in the middle. 7. Running water is similar to Dan Xian's trumpeting. Half-speaking and half-singing can be repeated and suitable for narration. It is composed of the upper sentence and the lower sentence, with a falling tone of 6 and 5 respectively. 8. Reduplicated sentences are suitable for narration. The characteristic is that the next sentence is repetitive, that is, it consists of an upper sentence and two lower sentences. The stops are: 1, 5, 1.
Two. Historical tracing
It is said that the older generation of Baodi remembered that the founder of the drum was a man named Song in Fanjiazhuang Village, Dabaizhuang Town, Baodi, Tianjin. He was the father of Song in Fanjiazhuang Village and passed it on to his disciple Deng Diankui to sing fire. JD.COM bulge originated in the rural areas around Sanhe, Baodi and Xianghe in JD.COM. According to the artist's genealogy and oral information, as early as the middle of Qing Dynasty, Li, a famous wooden drum master in Jiajiubao Village, Nanpi County, Hebei Province, fled from his hometown to perform. He absorbed the tune of the popular Han folk song "Relying on the Mountain to Eat the Mountain" in JD.COM, enriched the singing of the wooden drum, and added the local accent of JD.COM, which was deeply loved by the local people. He called it that because his singing emphasized charm. Li has successively accepted Zhang (Hejian), Cao Zhankui (Dashikui), Li Zhenkui (seme), Cui Dengkui and Deng Diankui, known as "Qing Men Wu Kui" in history, among which Deng Diankui (Deng Liankui) is the most famous.
Deng Diankui, whose original name is unknown, learned his stage name from a teacher. He was born in Liu Song Town, Xianghe County, and later moved to the racecourse. The date of birth and death is unknown. It was born in 1754. According to legend, he has "three steels", namely, steel temper, steel voice and steel plate. He likes singing folk songs, especially Flying a Kite. Deng inherited the teacher's creative spirit, reformed the singing method of "small mouth" on the wooden drum, changed the single board with single structure into various singing boards such as "slow board", "flat board" and "stacked board", and absorbed the "Allegro" singing method of Xipi in Beijing Opera, which was used for the singing method of Huarong Road and other sections. When he sang "Er Quan Liu Er", he still clapped his hands with wooden boards, while when singing other board vocals, he clapped his hands with steel (iron) boards instead of wooden boards. These reforms were appreciated by Master and recognized by the audience, and the new songs quickly became popular. This new song was called JD when it was sung in Beijing. COM's timid drum, because it is a JD.COM accent.
JD.COM drum was formed in the early 1930s. It was formed by artists such as Liu Wenbin singing Pinggu tune in Baodi county dialect and absorbing the melody and falling tune of Hebei folk song Beggars. It was once called Laoting Drum.
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, among many JD.COM drum artists, Liu Wenbin's style was the most prominent and influential. In addition to singing big books, he also transplanted short aria such as Wujiapo, Demolition of the West Chamber, Zhaojun Dike, Sister Wang Sifu and Zhuge Liang Bet. By singing short passages, the plates and aria of JD.COM Drum have been further processed. His singing is popular and humorous, plain and simple, clear pronunciation and mellow voice, easy to understand, and is very popular among the general public, especially housewives. However, at that time, the names of drum, zaqu, Laoting tune and Laoting drum were still used until it was officially named JD. COM drum "in 1935. However, because his lines are not very elegant; The drum songs sung were also rough, and by the late 1940s, this kind of music had gradually declined.
Three. Form of performance
The performance form of JD.COM drum was originally wooden clapping, and later it was changed to iron and copper plate. The singer plays the book drum with his right hand and sings with his left hand; The string master played the big three-string accompaniment. Later, he joined the dulcimer accompaniment. Three-string accompaniment and three-string plus dulcimer accompaniment coexist. Singing is a plate cavity, and the commonly used plates are [Head Board], [Second Board], [Allegro] and [Lock Board].
The singing form of JD.COM drum is basically the same as that of iron drum and single piano drum. In the story-telling stage, there used to be a singing form of playing and singing by yourself. The actor sits on the three strings while playing, with his right foot on a drum (supported by a low drum stand and placed on the ground) and his left leg tied with a "joint board" (five boards) to control the rhythm. It's quite attractive to the audience The basic format of JD. The drum words of COM are seven sentences (two, two, three), but three prefixes are often added at the beginning of the sentence, words, phrases are often embedded in the sentence, and function words such as "na" and "ah" are often added at the end of the sentence. Most of his short arias consist of eight or ten paragraphs, usually dozens of lyrics. In the early days of JD.COM drum formation, it was mainly sung in small Quyi performance venues, and the repertoire was mainly big Ben. In the early 1930s, Liu Wenbin broadcasted "Gong Liu Case" on Tianjin Commercial Radio Station, which was well received by the masses. Because of this, the influence of JD.COM drum is expanding day by day, and gradually spread to Beijing, Tang and other places.
Four. Long bibliography
In the early days, JD.COM drums were mainly performed in rural areas, including temple fairs, church assemblies and "village stalls". The bibliography started with short stories that were only sung, including Mice Say Cats, Wang Po Scold Chickens, Guo Ju Buries Children, Eight Sisters Yang Youchun, Seven Children and Eight husbands Full Bed, Borrowing an Umbrella from the Lake, Xiangzi Shoushang, Xiayangzhou, Dismantling the West Chamber and Daxixiang, and was later added. After entering the city library at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the long books developed are Da Ba Yi, Xiao Ba Yi, Bao Gong An, Shi Gong An, Yang Jiajiang, Hu Jia Jiang, Xue Jia Jiang, Shuang He Yin, Fan Tang, Hui Bei Ji and Cao Jia Jiang. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), some new bibliographies were created and implemented. In addition to some small bibliographies compiled in coordination with political propaganda in various periods, White-haired Girl, Liu Hulan, New Kuafu, Marriage of Young Blackies, Yang Jingyu, Seizing India, Gunshots in the Plain, Lin Yuan, Fire and Golden Steel were also staged. From 65438 to 0956, the Quyi Working Group of Hebei Provincial Cultural Bureau invited Wei Xigeng, an old artist, to Baoding, the provincial capital, to copy his representative works, such as Biography of the Western Tang Dynasty, Broken Mengzhou, Green Peony, Double Seal and Powder House. In the 1960s, JD.COM drum gradually declined in cities, but it was still very active in rural areas. It was once affected during the Cultural Revolution. By the early 1980s, the rural areas had recovered to varying degrees.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) singing introduction
1. Starting cavity
"Starting from the key" is four phrases and a transitional key. Upper and lower plates. The falling tones of the four phrases are 1, 5, 2 (or 4, 6) and 1 respectively, which is a seven-tone form based on the pentatonic scale. The third sentence tends to be out of tune four degrees upward. Pronunciation is often used at the beginning of aria, and based on pronunciation, it forms a "flat cavity".
2. Flat cavity
Pingqiang is the core singing method of JD.COM's narrative drum. It can be roughly divided into two categories: one is four phrases, which are formed by reversing the order of four melodies: the first sentence of Pingqiang comes from the third sentence of Qiqiang, the second sentence of Pingqiang is the second sentence of Qiqiang, and the third sentence of Pingqiang comes from the first sentence of Qiqiang. Therefore, the "flat cavity" is also a chessboard, and the four stops are 4, 5, L, 1 respectively. Because the second phrase comes from the first phrase of "Diao", it has no function of "turning". These four phrases have a compound upper and lower sentence structure. As a result of this change, the first two melodies often rise to the fourth degree.
Insert cavity
JD.COM drum also has a chime "Thirteen Cough", which is often used to express emotions. Generally, it is only used once or twice in aria, mostly at the end of an autumn. "Thirteen Cough" * * two sentences, both long cavity.
Intransitive verb board
JD.COM drums only have one plate at a time. Artists often use speed changes and compressed voices to make up for the monotony of plates. In addition to drums and boards, its accompaniment instruments only use a big three-stringed instrument (string type 15 1), and dulcimer was added in the 1970s.
Accompaniment music, like singing, is mostly accompanied by a cavity. The vocal accompaniment is more soothing, while the music that is suitable for the family is "tight play", which forms a sharp contrast between speed and speed. In addition, the cushion after the three-character prefix mostly belongs to the nature of "learning tongue", and sometimes it deliberately imitates the singer's singing.
Seven. development status
After the founding of New China, Tianjin amateur actor Dong Xiangkun inherited Liu Wenbin's singing art, changed Baodi dialect into Beijinger dialect on the basis of Liu Wenfu's singing characteristics, further processed and standardized the singing, and constantly created new tracks to adapt to the times, which won the audience's love. With the unremitting efforts of Dong Xiangkun and others, JD.COM drum music reached its peak in 1960s and 1970s, and its influence spread all over the country.