Basic knowledge of automobile. Although many people can drive, they don't necessarily know much about cars themselves, so many car owners want to know more about the basic knowledge of cars in order to deepen their understanding of cars, but they have no choice but to give up the complicated car structure and boring mechanical knowledge. Now these are not problems! The following is a series of automobile basic knowledge and a complete collection of automobile knowledge.
The full name of SUV is SportUtilityVehicle, which means sport utility vehicle in Chinese. At present, it mainly refers to those SUVs with avant-garde design. Generally, the front suspension is a car-type independent suspension, and the rear suspension is a non-independent suspension with a large ground clearance, which not only has the comfort of a car, but also has the off-road performance of an off-road vehicle to a certain extent. Due to the multi-combination function of MPV seats, vehicles can carry both people and goods, and have a wide range of applications.
The full name of MPV is Multi-PurposeVehicle, that is, multi-purpose vehicle. It integrates the functions of car, station wagon and van. Every seat in the car can be adjusted and there are many combinations. For example, the backrest of the middle seat can be turned down to become a table, and the front seat can rotate 180 degrees.
In recent years, MPV tends to be miniaturized, and the so-called S-MPV appears, where S stands for small. The length of S-MPV is generally between (4.2-4.3)m, and its body is compact, generally with (5-7) seats.
CKD is the abbreviation of English CompletelyKnockedDown, which means "complete demolition". In other words, CKD cars are imported or imported, and then all the parts of the car are assembled into a complete car after the car is completely disassembled. When China introduces foreign advanced automobile technology, it often adopts CKD assembly method from the beginning, and all parts of foreign advanced models are bought and assembled into a complete vehicle in the same automobile factory.
The full name of RV is RECreative &；; Avenue, that is, recreational vehicle, is a means of transportation suitable for entertainment, leisure and travel. Japan was the first country to put forward the concept of RV. RV covers a wide range and there is no strict category. Broadly speaking, all light buses except cars and sports cars can belong to RV. MPV and SUV also belong to RV.
Pickups are also called cars. As the name implies, the car is also stuck, which has a front and cab and an open truck compartment. It is characterized by car-like comfort, strong power, stronger cargo capacity than cars and the ability to adapt to bad road conditions. Basic knowledge of automobile. The most common pickup truck model is the double-row pickup truck, which is the largest pickup truck on the market at present.
SKD is the abbreviation of English Semi-KnockedDown, which means "semi-bulk". In other words, SKD automobile refers to automobile assembly (such as engine, cab, chassis, etc. ) imported from abroad and then assembled in domestic automobile factories. SKD is equivalent to people making cars into "semi-finished products" and simply assembling them into complete vehicles after import.
Concept car translated from English concept car. The concept car is not the model that Ep will put into production, it just shows people the designer's novel, unique and advanced ideas. Basic knowledge of automobile. The concept car is still in the creative and experimental stage and will probably never be put into production. Because it is not a mass-produced commercial vehicle, every concept car can get rid of the shackles of manufacturing level and show its unique charm to its heart's content and even exaggeration.
Concept car is the latest achievement of science and technology in auto time, which represents the future development direction of automobiles. Therefore, it shows great function and significance, which can inspire people and promote mutual learning. Because the concept car concept is advanced, it embodies unique creativity and applies the latest scientific and technological achievements, and its appreciation value is extremely high.
The world's major auto companies have spared no expense in developing concept cars and making their appearances at international auto shows. On the one hand, they can understand the reaction of those who spend a little money on concept cars and continue to improve. On the other hand, it is also to show the company's technological progress to the public, thus enhancing its image.
Zero-kilometer car is a sales term, which refers to a car with zero mileage (or a low mileage, such as not higher than 10 km). It seems to meet the customer's requirements for "absolutely new" vehicles. Zero kilometer means that the car has not driven since it came off the production line. Basic knowledge of automobile. In order to ensure that the odometer reading is zero, large special vehicles are used for transportation from the manufacturer to each sales point to ensure that the vehicles are brand-new.
Classic cars, also called classic cars, generally refer to cars that were 20 years ago or older. The classic car is a product of nostalgia, a car that people used to use and can still work now.
The concept of classic cars began in the 1970s, first appeared in a British magazine, and was quickly recognized by classic car lovers. In less than 10 years, more and more people pay attention to classic cars, which makes the value of classic cars soar. For example, a model 1933 American Anthony Berg car sold for 1 10,000 dollars at the auction house, and an old Bugatti car sold for 6.5 million dollars.
At present, most of the electric vehicles mentioned by people refer to pure electric vehicles, that is, vehicles that use a single battery as the power source to store energy. It uses the battery as the power source of energy storage, and provides electric energy to the motor through the battery to drive the motor to run, thus pushing the car forward. From the appearance, electric cars are no different from the cars we see every day. The main difference lies in the power source and its driving system.
Zero-emission vehicles refer to vehicles that do not emit any harmful pollutants, such as solar vehicles, pure electric vehicles and hydrogen-powered vehicles. Sometimes people also call zero-emission cars green cars, environmentally-friendly cars, eco-cars and clean cars.
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is to install a set of internal combustion engine on pure electric vehicle, in order to reduce vehicle pollution and improve the mileage of pure electric vehicle. Hybrid electric vehicles have two structural forms: series and parallel.
Gas vehicles mainly include compressed natural gas vehicles (LPG vehicles or LPGV for short) and compressed natural gas vehicles (CNG vehicles or CNGV for short). As the name implies, LPG vehicles use liquefied petroleum gas as fuel, while CNG vehicles use compressed natural gas as fuel. Compared with gasoline vehicles, gas vehicles reduce carbon monoxide emissions by more than 90%, hydrocarbons emissions by more than 70%, and nitrogen oxides emissions by more than 35%, so they are practical low-emission vehicles at present.
The pollutants emitted by automobile exhaust mainly include hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM), which are mainly emitted through automobile exhaust pipes. Due to the increasingly serious harm to the environment caused by pollutants emitted by automobiles, countries and regions all over the world have successively formulated limits to limit automobile exhaust emissions, among which the European standard formulated by the European Union is the reference standard implemented by most countries and regions.
European emission standards belong to a very professional technical category. Now through examples, what are the meanings of European work number and European II standard?
Take a car with no more than 6 people (including drivers) and a maximum total mass of no more than 2.5t as an example.
At present, the emission standard limits that China must meet from 1999 65438+ 10/to 65438+February 3 1 in 2003 are: carbon monoxide shall not exceed 3.16g/km; Hydrocarbons shall not exceed1.13g/km; The standard of diesel particulate matter shall not exceed 0.18g/km; The durability requirement is 50,000 km.
After June 65438+1 October1in 2004, the standards were raised: carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in gasoline vehicles should not exceed 2.2g/km and 0.5g/km； respectively; ; The carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matter of diesel vehicles shall not exceed 1.0g/km, 0.7g/km and 0.08g/km respectively. Basic knowledge of automobile. This is the Euro II emission standard that China will implement in 2004.
The so-called car recall means that the car put on the market is found to have defects due to design or manufacturing reasons, which may lead to safety and environmental problems. The manufacturer must report the existing problems, causes and improvement measures of the products. Apply to the relevant state departments for recall in time, and after approval, transform the vehicles in use to eliminate the hidden dangers of accidents. Basic knowledge of automobile. At present, the countries that implement the automobile recall system are the United States, Japan, Canada, Britain, Australia and so on.
The common cylinder numbers of automobile engines are 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and l2. Engines with displacement below 1L generally use 3 cylinders; (1-2.5)L is generally a 4-cylinder engine; An engine of about 3L is generally 6 cylinders; About 4L is 8 cylinders; 12 cylinder engine 5.5L and above. Generally speaking, under the same cylinder diameter, the more cylinders, the greater the displacement and the higher the power; Under the same displacement, the larger the number of cylinders, the smaller the cylinder diameter and the higher the rotation speed, thus obtaining greater lifting power. The arrangement forms of cylinders are mainly in-line, V-shaped, W-shaped, etc.
Generally, the cylinders of engines with less than 5 cylinders are arranged in line, and a few 6-cylinder engines are also in line. There used to be in-line 8-cylinder engines. The cylinder block of an in-line engine is arranged in a straight line. Cylinder block, cylinder head and crankshaft are simple in structure, low in manufacturing cost, good in low-speed torque characteristics, low in oil consumption and widely used, with the disadvantage of low power. Generally, gasoline engines below 1L adopt 3-cylinder inline, (1-2.5)L gasoline engines adopt 4-cylinder inline, and some four-wheel drive models adopt 6-cylinder inline. Because of the small width, facilities such as supercharger can be arranged next to it. In-line 6-cylinder has good dynamic balance and small vibration, so it is also used in some medium-high pole cars. (6- 12) cylinder engines are generally arranged in a V shape, and VIO engines are mainly installed on racing cars. V-type engine is short in length and height, and it is very convenient to arrange. It is generally believed that V-type engine is a relatively advanced engine and has become one of the symbols of automobile class.
Basic knowledge of automobile. V8 engine is used less because of its complex structure, high manufacturing cost. V 12, the engine is too big and too heavy, only a few advanced vehicles.
At present, the most common engines are inline 4-cylinder (14) and V-type 6-cylinder (V6) engines. Generally speaking, the displacement ratio of V6 engine is higher than 14, and V6 engine runs more smoothly and quietly than 14-. U is mainly installed in ordinary cars, and V6 is installed in middle and high-end cars.
Compression ratio refers to the ratio of the total cylinder volume to the combustion chamber volume, indicating the degree to which the gas in the cylinder is compressed when the piston moves from the bottom dead center to the top dead center. Compression ratio is an important parameter to measure the performance index of automobile engine.
Generally speaking, the greater the compression ratio of the engine; At the end of the compression stroke, the higher the pressure and temperature of the mixture, the faster the combustion speed, so the greater the power of the engine, the better the economy. However, when the compression ratio is too large, not only can the combustion condition not be further improved, but abnormal combustion phenomena such as deflagration and surface ignition will appear, which will further affect the performance of the engine. Basic knowledge of automobile. In addition, the improvement of engine compression ratio is also limited by exhaust pollution regulations.
Power refers to the work done by an object in unit time. In a certain speed range, the power of automobile engine has a nonlinear proportional relationship with the engine speed, and the faster the speed is.
The greater the power, the smaller it is, which reflects the performance of the car in a certain period of time. Compared with the same type of car, the higher the power and speed, the higher the maximum speed of the car.
The output power of the engine has a great relationship with the speed. With the increase of speed, the power of the engine increases correspondingly, but after a certain speed, the power tends to decrease. Generally, the engine speed per minute (r/min) and the maximum output power of the engine are expressed at the same time, such as 100 ps/5000 r/min, that is, the maximum output power at 5000 rpm is100HP (73.5kW).
Maximum power is often used to describe the dynamic performance of a car. The maximum power is generally expressed in horsepower (PS) or kilowatt (kW), and 1 horsepower is equal to 0.735 kW.
The working volume of a cylinder refers to the volume of gas swept by the piston from top dead center to bottom dead center, which is also called single cylinder displacement, and depends on the cylinder diameter and piston stroke. Engine displacement is the sum of the working volumes of each cylinder, which is generally expressed in milliliters (CC). The engine displacement is one of the most important structural parameters, which can represent the size of the engine better than the cylinder diameter and the number of cylinders. Many indexes of the engine are closely related to the displacement.
The EFI device of automobile engine is generally composed of fuel injection circuit, sensor group and electronic control unit. If the injector is installed in the original carburetor position, that is, there is only one gasoline injection point in the whole engine, this is a single-point EFI; If the injector is installed on the intake pipe of each cylinder, that is, gasoline is injected into the cylinder from multiple places (at least one injection point per cylinder), this is multi-point injection.
Torque is the force that makes an object rotate. The torque of the engine refers to the torque output by the engine from the crankshaft end. Under the condition of constant power, it is inversely proportional to the engine speed. The faster the engine speed, the smaller the torque, and vice versa, which reflects the load capacity of the car in a certain range. In some cases, it can truly reflect the "true color" of the car, such as when starting or driving in mountainous areas, the higher the torque, the better the response of the car. Basic knowledge of automobile. Compared with the car with the same engine, the greater the torque output, the greater the bearing capacity, the better the acceleration performance, the stronger the climbing power, the less the gear shifting times, and the less the wear on the car. Especially when the car starts at zero speed, it shows the advantages of large torque and fast lifting speed.
The torque of the engine is expressed in Nm ... Like power, the maximum output torque of the engine is generally indicated, and the speed per minute (R/min) is also indicated. The maximum torque generally appears in the middle and low speed range of the engine. As the engine speed increases, the torque will decrease.
The closed-loop control of engine EFI system is a closed triangle relationship among real-time oxygen sensor, computer and oil quantity control device. The oxygen sensor "tells" the air-fuel ratio of the mixed gas to the computer, and the computer sends an instruction to the oil quantity control device to adjust the air-fuel ratio to the theoretical value (14.7: 1). This adjustment often exceeds the theoretical value, and the oxygen sensor will detect it and report it to the computer, which will then issue a command to adjust it back to 14.7: 1. Because each adjustment cycle is fast, the air-fuel ratio will not deviate from 14.7: 1. Once put into operation, this closed-loop regulation will continue. The closed-loop controlled EFI engine can always run under ideal working conditions (the air-fuel ratio will not deviate too much from the theoretical value), thus ensuring that the car not only has good power performance, but also saves fuel.
The engine camshaft has three installation positions: lower, middle and upper. Because of the high speed of automobile engine, the speed can reach more than 5000 revolutions per minute. In order to ensure the efficiency of air intake and exhaust, overhead valve device is adopted, which is suitable for three installation forms of camshaft. However, if the lower or middle camshaft is used, because the distance between the valve and the camshaft is far away, the valve tappet, tappet and other auxiliary components are needed, which leads to more valve transmission components, complex structure, large engine volume and easy noise during high-speed operation. The overhead camshaft can change this phenomenon. Therefore, modern automobile engines generally adopt overhead camshaft, which is arranged above the engine, shortening the distance between the camshaft and the valve, omitting the valve tappet and tappet, simplifying the transmission mechanism between the camshaft and the valve, and making the engine structure more compact. More importantly, this installation method can reduce the reciprocating quality of the whole system and improve the transmission efficiency.
According to the number of camshafts, it can be divided into single overhead camshaft (SOHC) and DOHC. Because mid-to-high-end automobile engines are generally equipped with multiple valves and V-shaped cylinders, which require dual camshafts to control the intake valve and exhaust valve respectively, many well-known brands have adopted dual overhead camshafts.
Traditional engines usually have an intake valve and an exhaust valve per cylinder. This dual-valve valve mechanism is relatively simple and low in manufacturing cost. For ordinary engines with low output power requirements, satisfactory engine output power and torque performance can be obtained. The engine with large displacement and high power should adopt multi-valve technology. The simplest multi-valve technology is the three-valve structure, that is, an intake valve is added on the basis of the one-in-one-row two-valve structure. In recent years, most of the newly developed cars of major automobile companies in the world adopt four-valve structure. Basic knowledge of automobile. In the four-valve valve mechanism, each cylinder has two intake valves and two exhaust valves. The four-valve structure can greatly improve the intake and exhaust efficiency of the engine, and most new cars adopt the four-valve technology.