Tao Yuanming, a literary knowledge, is a common sense of ancient literature in China, and is famous for his potential and profound words. Known as Mr. Jingjie, he claimed to be Mr. Wuliu, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the first pastoral poet in China.
Prose includes Peach Blossom Garden, Biography of Mr. Wuliu, and poetry includes Drinking in the Garden. Gan Bao, the word rises.
Historians and writers in the Eastern Jin Dynasty wrote China's first collection of mythical (mysterious) novels, Searching for the Gods. Ye Fan, Zi, was a historian and essayist in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Le Yangzi's Wife and Zhang Hengchuan are selected from his Book of the Later Han Dynasty, namely the Eastern Han Dynasty. "People with lofty ideals don't drink water from stolen springs, and honest people don't take food from stolen springs" comes from his book "Later Han Dynasty? Biography of women
Liu Yiqing was a novelist in the Song Dynasty in China, and he wrote China's first collection of notes and novels, Shi Shuo Xin Yu. This is a note novel that records anecdotes of characters in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Many stories in the book have become allusions and themes of poems, novels and plays, and some have become common idioms, such as "looking at plums to quench thirst", "infatuation" and "glib tongue".
Liu Xie, Zi Yanhe, a literary theorist in the Southern Liang Dynasty, has written 50 monographs on Chinese literary theory, covering many problems in his creation. Li Daoyuan, Zi Ziliang, was a geographer and essayist in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Written in 40 volumes, Notes on Water Classics is a geographical chronicle with literary value. Zhong Rong, Zi Zhongwei, a literary critic in the Southern Liang Dynasty, is the author of the first monograph on poetry theory in China.
4. A writer in the Tang Dynasty, Zi An, one of the four outstanding writers in the early Tang Dynasty, wrote a book in Shu Zhong with the lyric poem "Farewell to Du DuDu" (five laws); The famous article "Preface to Wang Teng Pavilion". The author of Wang Zian's works.
Yang Jiong, the first of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, was famous for "joining the army". Lu, one of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, was a representative of Chang 'an in ancient times.
Luo, one of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, is represented by Political Prisoners Listening to Cicada, and there is another famous work, Qiuwuban, whose anthology is Linhai Collection. He, Zi Jizhen, was a poet in the Tang Dynasty.
The book "Back to Hometown" (The Four Wonders) is a masterpiece. Wang Zhihuan, a poet in Tang Dynasty.
His "Liangzhou Ci" and "Dengque Lou" are the treasures of the quatrains in the Tang Dynasty. Meng Haoran was an idyllic poet in Tang Dynasty.
Passing through Old Villages (Five Methods) depicts the pastoral scenery of green mountains and green rivers and the peasant flavor of "talking about Sang Ma with cups in our hands", which embodies the true feelings of poets and villagers. "Spring Dawn" (Five Wonders) describes the scene of spring dawn and the feeling of early spring, and has become a good poem that has been passed down through the ages.
Wang Changling, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was good at four-character poems and wrote about the military life of the frontier fortress at that time. He is magnificent and elegant in style. His seven poems, such as Farewell to Xin Jian in Furong Inn and Chusai, are famous in the capital. Wang Wei, whose real name is Cimo, was originally named Wang Youcheng.
Pastoral poet of the Tang Dynasty, whose famous works include Birds Singing in the Stream (Five Unique Poems), Yuan Shi Er An Xi (Seven Unique Poems) and Hunting (Five Laws). Su Shi praised Wang Wei's words, "There are paintings in poems and poems in paintings".
Li Bai, the word Taibai, was a romantic poet in Tang Dynasty. The official worships Hanlin.
Because of his arrogant personality, he was not tolerated by powerful people, which deepened his understanding of corrupt society and wrote poems attacking the extravagance of imperial power and powerful people and accusing the reality of political darkness. Thoughts on a Quiet Night, Songs of Autumn Pu, Looking at Tianmen Mountain, Farewell to Friends, Seven Ancient Poems, It's Hard to Walk on Mount Tianmu.
The author of the complete works of Li Taibai. Gao Shi, with a rich word, was a frontier poet in Tang Dynasty. His poems reflect the border situation and the sufferings of soldiers at that time, including Yan Gexing and Don't Move Big (seven unique poems).
Cui Hao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was a scholar of Kaiyuan and the eunuch of Yuan Wailang, a Si Xun. His frontier poems are generous and heroic.
The Yellow Crane Tower (Seven Laws) is highly respected by Li Bai. Du Fu, with beautiful words, once lived in Shaoling West, south of Chang 'an. He claimed to be the grandfather of Shaoling, who was known as Du Shaoling, a native of Gongxian County, Henan Province, and a realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty.
He once wandered around and lived in Chang 'an for ten years. He was captured in the Anshi Rebellion, escaped from his post and stayed to collect the remains. After abandoning the official, he moved to Chengdu and built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhua River, known as Huanhuacaotang in the world. Ren Jiannan was once thrifty and joined the army, and was called Du Gongbu by the world. His works show the historical process of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, which is called "the history of poetry", including Du Gongbu's poems.
His masterpiece "From Beijing to Fengxian, Sing 500 Words" and his poems "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". Cen Can, a frontier poet in the Tang Dynasty, was born in history, and the official was the secretariat of history.
I have been in the army for many years and have a profound understanding of frontier life, including Cenjiazhou's poems. Bai Xuege sent Tian Shuji Wu home (seven ancient books).
Zhang Zitong, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, took reclusive life as the theme and wrote famous articles such as Xuanzhenzi. Han Yu, a native of Heyang (Henan), claimed to be Changli (a well-known family in the county), and posthumous title Han Changli, also known as Han Wengong, went from official department to official department assistant, also known as Korean official department.
Prose writer and poet in the Tang Dynasty, together with Liu Zongyuan, was an advocate of the "ancient prose movement", and was listed as the first of the "eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties", and he wrote the Collected Works of Mr. Changli.
2. Common sense of literature and culture
1. Three religions: Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. "Yanhuang" refers to the leaders of two different tribes in primitive society of China, jiyan and Huangdi. Wei Xinlingjun's name is Wuji Xinlingjun; Meng Changjun, a famous Meng Changjun of Qi State; Zhao Zhao Sheng; Chu's Chun Shenjun, Huang Xie, Chun Shenjun.
2. The characteristics of the author Qu Yuan 1. From the perspective of poetic style, hyperbole and rich imagination are the common characteristics of Chu Ci. For example, Li Sao is full of absurd imagination, and the true feelings are repeatedly expressed.
2. Stylistically, compared with The Book of Songs, the length of Chu Ci is greatly increased, and the sentence pattern is mainly four characters, with unlimited length and uneven levels.
3. As far as language is concerned, Chu language is mostly used in Chu ci, and a large number of dialect words have appeared in Chu area. In addition, "xi" and "some" as function words have also become a distinctive symbol of Chu Ci.
3. Classification of ancient poems
Ancient poetry includes poems and songs.
1. From the form of poetry can be divided into:
(1) Ancient poems, including ancient poems (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Pay attention to the styles of ancient poetry such as Song, Song Xing, Quotations, Qu and Ling, which also belong to ancient poetry. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.
② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains.
③ Ci, also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. According to different words, it can be divided into long tone (9 1 word or more), middle tone (59-90 words) and short tone (58 words or less). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A paragraph of a word is called a que or an article, the first paragraph is called Qianque, Shangque and Shangpian, and the second paragraph is called Houque, Xiaque and Xiapian.
④ Qu, also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.
2. From the theme of poetry can be divided into:
Lyrics about scenery, lyrics about scenic spots and natural scenery. Because of their dissatisfaction with reality, some ancient poets often attached their feelings to mountains and rivers, and expressed their thoughts and feelings by describing the scenery of rivers and lakes and natural scenery. This kind of poetry often contains the feelings expressed by the scenery described later, which is what people often say. Its style is fresh and natural.
(2) Poetry is expressed by chanting things, in which the poet describes the shape, characteristics, charm and personality of chanting things, so as to entrust the poet's own feelings and express the poet's spirit, quality or ideal.
(3) I feel nostalgic about poetry, because one thing causes the poet's feelings, such as homesickness, homesickness and friends.
(4) Memorizing the past and chanting epic poems, taking historical allusions as the theme, or expressing their opinions, or satirizing the present through the past, or expressing vicissitudes of life.
⑤ Poems describing frontier battles, describing frontier scenery and the military life of frontier soldiers, or expressing optimism and heroism or homesickness, with tragic style and bold brushwork.
Modern poetry includes metrical poems and quatrains.
3. Common sense of China culture
Honorary remarks 1. "Ling": used before nouns or adjectives to show respect for relatives of others, meaning "beautiful".
Your father, your mother, your brothers and sisters, your son and your love, your son and your daughter, your wife and your relatives, your relatives. For example, patronize, patronize: refers to the other person coming to his own place to save people; ask others to keep their gifts. 3. "Xing": honorific, the address of others for their behavior.
Such as: asking questions, asking questions: refers to the other party asking about their own funeral; Refers to others thinking of themselves; 4. "Gift": honorific, referring to the gift received. Give advice: others teach you to support yourself; Others treat you with food; Give a reply: let others write back to you; 5. "Please": honorific, used to hope that the other party will do something.
I hope others will answer my question, and I hope others will teach me. 6. "Gao": honorific, something to address others. Such as: high opinion: refers to the opinions of others; Other people's insightful opinions are high: honoring other people's students' longevity; asking the age of the old people; addressing the old people's age; referring to people leaving their original posts to take up higher posts.
Such as: Hua Han: Birthday of calling others to believe: Huaxia: other people's home. 8. "Xian": address each other, mostly for peers or younger generations. Such as: good brothers, good nephews, etc. 9. "Feng" honorifics are used to refer to each other's own behavior.
Give away: return: return suggestion: persuade the company: accompany.
4. Common sense of ancient literature and culture in junior high school
China Ancient Literature Common Sense Collection 1. Literature and history classics: Four Books: Analects of Confucius, Mencius, University, the Doctrine of the Mean.
"Five Classics" refers to The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Zhouyi and Chunqiu, which are referred to as "Poems, Books, Rites, Changes and Chunqiu" for short. In fact, there should have been the Six Classics and the Book of Music, which are collectively called "Poetry, Books, Rites, Music, I Ching, Spring and Autumn". "Four Histories": Historical Records, History of Han Dynasty, History of Later Han Dynasty and History of the Three Kingdoms.
"Four Treasures of the Study": a collection of six meanings of classics, history, Confucius and the Book of Songs: style, elegance, ode, fu, comparison and xing. Legends of dynasties: three generations: Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty "Huang San"; one of the legends is "Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong" and "Five Emperors". "Five Mountains": Mount Taishan in Dongyue (now Shandong Province), Mount Huashan in Xiyue (now Shaanxi Province), Mount Hengshan in Nanyue (now Hengyang City, Hunan Province) and Mount Hengshan in Beiyue (located in Hunyuan, Shanxi Province, with the main peak of Tianfengling at an altitude of 2017m), which is known as "the first mountain beyond the Great Wall".
Hengshan Mountain is a famous Taoist holy land and tourist attraction. Now it is the first batch of national key scenic spots, one of the top ten tourist attractions in Shanxi Province) and Zhongyue Songshan (now the northwest of Dengfeng City, Henan Province).
"Kyushu": The legendary administrative division of China in ancient times, which later became another name of China. Generally speaking, "Kyushu" refers to China.
For example, Kyushu is furious, and thousands of troops are sad. (Qing Gong Zizhen's "Ji Hai Miscellaneous Poems") In the sea: According to ancient legends, China's territory is surrounded by the sea, so it is called the sea within the territory.
Four seas: refers to the world and the whole country. Rivers: Ancient articles specifically refer to "Yangtze River and Yellow River".
Three Kingdoms: It refers to Wei, Shu and Wu after the Eastern Han Dynasty. Sanqin: refers to the Guanzhong area west of Tongguan.
Landscape yin and yang: in ancient times, the south of the mountain was Yang, and the north of the mountain was Yang. 4. Others: 1. Five elements: refers to gold, wood, water, fire and earth. 2. Grains: the general term for ancient food crops.
(Jiì, millet, wheat, glutinous rice, rice) 3. Five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty. Six kinds of domestic animals: horses, cows, sheep, pigs (tapirs) and dogs (dogs). Xie Yuan (first place after having obtained the provincial examination), Hui Yuan (first place after having obtained the provincial examination) and the top scholar (first place in palace examination).
1 1. Three old people: ancient township officials in charge of education. 12. And: it refers to the selection in the imperial examination. Failing the examination is called the first and second place.
13. Imperial Examination: The official imperial examination is divided into three grades: after the provincial examination, after the provincial examination, and after palace examination. The rural examination (also known as Qiu Wei or Daibi) is held once every three years in the province, and only scholars are eligible to take the examination and serve as jurors.
The first solution. Examination: It will be held in the spring of the second year after the rural examination in Beijing (called Chunwei or Liwei). Those who take the exam must be juren. They are called Gong's in the exam.
The first name is Huiyuan. Palace test: presided over by the emperor, the palace test is eligible to participate, and it is called Jinshi in the exam.
The first is the champion, the second is the second, and the third is the flower exploration. Together, they are called the top three ding.
In the 30th year of Guangxu (1905), the imperial examination system was abolished due to the implementation of school education in various places. 14. Erya: the earliest monograph on the interpretation of Ci in China and the first systematic dictionary of Ci in the world.
15. "* * *" refers to the national style in The Book of Songs, and Li Sao in The Songs of Chu, which is a substitute for common writing. 16. The Book of Songs: It is the earliest poem in China, with a total of 305 poems, which are divided into three categories according to the nature of music: wind, elegance and ode.
17. Wugeng: In ancient China, the night was divided into five periods, and the time was based on drumming, also known as "five drums" or five nights. The first table is 19-2 1, the second table is 2 1-23, the third table is 23- 1, and the fifth table is 3-5.
18. Four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. The first, second and third months are spring, and they are called Meng Chun, Midspring and Ji Chun (Sanchun). Four, five and six are called Xia Meng, midsummer, late summer (three summers), autumn and winter respectively, and so on.
19. Xiu: In ancient times, constellations were called stars. 20. "Three religions and nine streams": "Three religions" refers to Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism; "Nine streams" refer to Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalists, famous artists, Mohists, strategists, miscellaneous scholars and farmers.
It always refers to various schools of religion or academia, and also refers to people from all walks of life in society. "Three religions and nine streams" is often derogatory.
2 1. Everything goes to Sanbaotang: As the saying goes. Even if there is nothing important, I dare not disturb.
"Sambo" is a name of Buddhism, which refers to Buddhism, Buddhism and monks. 22. Country: "She" is the land god and "Ji" is the valley god.
In ancient times, it was customary to regard the country as a symbol of the country. 23. posthumous title: After the minister's death, the court conferred a title on him according to his life story, in order to show his appreciation of good and evil.
For example, Fan Zhongyan and posthumous title are both writers. Five, the ancient nickname: 1. Mulberry: refers to hometown 2. Female: 3. Beard: refers to man 4. Hongyan: It refers to the letter 5. Country: refers to country 6. History: refers to history.
For example, Wen Tianxiang in the Southern Song Dynasty wrote "Crossing the Zero Ocean": No one has died since ancient times, take the heart of Dan and follow the history of Qing Dynasty. 7. Xuanyuan: refers to the motherland.
For example, I sent a message to Han Xing saying that I would recommend Xuanyuan with my blood. -Lu Xun 8. "Three feet": fingering nine. Humble name: ① self-proclaimed: stupid, contemptuous, humble, thief, courtier and servant ② Emperor self-proclaimed: lonely, widowed and desert ③ Scholar self-proclaimed: young, late-born, late-educated ④ Others: junior, young, old, concubine and old (old woman).
Ling, which means beautiful, is used to address each other's relatives. Such as your father (the other's father), your mother (the other's mother), your son (the other's wife), your brother (the other's brother), your son (the other's son) and your lover (the other's daughter); Respect, used to refer to people or things related to each other.
Such as respect (called each other's parents), respect for the public, respect for the monarch and respect for politics (all called each other's father).