Unity and self-improvement, Chongwen and pragmatism

Song of the city

Set up a flying boat to meet the waves, and Xingning's children love their hometown and work hard. Paint the picture of history with rainbow, and compose the movement of the times with spring breeze. Shenzhou, flashing the ideal of entrepreneurship; Ningjiang is full of hope of rising. Guangdong is a treasure land, with bright prospects, rich civilization and strong country and people! Hakka is a Han nationality with similar folk culture. Historically, it gradually moved southward from the Yellow River basin, and then most of them lived in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Now Xingning is in Gondor, which was the residence of Baiyue nationality in ancient times. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Han nationality in the Central Plains gradually moved south and merged with the local aborigines. For thousands of years, the Hakka ancestors in Xingning have inherited and carried forward the fine traditions of the Chinese nation, worked hard and thrived. In the long years of living, they merged the Central Plains culture with the ancient Lingnan culture, formed the Hakka culture with Xingning characteristics, and merged it into the Hakka spirit with local characteristics, and gave birth to famous Hakka representatives such as He Ziyuan.

First, prehistoric culture

After the founding of New China, three cultural relics surveys were conducted in Xingning. During the period of 1959, a number of stone tools, such as shovels, forks, spears and knives, were found in Heshu 'ao, Shuikou Town, belonging to the early Neolithic period. From 65438 to 0982, a batch of pottery pots and pieces were unearthed in Maoziyao Mountain, Zhenxing Management District, He Yong Town, belonging to the middle and late Neolithic remains. In the same year, a batch of pottery pieces and stone tools were collected in Zhongjing Dawo, Yan 'an Town, belonging to the late Neolithic remains. By the end of 1980s, more than 30 Neolithic sites had been discovered in Xingning. Xingning Museum has collected more than 90 pieces of various stone tools/kloc-0 unearthed from the above sites, and 9 complete canned meats. These unearthed cultural relics and sites show that ancient humans lived in Xingning as early as seven or eight thousand years ago. Judging from the use of stone tools and pottery and the patterns on pottery, agriculture and animal husbandry had been formed at that time, and there were reliable sources of livelihood.

Second, the Han people and early residents who moved south before the Song Dynasty.

Before the Song Dynasty, the Han people in the Central Plains had moved south several times on a large scale. As early as the 24th year of the King of Qin (the first 223 years), the State of Qin had 600,000 troops to conquer Chu and then went deep into Lingnan. Later, the Qin Dynasty took Lingnan as the exile place of "criminals" who migrated to the Central Plains and carried out "strategic" development. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, three groups of people from the Central Plains moved south, with hundreds of thousands of people. 1On March 27th, 984, six complete chimes were unearthed on the south slope of Guishuwo Benggang, Dacun, Xinxu Town. Appraised by experts from Guangdong Provincial Museum, it is a cultural relic of Chu State during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The discovery of chimes shows that Han people in Xingning area moved south in Qin and Han dynasties. They may be stationed first, and their descendants will become Lingnan residents. In the village where bells were found, there was a place called Qinwangping, which was said to be a garrison camp.

During the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Han people in the Central Plains also moved south many times. Hakka ancestors who were sent to the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties and moved south, "the farthest ones went to Hui, Jia, Shao and other places, the nearest ones went to Ninghua, Changting, Shanghang and Yongding in Fujian, and the nearest ones were all over Gannan." Xingning once belonged to Hui and Jia in history, and the quotation should include Xingning.

According to the Records of Xingning County by Zheng De in Ming Dynasty, there were about 6,000 households in Xingning County in the third year of Northern Song Dynasty (1070). The following year, after Xingning was designated as Changle (now Wuhua) County, there were 4,000 households. In the Song Dynasty, household registration was listed as the object of service tax, which proved that quite a few Han Chinese settled in Xingning in the Central Plains before the Song Dynasty. In addition, the landlord had the practice of concealing the population at that time. In fact, the population of Xingning is far more than that.

The early residents in the history of Xingning are also found in the historical records of Yao nationality. Ming Dynasty's "Xingning County Records" records: "After Yao, people gathered in the mountains, cut down trees for their homes, slash and burn, set up mountains to hunt for the original, and were addicted to different things, so they couldn't speak. It's not marriage that locals don't associate with their neighbors. There are also many Yao people in this county, scattered along the mountain. " Comparing Lingdong culture with Yao culture living in Guangdong, it can be asserted that in ancient times, Lingdong residents and Yao people lived in harmony for a long time and merged with each other. By the Ming Dynasty, the rulers conquered and arrested Yao people on a large scale, and the number of Yao people in Xingning gradually decreased. After Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government merged Yao and Han, eliminating the boundary between Han and Yao. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were no Yao residents in the county except immigrants. Luo Xianxiu's "Xingning Local Records" in the late Qing Dynasty recorded: "At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China (Qing Dynasty), the cockroach in Tieshan, 60 miles east of the county, was still inhabited by Yao and Shile ... In the past hundred years, it has disappeared."

The early residents in the history of Xingning also had people. Jia Min was originally one of the ancient Baiyue people who lived in the southeast of China. During the Qin and Han dynasties, they migrated to the coastal areas of Guangdong and the tributaries of the Pearl River, lived in the water, took snakes as totems and became water people. When they began to settle in Xingning remains to be further verified, but it will be at the end of Yuan Dynasty at the latest. According to historical records, during the Ming Dynasty (1436 ~ 1450), there were 38 registered villagers and 38 ships in Xingning. By the end of the Qing dynasty, there were not many people left. According to "Xingning Township Records", "there are only two or three people named Mai" or a common people.

Three. Hakka

After several great migrations, Hakka ancestors settled in the relatively closed mountainous areas of northern Guangdong and the neighboring border areas of Fujian and Jiangxi, and gradually formed special dialects, customs and even similar ethical concepts. Hakka ancestors moved to Xingning, Meizhou. After a long period of reproduction, there are still millions of people who continue to emigrate, and there are 93 surnames with more than 100 people in the county. The northern part of Xingning is dominated by mountains, and the buildings are mainly quadrangular buildings. The village is rectangular and has a two-story structure. Because of the geographical relationship, villages are built by mountains and generally have ponds. In the old society, Lingdong was a typical self-sufficient economy. Without fish ponds, it is difficult to eat fish. According to the old man, the cost of building quadrangles is extremely amazing, especially the mud and soil used for building walls are all glutinous rice pulp. The wall built by this method is extremely strong, and ordinary nails are difficult to drive in, such as He Ziyuan's former residence, an ancient residence with Xingning characteristics.

Hakka dwellings in Xingning are mainly divided into two styles: North Mountain and South Water. The south is similar to a water town, with enclosure dragon house as the main structure. There is a grain flat in front of the enclosure dragon house, which is mainly used for drying crops and weddings. In front of Heping, there is a pond for fish farming, laundry and fire prevention. In summer, it has become a paradise for children to swim. In front of most villages, there is a small river for farmland irrigation. There are fish and shrimp in the river. There is a privately owned dense bamboo forest behind the house, where all kinds of birds live.

A typical Hakka dragon enclosure-Hualuodun

Xingning has large and small dragon houses, usually three rooms, surrounded by two sides, with a gate in the middle and small doors on both sides. Large ones also have multiple horizontal layers and multiple surrounding layers, and their small doors also increase with the increase of layers. For example, Huang Wu in Huangque Lake, Tang Ye, and Dongxing Besieged City in Ningxin (Hall 9/Well KLOC-0/8) all have three floors of Longwei, four floors of Xiahuangwu in Heshui Guantang and six floors of Changxing Luowei House in Luodun, Xinhua, Ningxin. It is understood that it is the most typical enclosed dragon house in xingning city.

The structure of Changxing enclosure in Hualuodun is three halls, eight horizontal walls and six dragon enclosures. The main hall is divided into upper, middle and lower floors. The doors on both sides of the three halls are facing the horizontal rooms of the hall, surrounded by the horizontal rooms of the half-moon paddock behind the hall. If you are not there, you can't understand the significance of the whole structure of the fence. The design and construction of Dragon House is scientific, practical and ornamental, which shows the outstanding talents and superb skills of Hakka ancestors. The surrounding Dragon House, together with the quadrangle in Beijing, the cave dwelling in Shaanxi, the "shoulder pole style" in Guangxi and the "one seal" in Yunnan, is called the five characteristic residential buildings in China by Chinese and foreign architectural circles. The rise and fall of Hakka enclosed houses have experienced more than a thousand years of history, and the enclosed dragon houses have become historical relics and unique landscapes.

Former residence of He Ziyuan

He Ziyuan's former residence is located in shima town, xingning city, Meizhou City, Guangdong Province. It is a Hakka ancestral home with three halls and two horizontal walls built by Yuan Gong in 1927. It shows the superb design concept of Hakka advocating nature, harmony between heaven and earth, and harmony between heaven and earth and spring. It is a typical representative of Hakka ancient residential buildings surrounded by dragons in four corners. "Guang Yu Lu" on the gate is the original work of Liang Bocong, a famous painter and teacher in Meizhou. In the last class, the couplet "add years and add ding, and pass the wine order several times;" There are lights and moons, and ten spring nights are written by Sun Yat-sen and Yu Youren. On both sides of the gate of nave, the couplets such as "Thailand moves China everywhere, the mountains add years to warm the sun and the wind", "The front row lights shine on future generations" and "Stone horses are now protected by the same arch, and the thunder mountain pillow is surrounded by water" are all drawn up by Yuan Gong. The screen in the front hall is embedded with Sun Yat-sen's inscription "The world trend is mighty, and those who follow it will die"; On the right side of the gate, there is a beautiful legend "Stone Horse Legend" that Xingmeiren is familiar with. A huge plaque of "A Family of Five Dynasties" by General Zhang Fakui, Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Republic of China, hangs on the beam of the nave. The third national cultural relics survey in the State Council declared Yuan Gong's former residence as an immovable cultural relic, and the xingning city Municipal People's Government designated it as a "characteristic ancient residence" to be protected. 20 1 1 On the eve of the 1911 Revolution100th anniversary, the former residence of He Ziyuan was listed as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit and a patriotic education base for young people in Guangdong Province in the proposal of the Guangdong Provincial Political Consultative Conference. Chimes in Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period

1On March 27th, 984, six bells of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (770 BC ~ 2265438 BC+0 BC) were found at the collapse of Gushuwo in Xinxu Village. Made of copper-tin alloy, it is a court musical instrument. Its shape is a combination of tiles. The handle and shoulder are attached with buckles, the horn mouth is angular, and there are slender sound ridges on both sides. There are three rows and six groups of 13 chest nails on the outside, and three rows and three groups of 4 *** 12 chest nails on the back. There are diamond lines and diagonal lines on the front of the bell body, and there are branch thunder lines on the lower part. The surface is steel green and green, simple and elegant. Their weights are 28.5, 27.5, 265, 438+0, 65, 438+08 and (the two weights are the same) 65,438+06.5 Jin respectively. It is the most complete set of chimes found in Guangdong, with the best volume and timbre, which is very precious. Its discovery is of great significance to the study of ancient human civilization history, local ethnic history and ethnic relations during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The discovery of bells in Xinxu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period also shows that the Han people in Xingning in Qin and Han Dynasties had moved south.