Changwu belongs to the ecological region of combining agriculture and animal husbandry in Weibei dry plateau. Agriculture plays an important role in the national economy of this county. Socialized production has always been based on agriculture, and agricultural and animal husbandry production has a long history of development. The cultural relics unearthed in China confirm that as early as the Neolithic Age, our ancestors began primitive farming and planting by slash and burn. Gong Liu lives in a favorable place, where "the land is suitable and the trees are full of food". With the evolution of agriculture, people benefit from agriculture, mulberry and food. In slave society, civilians and slaves use simple labor cooperation to reclaim land and grow grain. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, technologies such as Niu Geng and fertilization appeared. Iron farm tools were used in the Han Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, agricultural production and farming techniques had developed to a considerable level. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were wars, famines and famines, and the production of agriculture and animal husbandry stagnated. During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, the county government began to persuade farmers and workers. With the introduction of technology and improvement of farming, professional division of labor appeared, commodity production sprouted, and feudal natural economy gradually changed. During the Republic of China, landlords and gentry occupied a lot of land, hired employees to rent it out and exploited it at high interest rates. Rural culture, education and science and technology are backward. After years of civil war, officials are corrupt. Poor peasants are at the bottom of being oppressed and exploited. In semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, agriculture is bound by private ownership relations of production. Poor land, extensive farming, outdated technology, heavy taxes, frequent droughts and floods, slow development of agriculture and animal husbandry, and low grain output. In the thirty-eighth year of the Republic of China (1949), the county's total agricultural output was 6.98 million yuan (Singapore dollar), the total grain output was 20130,000 kg, and the average yield per mu was only 49 kg.

After liberation, the party and the people's government attached importance to the development of agricultural production. Carry out land reform and overthrow the exploiting system and the exploiting class. Develop the movement of mutual assistance and cooperation, realize the socialist transformation of individual agriculture, and guide farmers to organize themselves. Give full play to the advantages of the collective economy, carry out capital construction of farmland water conservancy, change the basic conditions of agricultural production, popularize agricultural technology, intensively cultivate and scientifically cultivate fields, so that agricultural production can be quickly restored from a semi-stagnant state. From 65438 to 0956, the county's total grain output increased by 78.9% compared with 65438 to 0949, and the total agricultural output increased by 73.9%. 1958 after the rural people's commune, affected by the "Great Leap Forward", the exaggerated wind and the "* * * wind", it suffered three years of natural disasters, and agricultural production was reduced, forming a difficult period. 196 1 year, the total grain output of the county decreased by 49% compared with 1956, and the total agricultural output decreased by 39.5%. After rectification, correcting mistakes and adjusting the national economy, agricultural production has grown steadily in ups and downs. 1965, the total grain output of the county increased by 5 196 1 year, and the total agricultural output increased by 75.9%. 1966 During the Cultural Revolution, agricultural production was destroyed. Because rural cadres and members resisted interference, insisted on repairing and improving land, reformed farming system, and popularized the application of agricultural technology and machinery, agricultural production still maintained a certain development speed. From 1976, the total grain output of the county increased by 1965 1.8%, and the total agricultural output increased by 26.4%. During the "Cultural Revolution", especially during the agricultural climax, the agricultural system was changeable, the social team was "in bad transition", the production policy was vacillating, and the "one-size-fits-all" farming measures unilaterally emphasized "grain as the key link" and restricted diversified management. A large number of people are pushing hard and cutting off the "capitalist tail", which violates the laws of nature and economy, resulting in backward agricultural production and low and unstable grain output.

From 65438 to 0978, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, the "Left" influence was eliminated, the rural economic system was reformed, the household contract responsibility system was implemented, and the agricultural industrial structure was gradually adjusted, which promoted the substantial growth of grain production, and township enterprises and diversified businesses flourished. Since 1982, the county's total grain output has exceeded 100 million Jin for three consecutive years. 1988 The total grain output was 5 1875000 kg. 1989 The total grain output reached 59.485 million kilograms, a record high. Compared with 1949, the total grain output increased by 195.5%, and the total agricultural output increased by 52 1.6%. Grain production has promoted the all-round development of animal husbandry, sideline production and agricultural mechanization, various commodity bases have begun to take shape, and the rural landscape has been greatly improved.

In the Qin Dynasty, Changwu people began to ask teachers to educate their children. Mostly for tutoring, reading and literacy. In the 11th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1583), after the restoration of Changwu County, the county government established a Confucian edict to build a Confucian temple in Xue Jie Lane. In the early Qing Dynasty, the county government established a discipline. Gong Xue was burned, and only the main hall remained. Shunzhi and Kangxi rebuilt Gong Xue. There are 28 rooms, including Zunjing Pavilion, Jingyi Pavilion, Bowen Zhai and Li Yuezhai. In the third year of Daoguang (1823), Yishan Academy was established, including Minglun Hall and Daya Gallery. Rural areas began to set up voluntary schools and private schools. There are still very few teenagers who concentrate on reading. "Qin River Strategy" Note: The commander-in-chief is "fresh and simple, and the room is poor. I don't want to study because my family is poor. When a child reaches the age of eight or nine, even if he is asked to collect dung and firewood, all the students should be sent to school. Therefore, in a county, more than 100 people should be tested by children. Even if you go to Rubber Ridge, most of them are ploughing and studying, and few people concentrate on machinery. " In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), the Qing court explicitly abolished the imperial examination system. In thirty-two years (1906), Yishan College in the county was changed into a higher primary school hall. During the Republic of China, school education gradually rose. Social elites clamored for money to run schools, and respected people were proud of teaching and educating people, so education gradually developed. It's just that the equipment is poor, the teachers are lacking, the students are more mobile, the teaching quality is poor, and teenagers read mostly for the purpose of rough literacy. In the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932), there were only 15 high school graduates in the county. In the 27th year of the Republic of China (1938), there were 479 illiterate men and women in the county, accounting for 95% of the total population. In the 29th year of the Republic of China (1940), there were 40,489 illiterate men and women in the county, accounting for 93% of the total population. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the war of liberation, the situation is turbulent, people are uneasy, the price is expensive, the army frequently recruits troops, the school education is unsustainable, and it has been in a backward state for a long time.

After liberation, the county people's government took over all kinds of schools, abolished the old discipline system, and reorganized and established a new teaching order. Adjust the school layout and train teachers. Reform the teaching staff and strengthen students' ideological and political education. Adhere to all-round cultivation of morality, intelligence and physique, carry out teaching reform, open schools to workers and peasants, and mobilize school-age children to enter school. School education adheres to the principle of "walking on two legs", giving priority to the public and giving priority to the private. The number of students in school has increased, and the quality of education has gradually improved. Actively eliminate illiteracy and develop vocational education. From 65438 to 0958, the policy of "education serves proletarian politics and combines education with productive labor" was implemented, and the direction of education became clearer. 196 1 year, adjust school layout and streamline teachers. During the period of 1964, two kinds of labor systems and two kinds of education systems were implemented, and schools carried out work-study programs to popularize and develop primary and secondary education. During the Cultural Revolution, schools and teachers were impacted and destroyed. The teaching order is chaotic, the education cause has been seriously damaged, and the quality of education has dropped sharply. Middle school used to cut foreign languages, history and geography. The main courses were changed to politics, agriculture, irrigation and water conservancy, afforestation and military sports. "Quotations" and critical articles are the main teaching contents in primary schools. Shorten the academic system, reduce the number of courses, cancel the exams, and recommend further study at will. After smashing the counter-revolutionary groups of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing, the normal teaching order and examination system of the school were restored. Rehabilitate false and wrongful cases and improve teachers' social and political status. Take various ways to train teachers, carry out teaching research and improve teaching level. With the educational aim of "having ideals, morality, discipline and culture", the educational system reform was implemented, and the primary school was changed to a six-year system and the middle school was changed to a "three-three" segmented system. Mobilize social forces to raise funds to run schools, and the cause of basic education will flourish. 1989 There are primary schools 167, complete primary schools 49, junior high schools 14 and single high schools 2 in the county. Teaching staff 1855, including teachers 1759. There are 24,444 students in school. The county has basically formed a village with junior high schools, a joint village with complete primary schools, a town with junior high schools, and a county town with a high school general education network. The enrollment rate, consolidation rate, graduation rate and popularization rate of school-age children have reached the standard of universal primary education issued by the Ministry, and the teaching quality has been significantly improved. At the same time, vocational education and amateur education have developed accordingly. It has continuously delivered a large number of knowledge talents for all fronts, promoted the popularization and promotion of science and technology, and continuously improved the cultural quality and scientific and technological level of the people in the county. From 1982 to 1990, the number of people with college education per 10,000 people in the county increased from 18 to 37; The number of high school graduates increased from 534 to 632; The number of illiterate and semi-illiterate people has also dropped significantly.

There are 2 13 schools of all levels and types in the county, with 34885 students; Teaching staff 1985, including 25 senior titles and 3 intermediate titles19. By the end of 1999, the task of reaching the standard of "two basics" was fully completed, and it was awarded the title of county that basically popularized nine-year compulsory education and basically eliminated illiteracy among young people by the provincial government. Since 2000, we have adhered to the comprehensive implementation of quality education, strengthened teachers' continuing education, attached importance to the development of preschool education and special education, and actively developed vocational education and adult education. Drama is the main form of folk entertainment. "High-platform education" changes customs. As the saying goes, "If you want to know the world and make sense, you must compare it with drama". Changwu plays a drama, which is mainly based on Shaanxi opera, but also has silk board, eyebrows and Taoist feelings. In the early years of the Republic of China, there were often theatrical troupes such as Qishan and Fengxiang performing in Changwu at county and township temple fairs. After the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935), the "Li Fuxing" Troupe of Qingyang and the "Yimin Drama Club" of Xi 'an and Xianyang Zhengsi have performed in Changwu for a long time every year. Dai Jialing also set up a student training team. The famous "Yimin Class Two" actors are Hegao. Based on the Xifu tune, the local opera combines the tunes of Longdong and Guanzhong to form the Guanzhong tune, which has the regional characteristics of harmony between Qin and Long. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, students from county towns and police forces rehearsed plays, operas and newsletters. Since the 1930s (194 1), theatrical performances have been popularized and developed. There are 1 10 theaters (music buildings) in temples and villages in the county. Troupe mostly improvise, costume props are incomplete, civil and military venues are crude, and actors are "seven tight, eight slow and nine slow". When performing a big drama, the roles are exchanged and men dress up as women, so it is difficult to change their faces and dress up, and the performance effect cannot be guaranteed. Puppets and shadow puppets sing Shaanxi opera and Guanzhong silk opera. Simple, easy to operate, saving money and trouble, it is very popular in remote mountainous areas and small villages.

After liberation, adhere to the direction of "literature and art serve the workers, peasants and soldiers", carry out drama reform activities, rectify the performance team, improve the treatment of artists, cultivate new forces, excavate, sort out and adapt traditional plays, and improve the performance quality. On the stage of socialist literature and art, a hundred flowers blossom. The mass theatrical performances are arranged by organs, troops and schools themselves, and organized by rural communes and teams through consultation. In addition to amateur troupes, folk art groups also have shadow puppet classes, puppet classes and self-help classes. After the festivals in summer and autumn, the ancient city, the exchange of materials, and the bumper harvest in agriculture, there are big plays and small plays in urban and rural areas, competing to take turns to stage. 1955, there were 29 amateur theatrical troupes in the county, which were often active in Tingkou, Xianggong, Xinxing Fort, Liu Quan, Niuwang, Jujia, Beiguan, Nanguan, Changling, Hongjia, Liu Jiahe and other villages. During the "Cultural Revolution", traditional plays were banned and "model plays" were promoted, so the recreational activities of various social teams were suppressed and the drama performances were ignored. After 1979, folk art groups resumed one after another and the drama stage flourished. In the 1980s, due to the rapid development of radio, film, television, singing and dancing, people's ideas were updated and changed, and the pace of commodity economy was accelerated, which led to the impact of drama positions, the decrease of audience and the sharp decline of urban performance rate. Especially teenagers lack interest in traditional drama, which leads to the phenomenon of audience blind date. 1989, there are 6 amateur troupes, 3 puppet classes and 8 shadow play classes in the county. Cultural and educational departments hold performances by professional and amateur art groups, commend and reward advanced collectives and individuals, and create conditions for revitalizing Shaanxi Opera and reviving drama performances. The folk medical care in Changwu County has been relatively backward, lacking medicine and health knowledge. Before liberation, various infectious diseases and endemic diseases were prevalent year after year, and patients could not seek medical treatment. Although there are some pharmacies and Chinese medicine practitioners in both urban and rural areas who use Chinese herbal medicine to treat diseases, there are few practitioners and weak technical force, and western medicine was introduced late. Evangelical churches provide medicines free of charge and are distrusted by villagers. Moreover, the drug price is expensive and it is difficult to see a doctor. Poor families in rural areas, in case of diseases, are superstitious about ghosts and gods, seek fortune tellers for medicine, seek witches for gods (clues) to ward off evil spirits, and give up drugs to treat diseases. Delayed days, resigned, and few people delayed taking medicine. In the 23rd year of the Republic of China (1934), the county government sent personnel to attend the provincial epidemic prevention training class. In 26 years (1937), health assistants were set up in cities and towns. In the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939), a county epidemic prevention center (smoking cessation center) was established, with 6 health inspectors and doctors. In the 31st year of the Republic of China (1942), the town public health clinic was established. In the 36th year of the Republic of China (1947), the private clinic of 10 was opened in the town. After liberation, the party and the people's government cared about people's health and attached importance to improving medical and health conditions. 1949, the third section of the county people's government, management of culture, education and health administration. 1950 1 1 County Health Workers Association was established in 10, with 70 members. 1956 county people's Committee set up health department. 1958, after the merger of Changwu, Gouyi and Yixian, the Bureau of Culture, Education and Health was established. 196 1, restore the Changwu county system and still set up the Bureau of Culture, Education and Health. 1970, set up a separate health bureau. 1989, the Health Bureau had 10 cadres. Affiliated business units are county hospitals, traditional Chinese medicine hospitals, local hospitals and township (town) hospitals. There are health and epidemic prevention stations, maternal and child health care stations, drug inspection institutes and health schools at the county level. There are 352 administrative cadres and medical workers in the health system, including 269 medical technicians, 6 deputy chief physicians, 22 attending physicians, 9 doctors 1 person, 68 doctors, nurses in charge 1 person, and 65 nurses. County Health Association and township (town) branch have a total of 197 members. 65438-0989, county hospitals, Yuyuan township health centers and county epidemic prevention stations were rated as civilized units of provincial and municipal health systems. The county's medical and health work implements the policy of "putting prevention first and paying equal attention to prevention and treatment", establishes and improves the three-level medical and health network at county, township and village levels, puts medical and health work in rural areas, adheres to the treatment method of combining traditional Chinese and western medicine, and constantly improves the level of medical technology. Strengthen the construction of medical, epidemic prevention and health care institutions, carry out health supervision and monitoring, and promote planned immunization, new delivery methods and maternal and child health care. The patriotic health campaign was carried out in depth, and various health care undertakings continued to develop. The equipment is gradually updated and improved. 1989, with 285 hospital beds in the county. Various infectious diseases that endanger people's health have been controlled, the incidence rate has decreased, and common and frequently-occurring diseases have been treated promptly and effectively. Remarkable achievements have been made in the prevention and treatment of endemic diseases and malnutrition diseases. Because people get rid of mental depression and poverty in material life, they have a stable living environment and superior medical and health conditions. Social welfare, living conditions and environmental protection have been improved, and people's health has been improved. The life expectancy of the county's population has increased from the average of 45 years in liberation to 68 years. During the period of 1989, UNESCO and provincial health technicians conducted a sampling survey and acceptance, and the planned immunization coverage rate of children in the county reached over 85%, which was in line with international standards. Polio is listed as a county free from inspection in the whole city. There are 375 elderly people over 80 years old in the county. The population mortality rate dropped to 5.2‰.