The wedding customs in ancient Russia are very ethnic, but the wedding ceremony is very complicated and grand, and the process is roughly divided into five parts.
The first is matchmaking. Before the October Revolution, every village and town had professional matchmakers, who made a living as matchmakers, mostly glib middle-aged and elderly women. They know all about the unmarried men and women around them and their family property. They give advice to the man, recommend his fiancee, and be entrusted by the man to propose marriage to the woman's family. Matchmaker usually goes on Singles' Day night (never on 13 or every Wednesday). After entering the room, the matchmaker can't tell his identity and the purpose of his visit, but calls himself a hunter, a pilgrim or a businessman. After a while, he beautifully explained his purpose: "You have a pigeon, an eagle, a mink, a hunter, a girl and a boy. Let's get married. " The girl is a flower, why stay at home? "After some persuasion, if the woman's parents agree to consider this marriage, they will turn around the table three times with the matchmaker and then make a blind date. On the day of the blind date, the fiance, parents and matchmaker came to pick up the woman. The man's parents came forward to ask for marriage. After seeing her fiance, the bride's parents will cut the bread brought by the man into two or four equal parts and eat it with their families if they initially agree. Later, the parents and matchmakers of both men and women talked about the dowry and the date of marriage while drinking. Russians attach great importance to bride price and dowry. It is difficult to get married if the dowry is small or insufficient.
The next step is participation. Accompanied by the matchmaker, the man's parents and fiance came to the woman's house again another day and formally proposed to her. The woman formally agreed and took the bread and salt given by the man's parents. Kiss the bread with both hands to express gratitude, and then put it on a banquet full of delicious food. Both parents bless unmarried couples, and unmarried couples give gifts to each other. Generally, the fiance gives his sweetheart an engagement ring or jewelry, and some even put a short whip in the gift box to show his husband's right. The fiancee also gave her lover needlework such as scarves and gloves embroidered by herself. After the ceremony, the banquet began, and the fiancee toasted the guests and gave each person a silk handkerchief in return.
On the eve of the wedding or in the morning, the bride-to-be will invite her best friend to hold a "crying wedding" ceremony to bid farewell to her girlhood. She untied her braid, gave it to her girlfriends, and sang songs about the tragic fate after marriage with them. These songs all describe the unfortunate life of the bride after marriage: Oh, the water is so cold and yellow/they sent me to fetch water/I have no shoes/I am naked and have no clothes.
Then take a shower and say goodbye to the family god. Unmarried couples should take a bath before the wedding and take a steam bath in the traditional bathroom. When they get married, the newlyweds will also exchange bath brushes made of birch branches.
An important activity before marriage is to send a dowry. A dowry convoy usually consists of five carriages. The first one carries an idol and a teapot, and a boy with tea and sugar cubes. In the second car sat the bride's godmother, with porcelain and silver salt plates in her hand; On the third carriage, there are two thick and thin quilts, two pairs of pillows, six sheets and bedspreads, two beds, 1 goose feather mattress, and the bride's clothes and things. The fourth carpet carries furniture; In the fifth car, the bride's aunt and matchmaker were sitting with a female turkey in their hands. If the bride's family has money and a lot of dowry, the motorcade will be longer.
The climax is the wedding day. In the morning, the bride put on a wedding dress made of white gauze, put on a married woman's hairstyle, put on a kichijia hat, and sat under the statue waiting for the wedding procession. At this time, the groom, the best man, the matchmaker and relatives and friends came in four carriages, all beautifully decorated with ribbons, flowers and branches. The wedding procession has to go through some twists and turns (buying roads with money, finding the bride, etc.) before it can enter the bride's room. ) and ridicule. The best man toasted the woman's house three times, then put the handkerchief into the groom's hand and led him to the bride, letting her hold the other end of the handkerchief. Then, the bride and groom sit together and accept the blessing of the bride's parents. Afterwards, the bride, the bridesmaid and the woman's matchmaker go to church with the wedding procession. Before leaving, the bride and her family will cry as usual, which is the turning point of the whole wedding. According to custom, the bride should not cry after leaving home.
The religious wedding was presided over by the priest. The priest crowned the newlyweds and asked them if they would like to marry each other and prayed for the couple. Then, the bride and groom exchange wedding rings. According to custom, only a marriage that has been married in a church and blessed by God is happy and strong.
After the church wedding, the newlyweds go to the groom's house. The guests greeted the couple with bread and salt in front of the door, and sprinkled them with wheat, hops, petals and so on. I wish the couple a rich and happy life after marriage. Then, the grand wedding reception began. In addition to all kinds of delicious food at the wedding banquet, special steamed stuffed bun is an essential food. It is decorated with the sun, the moon, stars and pigeons, indicating that the new couple love each other like the sun and the moon. According to the traditional custom, at the wedding banquet, a woman dressed as a farmer's cook served a jar of porridge for the couple to finish, and murmured, "There are many stumps in the forest, many sons, many stumps on the grass and many daughters." During the dinner, guests frequently raised glasses to bless the couple and shouted "bitter wow, bitter wow" for the couple to kiss. At this festive banquet, the newcomers sitting in the most conspicuous position can't walk around or eat or drink at will.
The carnival lasted until late at night, and the couple entered the bridal chamber. An arrow must be hung in the corner or bed of the new house to symbolize love. In Russian legend, marriage is hammered out by a blacksmith, and both the blacksmith and the arrow represent Thor. There is rain when there is thunder, and there is harvest when there is rain, so the arrow also symbolizes many children and many blessings. Arrows also symbolize strength and protect the happiness of new people. On the wedding night, the bride must take off her shoes for the groom to show her obedience.
The last step of the wedding is to go back to your mother's house. On the second day after marriage, the newlyweds will go to the woman's house. Mother-in-law invited her son-in-law to eat fried eggs for the first course. After eating, the son-in-law will put a coin in a goblet full of wine and give it to her mother-in-law to show her recognition of the bride's chastity.
This is a traditional wedding etiquette, which is more complicated. In the past, only wealthy families could do it.
Marriage custom in the Soviet Union: After the October Revolution, the engagement ceremony of urban residents was very simple. Usually, the woman sets up refreshments at home to entertain guests, usually on a day within three months before marriage. On this day, relatives and friends of unmarried couples will get together. First, the woman's father announced her daughter's engagement, and then the fiance presented an engagement ring to her fiancee. The future hostess poured fragrant tea for the guests, served raspberry jam and invited them to taste their own baked dessert. As usual, the guests tasted and commented on his fiancee's workmanship.
Weddings in cities are also very simple: unmarried couples first register with the municipal and district civil affairs authorities, and then take two cars to the "Happiness Palace" specially designed for newlyweds accompanied by relatives and friends. The bride and groom walked into the hall in Mendelssohn's wedding March. The groom usually wears a dark dress and a white shirt and stands on the right side of the bride. Brides usually wear white wedding dresses, garlands and bouquets. Traditional garlands are made of orange blossoms, either buds or half-opened. Bouquets are usually made of roses, tulips, carnations and peonies, and are white or rose-colored. White symbolizes purity and gentleness; Roses symbolize youth.
The wedding host first asked the unmarried couple if they were willing to get married. After getting a positive answer, he asked the bride and groom and witnesses to sign the marriage certificate. Then the couple exchanged rings and accepted their parents' blessings. After the wedding, the couple will go to some meaningful places, such as the place where they met for the first time, the place where they often travel together, or the tomb of a martyr, a monument or the like, or plant trees in the wedding forest. Then go home or hold a wedding reception, get together in a restaurant and celebrate with the guests. The whole process usually ends in one day. Rural weddings retain more traditional etiquette.
Contemporary Orthodox Wedding: After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the status of religion in Russia gradually rose, and church weddings also increased. The Orthodox Church forbids marriage with people of different faiths, so people who come to church to attend the wedding must be baptized, and must hold a citizen's card and a marriage certificate handled by the official civil affairs department.
Unmarried couples must fast 7- 10 days before the wedding. The bride must wear a white wedding dress, or a blue, rose or beige wedding dress, but avoid wearing purple or dark clothes. There are hats, headscarves, etc. On your head. The groom wears a dark suit without a hat.
The bride and groom walked into the church accompanied by the best man. After entering the church, the groom stood on the right and the bride stood on the left. After asking if they really agreed to get married, the priest blessed the bride and groom three times, prayed for God's blessing, handed them the lighted candles and put rings on their hands. After that, the couple exchanged rings three times and each drank three sips of red wine. Then the couple kissed Jesus and the Virgin Mary and accepted the blessings of those present. After the ceremony, the couple walked out of the church hand in hand.
According to the custom of the Orthodox Church, weddings are not held during fasting, certain religious festivals, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.
Russian wine culture has a long history: according to research, the emergence of wine industry is attributed to the development of honey industry. In 880-890 AD, the "honey wine" медовуха began to be sold among the people, and its brewing technology was very similar to wine. The birch juice wine produced by 92 1 is full of fragrance, and people begin to add hops to honey.
As early as 996, people cooked with honey. 1284, Russia has its own beer. 15 Vodka finally arrived, but before she came to us in the 1940s and 1970s, we called 1000 times and urged it 1000 times. Vodka, known as the national wine, is even regarded as a synonym for Russia by some westerners.
No country has a history like Russia-its dependence on alcohol is more serious than any war in history. For real Russians, when vodka is in front of them, there is always a reason to have a drink.
So you can say that Russians brewed vodka, but vodka created Russian history. 1876, Dostoevsky complained in a writer's diary that vodka turned people into "animals". However, it is disturbing that nearly half of Russia's budget to maintain its strong national strength comes from the shochu tax. In the long run, "the people's future will be a group of people who are morally corrupt and drunk."
But in today's Russia, drinking less or not is becoming a fashion, and the old drinking culture is quietly changing. In private enterprises and among young people, people give up the practice of binge drinking in order to keep a clear head.
"New Russians" in big cities believe that traditional drunkenness is equivalent to injecting alcohol directly into blood vessels, losing the original value of wine. And more and more kinds of wine have entered people's lives. The following is a brief introduction to several common wines.
1.водка- vodka. Vodka takes grains or potatoes as raw materials. After distillation, the alcohol reaches 95%, then diluted to 40-60% with distilled water, and filtered by activated carbon, so that the quality of vodka is more crystal clear, colorless, light and refreshing, which makes people feel neither sweet nor bitter, and only has flame-like stimulation, forming the unique characteristics of vodka. In particular, the vodka produced in Russia, a big country of vodka production, has almost no other fragrance except wine, with a strong taste, a strong nose and a fire-like stimulus.
2. I know. I know.-Whiskey. Whiskey is an alcoholic beverage made from barley, rye, oats, wheat, corn and other grains by fermentation, distillation, aging and blending in oak barrels. The main producing countries are English-speaking countries. The alcohol concentration is about 40-60 degrees.
3.вино- wine. Refers to alcoholic beverages with alcohol content between 7 and 22 degrees, which are all or partially fermented from fresh grapes or grape juice. There are usually two kinds of red wine and white wine. The former is made of red grapes with skins; The latter is made of grape juice without pigment.
4.шампанское champagne. Champagne is the king of wine, and only sparkling wine in French champagne producing areas deserves the name champagne! The early champagne is still bubbling, and there are still sparkling champagne now. However, people all over the world are familiar with sparkling champagne.
5.fennel cider
6. A low-alcohol aperitif.
7. French mead
8.berry wine
9.брага- Homebrewed Beer
10.буза- Buza
1 1.вермут- absinthe
12.вишнёвка-Cherry liqueur
13.возлияние-offering wine.
14. Hot red wine
15.грог-Grog wine
16.десертный-sweet wine.
17.дин-Gin is called Gin because of its special gin taste. It is also called gin, felt or gin in China. Initially, it was used as a diuretic and a heat-clearing agent. Soon, people found that this diuretic was harmonious in aroma, taste, alcohol and Wen Ya, with a clean body and a clean and refreshing natural style, and was soon drunk as a formal alcoholic beverage. The degree of gin is generally between 35 and 55 degrees. The higher the degree of gin, the better the quality.
18.ёрш-Ersh wine
19.аёнка-hot sugar and wine party
20.запеканкаааккккккккккккккккк 1082
21.зубровка-Maoxiang Lu Jiu
22. Ginger beer
23.кагор-cagle wine
24. коктекл1000-cocktail. Cocktails are a mixture of several wines, juices, spices, etc. It is often done temporarily when drinking. It is a beverage based on rum, gin, vodka, whisky and other spirits or wines, with fruit juice, egg white, bitter essence, milk, coffee, cocoa, sugar and other auxiliary materials. , stir or shake. Finally, lemon slices, fruits or mint leaves can be used as decoration.
25.лаит- Lafayette wine
26. mead
27. Moldova fruit wine
28. Musk wine
29.наливка- Fruit wine and liqueur
30.перцовка-Pepper-soaked wine
3 1.пиво- beer. Beer is a low-alcohol wine rich in carbon dioxide with malt, hops and water as the main raw materials and fermented by yeast. It has a unique bitter taste and fragrance, is rich in nutrition, and contains various amino acids, vitamins and minerals such as vitamin B, nicotinic acid and pantothenic acid.
32. лекарственоепитё-medicinal wine.
33.померанцеваяводка-lime wine.
34. Rhine wine
35.иислинг- Lisling white wine
36. I am ром, rum and Roman wine.
37.рябиновкааа??ааааааааааааааа 10
38. brewing
39. I have a brandy.
40.сидрр Sidel Wine
4 1.слащёная Sweet liqueur.
42.сливянкаааааааааааааааа
43.херес nuclear wine
44.чихирь Cheshire wine
45.хана China shochu
The record of drinking tea in Russia began in 1567, which was first favored by the upper class aristocrats and spread rapidly to all classes in the late17th century. In the19th century, tea ceremony, tea party and tea custom appeared constantly in Russian literary works. The word tea became synonymous with some things, and even tipping was called "giving tea money".
In daily life, Russians cannot live without tea every day. Have tea for breakfast, and usually eat bread slices and small pies with ham or sausage. After lunch, I also drink tea. Besides sugar, I sometimes add jam, cream and lemon juice. Especially on Sundays, festivals or after a hot bath. They drink tea as a supplement to their diet. When drinking tea, they must taste sweets, cakes, bagels, honey and various jams. The Russian nation has always been proud of its "state of etiquette". Many families have the habit of serving tea to their guests. When you are a guest at home, the host usually asks, "What would you like to drink, tea or coffee?" If you choose to drink tea, the host will say, "I'll make tea." Drinking tea is one of their great hobbies. Even Udehe people with only 1600 people invite ordinary guests and all travelers to have tea. When a guest drinks tea, the host usually serves dessert, big cake, big pie and so on. Until both the guest and the host are satisfied.
Russians like to drink black tea, especially Georgian black tea. They are interested in jasmine tea in China, and think it is fragrant and refreshing. There are also tea parties with different customs all over the country, which are widely welcomed by people.
Tea drinking in Russia is elegant, and there are beautiful tea sets: the saucer is very unique, because it is customary to pour tea into the saucer and put it on your mouth when drinking tea. Some tea sets like porcelain, others like glasses. But I am most used to making tea with tea, especially for the elderly. A teapot is actually a hot kettle for drinking tea, with a handle, a faucet and legs. For a long time, teapots have been made by hand, and the process is quite complicated. It was not until the end of 18 and the beginning of 19 that the factory produced a large number of tea stoves. At first, the teapot had a variety of shapes, including round, cylindrical, conical and fan-shaped, with an olive-shaped vat between the two tips. Tula tea stove, which is famous all over the country, is made of silver, copper, iron and other metal raw materials and ceramics. Later, an insulated tea maker similar to a thermos bottle appeared, in which there were three compartments, the first compartment contained tea, the second compartment contained soup and the third compartment contained porridge. The electric tea stove used now looks like a gold and silver trophy. Russian craftsmen often carve the handles, legs and faucets of tea sets into lifelike animal images, such as goldfish, roosters, dolphins and lions. The teapot is often engraved with meaningful words, "when the tea is open, guests come to taste tea"; "Tea pots and pans are popular, and there is a paradise under the spruce tree." When the host brought the teapot to the table, the room was filled with fragrance. Especially in winter, when it snows heavily outside the window and the fire in the room is red, I sit on the copper teapot. After a while, the steam spewed and creaked, and bread, sugar cubes, jam and various sweets were placed on the table. Russians usually boil tea in a tea pot, then pour the strong tea juice into a cup, add boiling water and adjust it to a proper concentration. The tea set for drinking tea is generally small, just like a small glass. It's really sweet when you taste it, and you talk a lot. If you want to talk about business, this is a good time.
If you go to a Russian family and catch up with the host for tea, they will warmly offer tea to the guests. At this time, the guests should also greet the host: "Tea with sugar, I wish you a happy tea!" " After drinking tea, guests should thank the host and say, "Thank you for the tea! Thank you for your hospitality! "