2. Mycenaean civilization declined in12nd century BC.
3. Before 65438 BC+065438 BC+0-9th century, Greece entered the Homeric era, and the primitive society began to disintegrate and entered a transitional period to a class society.
Rome was founded in the middle of 8th century BC.
5. In the process of the disintegration of the Greek system in the 8th-6th century BC, the Athens city-state began to sprout. There are about 200 small slave countries in Greece, which were called "polis" or "polis" in history.
6. Solon carried out reforms in Athens in the early 6th century BC, mainly dividing social classes according to the amount of property, further attacking the remnants of the clan system and laying the foundation for the democratic system in Athens.
7. At the end of 6th century BC, Cleisthenes carried out reforms, replacing the original four blood tribes with 10 regional tribes. This broke the blood relationship and greatly weakened the power of the clan aristocracy. He also set up a meeting of 500 people and a committee of ten generals, and established democracy in Athens. B. Rome and the founding of the People's Republic of China, the nobles monopolized the political and economic power, but the civilians rarely or never lost their land. * * * In the early days of the Republic of China, civilians constantly struggled with the nobles to fight for their rights. However, in the early Roman countries, there was only customary law, no written law, and there was no obvious boundary between law and custom, so Roman law itself was very flexible and uncertain. In addition, judges who are mostly nobles often follow the old rules and interpret the law at will, which facilitates the protection of aristocratic privileges.
8. In the 5th century BC, when Pericles was the chief general, the democratic politics in Athens reached its peak, which was called the "golden age".
9. In the middle of the 5th century BC, the laws made by the ten-member committee composed of nobles were engraved on twelve copper watches and published as twelve copper watches. It marks the birth of Roman statute law. Its content is quite extensive, the legal provisions are relatively clear, and there are laws to follow in trial and sentencing, which limits the privileges of nobles to a certain extent and protects the interests of civilians.
10. At the beginning of the 3rd century BC, Rome * * * and the Republic extended to the outside world for a long time, conquered other nationalities in the Italian peninsula and unified the Italian peninsula.
1 1. In the middle of the 3rd century BC, Rome established its first overseas province, Sicily.
12. The Crete civilization that appeared in the Aegean Sea about 3000 BC-BC 1400 BC left a legacy of "maze", theater, linear figures and so on.
13. Around 2070 BC, Yu established the first dynasty in the history of China-Xia.
14. About 1046 BC, the King of Wu of the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty.
15. In 338 BC, the Macedonian kingdom in northern Greece conquered Greece under the leadership of Alexander, and the Greek city-state became weaker and weaker.
16. In 230 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, began to destroy the Six Kingdoms.
17. In 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively, ending the warlord regime and establishing the first unified feudal dynasty in China history-Qin Dynasty.
18. Octavian established the Roman Empire in 27 BC.
19 In the late 20th century, the Roman Empire established more than 30 provinces.
20. At the beginning of the 3rd century A.D., the difference between freemen and non-freemen in the Roman Empire began to disappear, and the difference between primitive civil law and civil law also lost its practical significance.
From the end of the 3rd century to the beginning of the 4th century, jurists compiled a series of codes. Justinian, the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, set up a special committee to compile Roman law, and formed a collection of laws, that is, the Complete Book of Civil Law. It is the crystallization of Roman law compilation and marks the final completion of Roman law system.
1258, big noble joined forces in the conflict with the kingship and drafted the Oxford Treaty, forcing the king to govern the country through consultation with important ministers according to the principle of "reasonable habits".
23. 1262, the British king cancelled the regulations, which led to the civil war.
24. 1265 presided over a meeting attended by representatives of nobles, knights and citizens. This is the beginning of medieval parliament in England.
25. The British parliamentary system was basically formed in the13rd century and is still feudal.
26./kloc-In the first half of the fourth century, the British Parliament was divided into two houses, and the upper house was also called the House of Lords; The lower house is also called the commoner's house. Parliament consists of the king and the upper and lower houses.
27. 1376, Ming Taizu thought that the establishment of a Chinese book province, with six ministries under the jurisdiction of the left and right prime ministers, hindered the high concentration of imperial power and would lead to social unrest. Then, the province of Zhongshu, which was in charge of local military and political power, was abolished, and the chief secretary, command post and supervision office in charge of local administration, military and political affairs were established, collectively known as the "three divisions"
28. 1380, killing Hu on the charge of "endangering the country"; At the same time, the province of Zhongshu and the prime minister were abolished, and the national government affairs were managed in six departments, which were directly responsible to the emperor. He stipulated that there would be no more prime ministers in the future. China's prime minister system was abolished, and the absolute monarchy reached a new height.
29. 1572, Ming Muzong died and his son Ming Shenzong succeeded him. God 10 years old, Zhang officially became the cabinet record.
30./kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the Stuart dynasty began to rule Britain. King James I and his successor, Charles I, both advocated "the divine right of the monarch" and "the king is not responsible to anyone except God". They practiced absolute monarchy, often infringing on the interests of the bourgeoisie, and even once shut down the parliament. The bourgeoisie and new noble are increasingly dissatisfied with the absolute monarchy, demanding that the kingship be restricted and political rights be expanded.
At 3 1. 1640, the bourgeois revolution broke out in Britain and a republic was once established.
32. 1660, due to political chaos, the Stuart dynasty was restored. King charles ii's religious policy of opposing the Anglican Church and restoring Catholicism was totally unpopular. At this time, the Tories and Whigs in Parliament joined forces.
33. 1688, the British two parties invited James II's daughter and son-in-law, namely the Protestant Dutch consul William and his wife Mary, to inherit the British throne and jointly rule Britain. This bloodless palace coup was called "glorious revolution" by British historians. Its most important achievement is the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.
34. 1689, the British Parliament promulgated the Bill of Rights, with clear provisions, which restricted the king's power, bound the king's actual sovereignty, and guaranteed the legislative, financial, judicial and military power of the Parliament.
35. The American War of Independence broke out in 1775. It is not only a war for the people of North America 13 to get rid of British colonial rule and strive for independence, but also a bourgeois revolution.
36. 1786 peasant uprising led by Xie Si. Shocked the federal rulers
37. 1787, representatives of North American states held a constitutional convention in Philadelphia and adopted a federal constitution, which is customarily called 1787 Constitution. This constitution absorbed the essence of British bourgeois political theory.
38. 1789 The bourgeois revolution broke out in France, overthrew the rule of Bourbon feudal dynasty and established the first bourgeois republic in French history.
39.65438 to 0825, the first economic crisis in the capitalist world broke out in Britain. During the crisis, enterprises closed down and workers lost their jobs, which caused serious harm to the social economy.
40. 1832, Britain carried out the first parliamentary reform. The reform bill gives wealthy farmers and urban property owners the right to vote. The number of representative seats in emerging industrial cities has greatly increased, and the number of representative seats originally controlled by big noble has correspondingly decreased. In this way, the British industrial and commercial bourgeoisie has continuously strengthened its position in parliament and played an increasingly important role in the state power, ensuring the more rapid development of British capitalism.
41.1In June, 839, Lin Zexu ordered the public destruction of11000000 kilograms of opium seized by British and American smugglers at Humen Beach, which pushed the anti-smoking movement to a climax. The British government heard the news and decided to launch a war of aggression against China.
42.65438+Three large-scale workers' movements broke out in Europe in 1930s and 1940s, namely the workers' uprising in Lyon, France, the British constitutional movement and the textile workers' uprising in Silesia, Germany. Although these movements have failed one after another, it shows that the workers have awakened. Workers not only demand better living conditions, but also actively strive for political rights. Therefore, they urgently need scientific theories to guide the workers' movement.
43. 1840 In June, the British fleet sailed into the Guangdong Sea, provoking and the Opium War broke out. Lin Zexu is heavily guarded in Guangdong. Seeing that there was no gap, the British invaded the north of the coast, once captured the Dinghai in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and finally reached the Baihekou in Tianjin, directly threatening Tianjin and Beijing. Qishan, the governor of Zhili of the Qing government, negotiated with the British in Dagukou and assured them that the Qing government would punish Lin Zexu as long as the British returned to Guangdong. So, the British army went south to Guangdong. Daoguang emperor deposed Lin Zexu and others, and sent Qi Shan to Guangdong as an imperial envoy to formally negotiate peace with the British side.
44. 184 1 At the beginning of the year, in order to exert greater pressure on the Qing government, Britain expanded its war of aggression, directly threatened Guangzhou, seized Hong Kong Island, and captured some cities along the southeast coast.
45. 1842 In August, British troops invaded Xiaguan River in Nanjing, and the Qing government was humiliated and made peace, and was forced to sign the first unequal treaty in China's history-treaty of nanking. The treaty stipulates that Hong Kong Island will be cut to Britain; Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars; Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; China Customs should negotiate with the British side on the tariff rate of goods imported and exported by British businessmen.
46. 1843, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the "Five Ports Trade Charter" and the "Humen Treaty", from which it seized the privileges of consular jurisdiction, one-sided MFN treatment, and renting land and houses at trading ports.
47. 1843, Hong Xiuquan, a native of Huaxian County, Guangdong Province, accidentally got a pamphlet to promote Christianity, from which he was inspired and founded a religion that worships God.
48. 1844, the United States and France also took advantage of the fire to intimidate the Qing government into signing the Wang Xia Treaty and the Huangpu Treaty respectively, thus gaining greater aggression benefits.
49. At the end of1847, Marx and Engels attended the congress of * * * producers' union held in London, and were entrusted by the congress to draft the program of the union. The draft program is the Producers' Party Manifesto published by 1848.
50./kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Germany was still in a state of disintegration. There are many feudal countries, which seriously hinder the formation of a unified domestic market and make it difficult for capitalism to develop. Prussia stands out with its strong economic and military strength and is determined to complete the reunification of Germany.
5 1 at the beginning. 185 1, Hong Xiuquan announced an uprising in Jintian Village, Guangxi, and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Soon, Hong Xiuquan called himself the "King of Heaven".
52. 185 1 In September, the Taiping Army conquered Yongan, reorganized its organizational system, enfeoffed a baron, and initially established political power.
53.1in the spring of 852, the Taiping Army broke north from Yongan, and Feng Yunshan and Xiao Chaogui were killed in the battle. Taiping Army Lien Chan Lien Jie
54. 1853, the Taiping Army occupied Nanjing, changed Nanjing to Tianjing, and made it the national capital to fight against the Qing Dynasty. The Qing army established Jiangnan and Jiangbei camps near Tianjing, and besieged Tianjing. At that time, the situation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was: to overthrow the Qing Dynasty, the Northern Expedition was necessary; To consolidate Tianjing, we must go west; If you want to cut off the financial resources of the Qing Dynasty and enrich your own economic strength, you must March eastward.
55. In the autumn of1853, the Taiping Army explored the north and the west simultaneously. The Northern Expeditionary Army led by He Li attacked the suburbs of Tianjin. The capital was shaken, and the wealthy businessmen were ready to move. The Qing court quickly dispatched troops from all over the country to besiege the Northern Expeditionary Army. The Northern Expeditionary Army fought bloody battles for two years and finally failed. However, going deep into the central area of the Qing Dynasty restrained a large number of troops of the Qing army. The Western Expedition Army led by Lai successively captured the important towns of Anhui and Hubei, entered Hunan, and lost the battle with the Xiang Army of Zeng Guofan, the armed landlord of the Han nationality.
56. In the winter of1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom promulgated the "Celestial Tianmu System".
57. 1855, Shi Dakai, the king of Yang Paiyi, commanded the Western Expedition Army and defeated the Xiang Army in Poyang Lake. After entering Jiangxi, it quickly occupied many counties and consolidated Tianjing base camp.
58. 1856, Qin rigang, the prince of Yan, led the Taiping army to the east, captured Yangzhou and breached the camp in Jiangbei. And then teamed up with Shi Dakai to destroy the Jiangnan camp. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom reached its peak.
59. In the autumn of1856, there were provisions in the Wang Xia Treaty and the Huangpu Treaty to modify the post-12 treaty. The powers used this as an excuse to blackmail the Qing government into "amending the treaty", but failed to do so, so they launched the Second Opium War. Britain attacked Guangzhou first. Then France joined the war of aggression.
60. In the autumn of1856, Wei Changhui, the king of the north, killed Yang, the king of the east, and Wei Changhui was executed. Then, Shi Dakai was suspected by Hong Xiuquan and led the elite troops to flee angrily. The Qing army took the opportunity to fight back and besieged Tianjing again. Later, Shi Dakai was trapped by the Qing army in Dadu River, Sichuan, and was finally killed by the enemy.
At the end of 6 1. 1857, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou and captured Ye, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi in the Qing Dynasty. Bai Gui, the governor of Guangdong Province, surrendered and became a puppet of the colonial regime.
62. 1858, Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng jointly defeated the camp of the Qing army in Jiangbei, thus removing the threat to the north of Tianjing. Subsequently, they were in the elite troops of Xiang Army in sanhe town. The situation in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has temporarily stabilized.
In the summer of1858, the British and French allied forces in the north captured Dagu and advanced to Tianjin. The Qing government rushed to Tianjin to "negotiate peace" and successively signed the Tianjin Treaty with Russia, the United States, Britain and France. The main contents include: foreign minister in Beijing; Open coastal trade ports 10; Foreign warships and merchant ships can trade in the ports of the Yangtze River; Foreigners can travel, trade and preach in the mainland of China; The Qing government compensated Britain and France for their military spending of 2 million taels each, and British businessmen for their losses of 200 taels.
64. 1859 In June, Britain and France failed to meet their vested interests in aggression, and the British and French allied forces launched another attack on Dagukou Fort. The patriotic soldiers guarding the fort bravely resisted and dealt a heavy blow to the enemy. Shi Rongchun, governor of Zhili, and many other soldiers died heroically.
65. 1859, Hong Rengan, the king of winter and drought, put forward a reform plan for governing the country-"The Prime Minister's New Chapter". However, due to the situation at that time, the "new chapter of senior management" was not implemented.
66.65438+ 60' s and 70' s, Prime Minister Bismarck carried out the "iron and blood policy", led Prussia, and accomplished the great cause of reunification through several dynasty wars.
67. 1860, the allied forces invading China captured Tianjin, and then burned and looted all the way and invaded Beijing. The invading Coalition forces frantically looted the world-famous Yuanmingyuan. In the same year, the Qing government was forced to sign the Beijing Treaty with Britain and France. The treaty mainly stipulated that the Qing government recognized the effectiveness of the Tianjin Treaty. Open Tianjin as a commercial port; Distribute Kowloon to Britain; The reparations to Britain and France each increased to 8 million taels of silver. Subsequently, Russia took advantage of the fire to rob, forced the Qing government to sign the Beijing Treaty with Russia in the name of "mediation", and only ceded a piece of land. Through this treaty and other treaties, by the 1980s of 19, Russia occupied the territory of1500,000 square kilometers in the northeast and northwest of China.
68. 1860, Li Xiucheng and Chen Yucheng attacked Jiangbei Daying again. Li Xiucheng squeezed into the suburbs of Shanghai. When the British and French allied forces attacked Shanghai, they tore off the disguise of "neutrality" and cooperated with the Qing army to attack the Taiping Army. The Taiping Army suffered heavy losses and returned to Suzhou. While the Taiping rebels fought in the eastern front, the Xiang army stepped up its siege of Anqing.
69. 186 1 year, Russian serfdom was abolished and Russia embarked on the road of capitalist development.
70. 186 1 autumn, Chen Yucheng fought fiercely with the Xiang army for several months, and Anqing fell and Tianjing fell. Later, due to the betrayal of gangsters, Chen Yucheng was captured and sacrificed heroically.
The spring of 7 1. 1862, Zeng Guofan took Anqing town as a whole, and the Qing army attacked the Taiping Army respectively, and then besieged Tianjing. Tianjing was besieged, and the city was short of food and weak soldiers, who ate weeds to satisfy their hunger.
72. Xia died in 1864. Soon, the Xiang army attacked Tianjing. Soldiers of Taiping Army and Xiang Army fought in the street, preferring death to surrender. The fall of Tianjing marked the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
73. 1870 A war broke out between France and Prussia. In Enemy at the Gates, Pu Jun, the French army was defeated, the emperor louis bonaparte was captured, and the second French Empire fell. Subsequently, the Third Republic of France was proclaimed, and the new regime elected a new National Assembly. The bourgeoisie seized power, organized a national defense government, and later established an interim government. The bourgeois government adopted a policy of kneeling down to the enemy forces surrounding Paris, and initialled a peace treaty with Germany to cede land and pay reparations. At the same time, in order to defend Paris, the people of Paris armed themselves and stopped the Central Committee of the National Guard. The interim government secretly mobilized troops to prepare to disarm the National Guard by force.
74. The German Empire was founded at the beginning of 187 1.
The Constitution of the German Empire was adopted in the spring of 187 1.
76. 1871March18 in the early morning, French government forces were found trying to seize the artillery of the National Guard in Mont martel. At this time, the alarm bell in Paris sounded and a revolution began. The National Guard attacked the government forces and occupied the main government organs that night, and the interim government fled to Versailles.
77.1871On March 28th, the people's own political power, the Paris Commune, was formally proclaimed.
78.1871In late May, government troops invaded Paris. Commune soldiers fought bloody battles. After a week of fighting, the Paris Commune was strangled in a pool of blood.
79. 1875, the French national assembly passed a bill with a slight advantage of one vote, promulgated the constitution of the third French Republic, and established a * * * peace system.
80. 1894, Sun Yat-sen invited overseas Chinese to set up the first revolutionary group, Zhong Xing Society, in Honolulu. He vowed to join the Hui people in Zhong Xing: "expel the Tatars, restore China and establish a coalition government", determined to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty and establish a bourgeois republic.
The spring of 8 1. 1894, the East Learning Party uprising broke out in North Korea, and North Korea requested the Qing government to send troops to help suppress it. Japan also took the opportunity to send troops into North Korea. After the uprising subsided, Japan refused the proposal of the Qing government that China and Japan withdraw troops at the same time, and continued to send more troops to North Korea, deliberately provoking war.
82. On July 1894, Japan attacked the ships of the Qing army in the waters off Toyoda, North Korea, and started a war.
83.1In August 1994, the Qing government was forced to declare war on Japan. Historically, this war was called the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The Qing government did not actively prepare for the war, but still adhered to the one-sided peace policy after the war. At that time, Empress Dowager Cixi was preparing for the celebration of her 60th birthday and didn't want to be disappointed by the war. Li Hongzhang, the minister in charge of war, even avoided war and made peace.
84.1In September, 894, the Qing army lost the battle in Pyongyang, North Korea, and the Japanese army occupied Pyongyang. In the subsequent Yellow Sea War, although beiyang fleet suffered more losses than the Japanese, its main force remained. However, Li Hongzhang ordered beiyang fleet to retreat to Ahava Port and not to patrol the sea to meet them. The Japanese army seized the opportunity to control the sea power in the Yellow Sea. Since then, the Japanese army attacked Liaodong and Shandong Peninsula in China in two ways, occupied Dalian and Lushun, and slaughtered peaceful residents in Lushun.
85.1At the beginning of 895, the Japanese army occupied Ahava, and the Beiyang Navy was completely annihilated.
86.1In April of 895, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of shimonoseki with the Japanese army, and the Sino-Japanese War ended in the defeat of the Qing Dynasty.
At the beginning of 20th century, Russian capitalist industry developed, but it was still a backward agricultural country. Politically, the decadent tsarist system still occupies a dominant position, reflecting the interests of the landlord class, and the broad masses of working people, especially workers and peasants, have no political rights at all. The struggle between farmers and landlords, workers and capitalists is becoming increasingly fierce, and the national struggle against the czar's autocratic rule is also erupting.
88. 1900 In June, the allied forces of Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria launched a war of aggression against China by suppressing the Boxer Movement. The main allied forces led by Lieutenant General Seymour set out from Tianjin to attack Beijing, and were stubbornly blocked by the Boxer Rebels and patriotic soldiers of the Qing army near Langfang and returned to Tianjin. The Boxer Rebellion and the Qing army in Tianjin also fought bravely against the invaders.
89. 1900 In July, the allied forces strengthened their forces and occupied Tianjin. Subsequently, the allied forces invaded Beijing.
90. 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled with Emperor Guangxu in August. On the way, she issued an order to the Qing army to severely suppress the Boxer Rebellion. At the same time, the deployment of "peace talks" with the aggressors was stepped up, and the Coalition forces captured Beijing. The headquarters of the allied commander, German Vadexi, is located in the Forbidden City in Beijing.
91.1901September, the Qing government and the invaders signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" which humiliated their rights and country.
92. 1904, the Huaxing Society was established under the leadership of Huang Xing and Song, and the Guangfu Society was established under the leadership of Cai Yuanpei.
93. 1905, under the impetus of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the backbones of Xing Zhong Hui, Hua Xing Hui and Guangfu Hui gathered in Tokyo, Japan, and decided to set up China League.
94. 1905 The inaugural meeting of the China League was held in Tokyo in August. The Congress adopted the articles of association of the League, elected Sun Yat-sen as the prime minister and Huang Xing as the general affairs of the executive department on the basis of Sun Yat-sen's political program of "expelling the Tatars, restoring China, establishing the Republic of China, and equalizing land rights", and decided to establish the People's Daily, an organ publication. In the preface of People's Daily, Sun Yat-sen expounded the political program of the League as three principles: nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood. China United League is the first national unified bourgeois revolutionary party. Its establishment marks that the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China has entered a new stage.
95. The circular of1906 was established under the leadership of Liu Jing 'an.
96.191.10.10.10. Revolutionary Party members of the New Army Engineering Battalion, Xiong Bingkun and Jin Zhaolong, decisively uprising fighters jumped out of the barracks and occupied the armory of Chuwangtai, which shocked China and foreign countries. After a night of fierce fighting, the revolutionary army occupied Wuchang.
97. 19 1 1 year1October 12, all three towns in Wuhan were recovered. Historically, this revolution was called "Xinhai Revolution".
98. 19 1 1 At the end of the year, Sun Yat-sen returned from overseas. Representatives from all provinces gathered in Nanjing to elect Sun Yat-sen as the interim president of the Republic of China.
99. 19 12 Sun Yat-sen was sworn in in Nanjing on New Year's Day, proclaiming the founding of the Republic of China. Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, takes the five-color flag as the national flag and adopts the Gregorian calendar. The first year of the Republic of China 16 12.
100 spring. 19 12. The provisional government of Nanjing, the Republic of China, led by Sun Yat-sen promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, stipulating that the sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to the whole people; All ethnic groups in China are equal; Citizens enjoy freedom of person, residence, property, speech, publication, association and religious belief; Citizens have the right to vote and stand for election; Establish a political system of separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers. The constitution also specifically provides for the implementation of the responsibility cabinet system, and the cabinet prime minister is elected by the parliamentary majority party. If the prime minister disagrees with what the president wants to do, he can refuse; The order issued by the president must be countersigned by the Prime Minister of the Cabinet before it can take effect. This covenant is the first bourgeois democratic constitution in the history of China, which is of progressive significance in opposing feudal autocracy.